Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T13:10:01.784Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2021

Peter H. Lindert
Peter H. Lindert
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Making Social Spending Work , pp. 390 - 418
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acemoglu, Daron and Angrist, Joshua. 2000. “How Large Are Human Capital Externalities? Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws.” NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000: 9–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A.. 2000. “Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115, 4 (November): 1167–1200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A.. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A.. 2012. Why Nations Fail. New York: Crown Publishers.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Robinson, James A., and Verdier, Thierry. 2017. “Asymmetric Growth and Institutions in an Interdependent World.” Journal of Political Economy 125, 5: 1245–1305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Naidu, Suresh, Restrepo, Pascual, and Robinson, James A.. 2019. “Democracy Does Cause Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 127, 1 (February): 47–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ackerby, Stefan. 1998. “Sweden’s Pension Reform – An Example for Others?” Unitas 70, 4: 26–29.Google Scholar
Acuña R., Rodrigo and Iglesias P., Augusto 2001. “Chile’s Pension Reform after 20 Years.” World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper 0129 (December). An earlier version of this paper was published in the book Larrain, Felipe and Vergara, Rodrigo (eds.), La Transformacion Economica de Chile. Santiago: Centro de Estudios Públicos, 2000.Google Scholar
Adams, T. M. 1944. Prices Paid by Vermont Farmers [1790–1940]. Bulletin 507. Burlington, VT: Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station.Google Scholar
Aghion, Philippe, Jaravel, Xavier, Persson, Torsten, and Rouzet, Dorothée. 2019. “Education and Military Rivalry.” Journal of the European Economic Association 17, 2 (April): 376–412.Google Scholar
A’Hearn, Brian, Baten, Joerg, and Crayen, Dorothee. 2009. “Quantifying Quantitative Literacy: Age Heaping and the History of Human Capital.” Journal of Economic History 69, 3 (September): 783–808.Google Scholar
Aidt, Toke S. and Dallal, Bianca. 2008. “Female Voting Power: The Contribution of Women’s Suffrage to the Growth of Social Spending in Western Europe (1869–1960).” Public Choice, 134, 3–4 (March): 391–417.Google Scholar
Aidt, Toke S. and Jensen, Peter S.. 2009. “The Taxman Tools Up: An Event History Study of the Introduction of the Personal Income Tax.” Journal of Public Economics 93: 160–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aidt, Toke S. and Jensen, Peter S.. 2013. “Democratization and the Size of Government: Evidence from the Long Nineteenth Century.” Public Choice 157 (December): 511–542.Google Scholar
Aidt, Toke, Dutta, Jayasri, and Loukoianova, Elena. 2006. “Democracy Comes to Europe: Franchise Expansion and Fiscal Outcomes 1831–1938.” European Economic Review 50, 2 (February): 249–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aidt, Toke S., Winer, Stanley L., and Zhang, Peng. 2020. “Franchise Extension and Fiscal Structure in the United Kingdom 1820–1913: A New Test of the Redistribution Hypothesis.” CESifo Working Paper 8114 (February).Google Scholar
Akçomak, I. Semih, Webbink, Dinand, and ter Weel, Bas. 2016. “Why Did the Netherlands Develop So Early? The Legacy of the Brethren of the Common Life.” Economic Journal 126, 593 (June): 821–860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alesina, Alberto and Glaeser, Edward. 2004. Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Baqir, Reza, and Easterly, William. 1999. “Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, 4 (November): 1243–1284.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Miano, Armando, and Stantcheva, Stefanie. 2018. “Immigration and Redistribution.” NBER Working Paper 24733 (July).Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Murard, Elie, and Rapoport, Hillel. 2019. “Immigration and Preferences for Redistribution in Europe.” NBER Working Paper 22562 (February).Google Scholar
Alexander, John K. 1980. Render Them Submissive: Responses to Poverty in Philadelphia, 1760–1800. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Alfani, Guido and Di Tullio, Matteo. 2019. The Lion’s Share: Inequality and the Rise of the Fiscal State in Preindustrial Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allard, Gayle J. and Lindert, Peter H.. 2007. “Euro-Productivity and Euro-Jobs since the 1960s: Which Institutions Really Mattered?” In Hatton, Timothy J., O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Taylor, Alan M. (eds.), The New Comparative Economic History: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 365–394.Google Scholar
Allen, Robert C. 2003. “Progress and Poverty in Early Modern Europe.” Economic History Review 56, 3 (August): 403–443.Google Scholar
Alvarez Herrera, Bernardo. 2008. “How Chávez Has Helped the Poor.” Foreign Affairs 87, 4 (July/August): 158–160.Google Scholar
Anderson, Gerard, Reinhardt, Uwe E., Hussey, Peter S., and Petrosyan, Varduhi. 2003. “It’s the Prices, Stupid: Why the United States Is So Different from Other Countries,” Health Affairs 22, 3 (May–June): 89–105.Google Scholar
Anderson, Karen M. 2005. “Pension Reform in Sweden: Radical Reform in a Mature Pension System.” In Bonoli, Guiliano and Shinkawa, Toshimitsu (eds.), Ageing and Pension Reform around the World: Evidence from Eleven Countries. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 94–114.Google Scholar
Ansell, Ben W. 2010. From the Ballot to the Blackboard: The Redistributive Political Economy of Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ansell, Ben W. and Samuels, David J.. 2014. Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antecol, Heather, Cobb-Clark, Deborah A., and Trejo, Stephen J.. 2003. “Immigration Policy and the Skills of Immigrants to Australia, Canada, and the United States.” Journal of Human Resources 38, 1 (Winter): 192–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arenas de Mesa, Alberto. 2005. “Fiscal and Institutional Considerations of Pension Reform: Lessons Learned from Chile.” In Crabbe, Carolin A. (ed.), A Quarter Century of Pension Reform in Latin America and the Caribbean: Lessons Learned and Next Steps. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, pp. 83–126.Google Scholar
Arenas de Mesa, Alberto and Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. 2006. “The Structural Pension Reform in Chile: Effects, Comparisons with Other Latin American Reforms, and Lessons.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 22, 1: 149–167.Google Scholar
Argentina, Dirección General de Estadística. 1915. Extracto estadístico de la República Argentina. Buenos Aires: Compañia Sud-Americana de Billetes de Banco.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jens and Jalles, João. 2014. “Dividing the Pie in Brazil: Income Distribution, Social Policies and the New Middle Class.” OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1105, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arroyo Abad, Leticia and Lindert, Peter H.. 2017. “Fiscal Redistribution in Latin America since the Nineteenth Century.” In Bértola, Luis and Williamson, Jeffrey G. (eds.), Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? Looking over the Long Run. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 243–282.Google Scholar
Asher, Mukul G. 1999. “The Pension System in Singapore.” World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper 9919 (August).Google Scholar
Asher, Mukul G. and Newman, David. 2002. “Private Pensions in Asia: An Assessment of Eight Systems.” In Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Regulating Private Pensions Schemes: Trends and Challenges. Paris: OECD, Private Pensions Series, No. 4, pp. 51–101.Google Scholar
Asian Development Bank. 2013. The Social Protection Index: Assessing Results for Asia and the Pacific. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. Building on a series of (2012) Technical Assistance Consultant’s Reports for each country covered.Google Scholar
Aspalter, Christian (ed.). 2017. The Routledge International Handbook to Welfare Systems. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, Anthony B. 2008. The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bachas, Pierre, Gadenne, Lucie, and Jensen, Anders. 2020. “Informality, Consumption Taxes, and Redistribution.” NBER Working Paper 27429 (June).Google Scholar
Bailey, Martha J., Hoynes, Hilary W., Rossin-Slater, Maya, and Walker, Reed. 2020. “Is the Social Safety Net a Long-Term Investment? Large-Scale Evidence from the Food Stamps Program.” NBER Working Paper 26942 (April).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Michael, Gruber, Jonathan, and Milligan, Kevin. 2019. “The Long-Run Impacts of a Universal Child Care Program.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11, 3 (August): 1–26.Google Scholar
Bakija, Jon. 2016. “Would a Bigger Government Hurt the Economy?” In Bakija, Jon, Kenworthy, Lane, Lindert, Peter, and Madrick, Jeffrey (eds.), How Big Should Our Government Be? Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 67–134.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Peter. 1990. The Politics of Social Solidarity and the Bourgeois Basis of the European Welfare State, 1875–1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barro, Robert J. and Lee, Jong Wha. 2013. “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010.” Journal of Development Economics 104: 184–198.Google Scholar
Baten, Jorg and van Zanden, Jan Luiten. 2008. “Book Production and the Onset of Modern Economic Growth.” Journal of Economic Growth 13, 3: 217–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Sascha O. and Woessmann, Ludger. 2009. “Was Weber Wrong? A Human Capital Theory of Protestant Economic History.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124, 2 (May): 531–596.Google Scholar
Becker, Sascha O., Hornung, Erik, and Woessmann, Ludger. 2011. “Education and Catch-Up in the Industrial Revolution.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 3, 3 (July): 92–126.Google Scholar
Benavot, Aaron and Riddle, Phyllis. 1988. “The Expansion of Primary Education, 1870–1940: Trends and Issues.” Sociology of Education 61 (July): 191–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengtsson, Niklas, Holmlund, Bertil, and Daniel, Waldenström. 2016. “Lifetime versus Annual Tax Progressivity: Sweden, 1968–2009.” Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 118, 4: 619–645.Google Scholar
Bergh, Andreas. 2005. “On the Counterfactual Problem of Welfare State Research: How Can We Measure Redistribution?” European Sociological Review 21, (4 September): 345–57.Google Scholar
Bértola, Luis and Williamson, Jeffrey G. (eds.). 2017. Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? Looking over the Long Run. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Spanish edition: La fractura – Pasado y presente de la búsqueda de equidad social en América Latina, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, Richard M. 1980. “Income Redistribution through the Fiscal System: The Limits of Knowledge.” American Economic Review 70, 2 (May): 77–81.Google Scholar
Bishop, John H. 1989. “Is the Test Score Decline Responsible for the Productivity Growth Decline?” American Economic Review 79, 1 (March): 178–197.Google Scholar
Bishop, John H. 1996. “Signaling, Incentives, and School Organization in France, the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States.” In Hanushek, Eric A. and Jorgenson, Dale W. (eds.), Improving America’s Schools: The Role of Incentives. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, pp. 111–145.Google Scholar
Bishop, John H. 1997. “The Effect of National Standards and Curriculum-Based Exams on Achievement.” American Economic Review 87, 2 (May): 260–264.Google Scholar
Bitler, Marianne and Hoynes, Hilary. 2016. “The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same? The Safety Net and Poverty in the Great Recession.” Journal of Labor Economics 34, Supplement 1: S403–S444.Google Scholar
Bitler, Marianne, Hoynes, Hilary W., and Schanzenbach, Diane Whitmore. 2020. “The Social Safety Net in the Wake of Covid 19.” NBER Working Paper 27796 (September).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchet, Didier, Bozio, Antoine, Rabaté, Simon, and Roger, Muriel. 2019. “Workers’ Employment Rates and Pension Reforms in France: The Role of Implicit Labor Taxation.” NBER Working Paper 25733 (April).Google Scholar
Blau, Francine D. and Mackie, Christopher. 2016. The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Boeri, Tito. 2010. “Immigration to the Land of Redistribution.” Economica 77, 308 (October): 651–687.Google Scholar
Böhlmark, Anders, and Lindahl, Mikael. 2012. “Independent Schools and Long-Run Educational Outcomes: Evidence from Sweden’s Large-Scale Voucher Reform.” IZA Discussion Paper 6683 (June).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Böhlmark, Anders and Lindahl, Mikael. 2015. “Independent Schools and Long-Run Educational Outcomes: Evidence from Sweden’s Large-Scale Voucher Reform.” Economica 82, 327 (July): 508–551 doi:10.1111/ecca.12130.Google Scholar
Bologna Pavlik, Jamie and Young, Andrew T.. 2018. Medieval European Traditions in Representation and State Capacity Today. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University.Google Scholar
Bonin, Holger. 2009. “15 Years of Pension Reform in Germany: Old Successes and New Threats.” Center for European Economic Research (ZEW), Discussion Paper 09-035. ftp://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp09035.pdf.Google Scholar
Bonney, Richard (ed.). 1995. Economic Systems and State Finance. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Bonney, Richard (ed.). 1999. The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe (1200–1815). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Borjas, George. 2019. “Immigration and Economic Growth.” NBER Working Paper 25836 (May).Google Scholar
Börsch-Supan, Axel H. and Coile, Courtney. 2018. “Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: Reforms and Retirement Incentives – Introduction and Summary.” NBER Working Paper 25280 (November).Google Scholar
Borzutzky, Silvia and Hyde, Mark. 2017. “The Chilean Welfare State System, with Special Reference to Social Security Privatization.” In Aspalter, Christian (ed.), The Routledge International Handbook to Welfare Systems. London: Routledge, pp. 138–154.Google Scholar
Boubtane, Ekrame, Dumont, Jean-Christophe and Rault, Cristophe. 2014. “Immigration and Economic Growth in the OECD Countries 1986–2006.” CESifo Working Paper Series 5392.Google Scholar
Bourguignon, François and Morrisson, Christian. 2002. “Inequality among World Citizens, 1820–1992.” American Economic Review 92, 4 (September): 727–744.Google Scholar
Bourguignon, F., Fournier, M., and Gurgnand, M.. 1998. “Distribution, Development and Education: Taiwan, 1979–1994.” World Bank Working Paper (May).Google Scholar
Bourguignon, F., Fournier, M., and Gurgnand, M.. 1999. “Fast Development with a Stable Income Distribution: Taiwan, 1979–1994,” Document de Travail 9921, Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique. Paris: Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques.Google Scholar
Boyer, George R. 1989. “Malthus Was Right after All: Poor Relief and Birth Rates in Southeastern England.” Journal of Political Economy 97, 1 (February): 93–114.Google Scholar
Boyer, George R. 1990. An Economic History of the English Poor Law, 1750 – 1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boyer, George. R. 2018. The Winding Road to the Welfare State: Economic Insecurity and Social Welfare Policy in Britain. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Brandt, Loren, Ma, Debin, and Rawski, Thomas G.. 2014. “From Divergence to Convergence: Reevaluating the History behind China’s Economic Boom.” Journal of Economic Literature 52, 1 (March): 45–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.52.1.45.Google Scholar
Brenøe, Anne A., Canaan, Serena P., Harmon, Nikolaj A., and Royer, Heather N.. 2020. “Is Parental Leave Costly for Firms and Co-Workers?” NBER Working Paper 26622 (January).Google Scholar
Brewer, John. 1989. The Sinews of Power: Money, War, and the English State, 1688–1783. Boston, MA: Unwin.Google Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen, Custodis, Johann, and Gupta, Bishnupriya. 2015. “India and the Great Divergence: An Anglo-Indian Comparison of GDP Per Capita, 1600–1871.” Explorations in Economic History 55 (January): 58–75.Google Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen, Guan, Hanhui, and Li, David Daokui. 2018. “China, Europe, and the Great Divergence: A Study in Historical National Accounting, 980–1850.” Journal of Economic History 78, 4 (December): 955–1000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen, Campbell, Bruce, Klein, Alexander, Overton, Mark, and van Leeuwen, Bas. 2015. British Economic Growth, 1270–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brundage, Anthony. 1978. The Making of the New Poor Law: The Politics of Inquiry, Enactment, and Implementation, 1832–39. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Brundage, Anthony and Eastwood, David. 1990. “The Making of the New Poor Law Redivivus.” Past & Present 127 (May): 183–194.Google Scholar
Bugra, Ayse and Keyder, Çaglar. 2006. “The Turkish Welfare Regime in Transformation.” Journal of European Social Policy 16, 3 (August): 211–228.Google Scholar
Buringh, Eltjo and van Zanden, Jan Luiten. 2009. “Charting the ‘Rise of the West’: Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries,” Journal of Economic History 69, 2 (June): 409–445.Google Scholar
Butts, R. Freeman. 1978. Public Education in the United States from Revolution to Reform. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Buxton, Julia. 2014. “Social Policy in Venezuela: Bucking Neoliberalism or Unsustainable Clientelism.” Working Paper 2014-16. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.Google Scholar
Carry, Alain. 1999. “Le compte satellite rétrospectif de l’éducation en France (1820–1996).” Économies et sociétés: Cahiers de l’ISMÉA, Série AF, no. 25 (February–March).Google Scholar
Carter, Susan et al. (eds.). 2006. The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition. 5 volumes. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cascio, Elizabeth U. and Schanzenbach, Diane Whitmore. 2013. “The Impacts of Expanding Access to High-Quality Preschool Education.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Fall): 127–178, and comments by Caroline Hoxby and Alan B. Krueger, 179–192.Google Scholar
Cascio, Elizabeth U. and Shenhav, Na’ama. 2020. “A Century of the American Woman Voter: Sex Gaps in Political Participation, Preferences, and Partisanship since Women’s Enfranchisement.” NBER Working Paper 26709 (January).Google Scholar
Case, Anne and Deaton, Angus. 2020. Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Catillon, Maryaline, Cutler, David, and Getzen, Thomas. 2018. “Two Hundred Years of Health and Medical Care: The Importance of Medical Care for Life Expectancy Gains.” NBER Working Paper 25330 (December).Google Scholar
Chaudhary, Latika. 2009. “Determinants of Primary Schooling in British India.” Journal of Economic History 69, 1 (March): 269–302.Google Scholar
Chaudhary, Latika and Lindert, Peter H.. Forthcoming. “Healthy, Literate, and Smart: The Global Increase in Human Capital since 1870.” In Broadberry, Stephen and Fukao, Kyoji (eds.), Cambridge Economic History of the Modern World, volume II: 1870–2010. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chaudhury, Nazmul, Hammer, Jeffrey, Kremer, Michael, Muralidharan, Karthik, and Halsey Rogers, F.. 2006. “Missing in Action: Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Developing Countries.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, 1 (Winter): 91–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaudhary, Latika, Musacchio, Aldo, Nafziger, Steven, and Yan, Se. 2012. “Big BRICs, Weak Foundations: The Beginning of Public Elementary Education in Brazil, Russia, India, and China, 1880–1930.” Explorations in Economic History 49, 2: 221–240.Google Scholar
Chenery, Hollis et al. 1974. Redistribution with Growth. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cheyre Valenzuela, Hernán. 1988. La Previsión en Chile Ayer y Hoy. Santiago: Centro de Estudios Públicos.Google Scholar
Chile, Oficina de Planificación Nacional (ODEPLAN). 1971. Plan de la economía nacional, 1971–76; antecedentes sobre el desarrollo chileno, 1960–70. Santiago: ODEPLAN.Google Scholar
Choi, Jaesung and Hwang, Jisoo. 2017. “The Effect of School Choice on Student’s Academic Performance.” Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics 58: 1–19.Google Scholar
Cipolla, Carlo M. 1969. Literacy and Development in the West. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Clark, Gregory. 1996. “The Political Foundations of Modern Economic Growth: England, 1540–1800.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 26 (Spring): 563–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clemens, Michael A. 2004. “The Long Walk to School: International Education Goals in Historical Perspective.” Center for Global Development Working Paper 37 (March).Google Scholar
Cody, Lisa Forman. 2000. “The Politics of Illegitimacy in an Age of Reform: Women, Reproduction, and Political Economy in England’s New Poor Law of 1834.” Journal of Women’s History 11, 4 (Winter): 131–156.Google Scholar
Comín Comín, Franciso. 2012. “Spain: From Composite Monarchy to Nation-State, 1492–1914: An Exceptional Case?” In Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick K. (eds.), with Franciso Comín Comín, The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 233–266.Google Scholar
Connor, Philip and Ruiz, Neil G.. 2019. “Majority of U.S. Public Supports High-Skilled Immigration.” Pew Research Center, January 22.Google Scholar
Constitute Project. 2018. Brazil’s Constitution of 1988 with Amendments through 2014. Translated to English by Keith S. Rosenn. Constituteproject.org, accessed July 4, 2019.Google Scholar
Cook, Linda J. 2007. Postcommunist Welfare States: Reform Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Cressy, David. 1977. “Levels of Illiteracy in England, 1530–1730.” Historical Journal 20, 1 (March): 1–23.Google Scholar
Cutler, David M. and Ly, Dan P.. 2011. “The (Paper)Work of Medicine: Understanding International Medical Costs.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 25, 2 (Spring): 3–25.Google Scholar
Dahlberg, Matz, Edmark, Karin, and Lundqvist, Heléne. 2012. “Ethnic Diversity and Preferences for Redistribution.” Journal of Political Economy 120, 1 (February): 41–76.Google Scholar
Dahlberg, Matz, Edmark, Karin, and Lundqvist, Heléne. 2013. “Ethnic Diversity and Preferences for Redistribution: Reply.” Research Institute of Industrial Economics (Stockholm), IFN Working Paper 955 (February). www.ifn.se/wfiles/wp/wp955.pdf.Google Scholar
Daniels, Robert V. 1984. A Documentary History of Communism. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Press.Google Scholar
Daunton, Martin. 2002a Trusting Leviathan: The Politics of Taxation in Britain, 1799–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Daunton, Martin. 2002b. Just Taxes: The Politics of Taxation in Britain 1914–1979. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Karen, Stremikis, Kristof, Squires, David, and Schoen, Cathy. 2014. “Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: How the Performance of the U.S. Health Care System Compares Internationally.” Commonwealth Fund (June). www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/documents/___media_files_publications_fund_report_2014_jun_1755_davis_mirror_mirror_2014.pdf, accessed Apr. 29, 2020.Google Scholar
Davison, Diane M. 1982. “The Bastardy Controversy of Nineteenth-Century Britain.” Doctoral dissertation, Lehigh University. https://preserve.lehigh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3430&context=etd.Google Scholar
Deaton, Angus. 2015. The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
De Corso, Giuseppe. 2013. “El Crecimiento Económico de Venezuela, desde la Oligarquía conservatora hasta la Revolución Bolivariana: 1830–2012. Una Visión Cuantitativa.”Revista de Historia Económica 31, 3 (December): 321–357.Google Scholar
Dee, Thomas S. 2004. “Are There Civic Returns to Education?” Journal of Public Economics 88, 9–10 (August): 1697–1720.Google Scholar
De Ferranti, David, Perry, Guillermo E., Ferreira, Francisco H. G., and Walton, Michael. 2004. Inequality in Latin America: Breaking with History? Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
De Kwaasteniet, Marjanne. 1985. “Denominational Education and Contemporary Education Policy in the Netherlands.” European Journal of Education 20, 4: 371–383.Google Scholar
De Kwaasteniet, Marjanne. 1990. Denomination and Primary Education in the Netherlands (1870–1984). Amsterdam: Instituut voor Sociale Geografie, Universiteit van Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Delannoy, Françoise. 2000. “Education Reforms in Chile, 1980–98: A Lesson in Pragmatism.” Washington, DC, World Bank. Country Studies, Education Reform and Management Publication Series Vol. 1, No. 1.Google Scholar
DeLong, J. Bradford and Shleifer, Andrei. 1993. “Princes and Merchants: City Growth before the Industrial Revolution.” Journal of Law and Economics 36 (October): 671–702.Google Scholar
Deng, Kent G. 2012. “The Continuation and Efficiency of the Chinese Fiscal State, 700 BC – 1911.” In Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick K. (eds.), with Franciso Comín Comín, The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 335–352.Google Scholar
De Vries, Jan and van der Woude, Ad (1997). The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Díaz, J., Lüders, Rolf, and Wagner, Gert. 2010. “La República en Cifras, 2010.” EH Clio Lab-Iniciativa Científica Milenio. http://cliolab.economia.uc.cl/BD.html.Google Scholar
Diebolt, Claude. 1997. “L’évolution de longue période du système éducatif allemand xixe et xxe siécles.” Économies et sociétés: Cahiers de l’ISMÉA, Série AF, no. 23 (February–March): 278–279, 338–341.Google Scholar
Diebolt, Claude. 2000. Dépenses d’éducation et cycles économiques en espagne: XIXe et Xxe siècles. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Digby, Anne. 1975. “The Labour Market and the Continuity of Social Policy after 1834: The Case of the Eastern Counties.” Economic History Review 28, 1 (February): 69–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dincecco, Mark. 2011. Political Transformations and Public Finances: Europe, 1650–1913. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dincecco, Mark. 2017. State Capacity and Economic Development: Present and Past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dixon, John. 1981. The Chinese Welfare System, 1949–1979. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Duflo, Esther, Hanna, Rema, and Ryan, Stephen P.. 2012. “Incentives Work: Getting Teachers to Come to School.” American Economic Review 102, 4: 1241–1278.Google Scholar
Dustmann, Christian and Frattini, Tommaso. 2013. “The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK.” Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration Department of Economics, University College London, CDP No. 22/13 (November).Google Scholar
Easterlin, Richard A. 1981. “Why Isn’t the Whole World Developed?” Journal of Economic History 41, 1 (March): 1–17.Google Scholar
Easterly, William. 1995. Comment on “What Do Cross-Country Studies Teach about Government Involvement, Prosperity, and Economic Growth?” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2: 419–424.Google Scholar
Easterly, William and Levine, Ross. 1997. “Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112, 44 (November): 1203–1250.Google Scholar
Easterly, William and Rebelo, Sergio. 1993. “Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth.” Journal of Monetary Economics 32 (December): 417–458.Google Scholar
Eastwood, David. 1994. Governing Rural England: Tradition and Transformation in Local Government, 1780–1840. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Eberts, Randall W. and Stone, Joe A.. 1986. “Teachers’ Unions and the Productivity of Public Schools.” Economic Inquiry 24 (October): 631–644.Google Scholar
Edwards, Sebastian. 1996. “The Chilean Pension Reform.” NBER Working Paper 5811 (November).Google Scholar
Eggleston, Karen N. and Fuchs, Victor R.. 2012. “The New Demographic Transition: Most Gains in Life Expectancy Now Realized Late in Life.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, 3 (Summer): 137–156.Google Scholar
Elveren, Adam Yaruz and Agartan, Tuba I.. 2017. “The Turkish Welfare State System: With Special Reference to Human Capital Development.” In Aspalter, Christain (ed.), The Routledge International Handbook to Welfare Systems. London: Routledge, pp. 317–331.Google Scholar
Emery, J. C. Herbert. 2010. “‘Un-American’ or Unnecessary? America’s Rejection of Compulsory Government Health Insurance in the Progressive Era.” Explorations in Economic History 47, 1 (March): 68–81.Google Scholar
Engerman, Stanley L. and Sokoloff, Kenneth L.. 2012. Economic Development in the Americas since 1500: Endowments and Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Engerman, Stanley L., Mariscal, Elena V., and Sokoloff, Kenneth L.. 2009. “The Evolution of Schooling Institutions in the Americas, 1800–1925.” In Eltis, David, Lewis, Frank, and Sokoloff, Kenneth L. (eds.), Human Capital and Institutions: A Long Run View. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 93–142.Google Scholar
England, Paula, Bearak, Jonathan, Budig, Michelle, and Hodges, Melissa. 2016. “Do Highly Paid, Highly Skilled Women Experience the Largest Motherhood Penalty?” American Sociological Review 81, 6 (December): 1161–1189.Google Scholar
Ennser-Jedenastik, Laurenz. 2018. “Welfare Chauvinism in Populist Radical Right Platforms: The Role of Redistributive Justice Principles.” Social Policy & Administration 52, 1 (January): 293–314.Google Scholar
Epple, Dennis, Romano, Richard E., and Urquiola, Miguel. 2017. “School Vouchers: A Survey of the Economics Literature.” Journal of Economic Literature 55, 2 (June): 441–492.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1999. Social Foundations of Post-Industrial Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Espuelas, Sergio. 2012. “Are Dictatorships Less Redistributive? A Comparative Analysis of Social Spending in Europe, 1950–1980.” European Review of Economic History 16, 2: 211–232.Google Scholar
Espuelas, Sergio. 2013. “La evolución del gasto social público en España, 1850–2005.” Estudios de Historia Económica 63. Banco de España, Madrid.Google Scholar
Fei, John C. H., Ranis, Gustav, and Kuo, Shirley W. Y.. 1979. Growth with Equity: The Taiwan Case. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Feigenberg, Benjamin, Rivkin, Steven, and Yan, Rui. 2017. “Illusory Gains from Chile’s Targeted School Voucher Experiment.” NBER Working Paper 23178 (February).Google Scholar
Feuerwerker, Albert. 1984. “The State and the Economy in Late Imperial China.” Theory and Society 13, 3 (May): 297–326.Google Scholar
Fishback, Price V. 2020. “Social Insurance and Public Assistance in the Twentieth-Century United States: 2019 Presidential Address for the Economic History Association.” NBER Working Paper 26938 (April).Google Scholar
Fisher, Irving. 1917. “The Need for Health Insurance.” American Labor Legislation Review 7, 1 (March): 9–26.Google Scholar
Fiszbein, Ariel and Schady, Norbert, with Ferreira, Francisco H. G., Grosh, Margaret, Kelleher, Nial, Olinto, Pedro, and Skoufias, Emmanuel. 2009. Conditional Cash Transfers – Reducing Present and Future Poverty. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Flora, Peter and Albers, Jens. 1983. State, Economy and Society in Western Europe, 1815–1975. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.Google Scholar
Flora, Peter and Heidenheimer, Arnold J. (eds.). 1981. The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America. London: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Flynn, James R. 1984. “The Mean IQ of Americans: Massive Gains 1932 to 1978.” Psychological Bulletin 95, 1 (January): 29–51.Google Scholar
Flynn, James R. 1987. “Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure.” Psychological Bulletin 101, 2 (March): 171–191.Google Scholar
Flynn, James R. 2000. “IQ Trends over Time: Intelligence, Race, and Meritocracy.” In Arrow, Kenneth A., Bowles, Samuel, and Derlauf, Steven (eds.), Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 35–60.Google Scholar
Flynn, James R. 2007. What Is Intelligence? Beyond the Flynn Effect. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Flynn, James R. 2008. Where Have All the Liberals Gone? Race, Class, and Ideals in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Flynn, James R. 2012. Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fort, Margherita, Ichino, Andrea, and Zanella, Giulio. 2020. “Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Costs of Day Care at Age 0–2 for Children in Advantaged Families.” Journal of Political Economy 128, 1 (January): 158–205.Google Scholar
Fowler, Frances C. 1992. “School Choice Policy in France: Success and Limitations.” Educational Policy 6, 4 (December): 429–443.Google Scholar
Frankema, Ewout H. P. 2009. Has Latin America Always Been Unequal? A Comparative Study of Asset and Income Inequality in the Long Twentieth Century. Leiden and Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1955. “The Role of Government in Education.” In Solo, Robert A. (ed.), Economics and the Public Interest. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Fritschy, Wantje, ‘t Hart, Marjolein, and Horlings, Edwin. 2012. “Long-Term Trends in the Fiscal History of the Netherlands, 1515–1913.” In Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick K. (eds.), with Franciso Comín, The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 39–66.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Irwin, Rainwater, Lee, and Smeeding, Timothy M.. 2010. Wealth and Welfare States: Is America a Laggard or Leader? Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gaston, Noel and Rajaguru, Gulasekaran. 2013. “International Migration and the Welfare State Revisited.” European Journal of Political Economy 29 (March): 90–101.Google Scholar
Gatrell, Peter. 2012. “The Russian Fiscal State, 1600–1914.” In Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick K. (eds.), with Francisco Comín, The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 191–214.Google Scholar
Gemmell, Norman, Kneller, Richard, and Sanz, Ismael. 2011. “The Timing and Persistence of Fiscal Policy Impacts on Growth: Evidence from OECD Countries.” Economic Journal 121 (February): F33–F58.Google Scholar
Gill, Indermit S., Packard, Truman G., Yermo, Juan, and Pugatch, Todd. 2004. Keeping the Promise of Old Age Income Security in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank (September). https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/10349.Google Scholar
Go, Sun and Lindert, Peter H.. 2010. “The Uneven Rise of American Public Schools to 1850.” Journal of Economic History 70, 1 (March): 1–26.Google Scholar
Goldin, Claudia. 1998. “America’s Graduation from High School: The Evolution and Spread of Secondary Schooling in the Twentieth Century.” Journal of Economic History 58, 2 (June): 345-374.Google Scholar
Goldin, Claudia. 2001. “The Human Capital Century and American Leadership: Virtues of the Past.” Journal of Economic History 61, 2 (June): 263–292.Google Scholar
Goldin, Claudia. 2006. “Education.” In Carter, Susan et al. (eds.), The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition. 5 volumes. New York: Cambridge University Press, vol. B, ch. Bc.Google Scholar
Goldin, Claudia and Katz, Lawrence F.. 2008. The Race between Education and Technology. Cambridge, MA.: Belknap Press for Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Goldin, Claudia and Mitchell, Joshua. 2017. “The New Life Cycle of Women’s Employment: Disappearing Humps, Sagging Middles, Expanding Tops.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31, 1 (Winter 2017): 161–182.Google Scholar
Goldin, Claudia, Kerr, Sari Pekkala, and Olivetti, Claudia. 2020. “Why Firms Offer Paid Parental Leave: An Exploratory Study.” NBER Working Paper 26617 (January).Google Scholar
Goldsmith, Raymond W. 1985. Comparative National Balance Sheets: A Study of Twenty Countries, 1688–1978. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
González, Pablo, Mizala, Alejandra, and Romaguera, Pilar. 2004. “Vouchers, Inequalities, and the Chilean Experience.” Center for Applied Economics (CEA) University of Chile (June). www.academia.edu/29631499/.Google Scholar
Goodman, Peter S. 2019. “The Nordic Model May Be the Best Cushion against Capitalism. Can It Survive Immigration?” New York Times, July 11. www.nytimes.com/2019/07/11/business/sweden-economy-immigration.htmlGoogle Scholar
Graff, Harvey J. 1987. The Legacies of Literacy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Gray, Rowena. 2013. “Taking Technology to Task: The Skill Content of Technological Change in Early Twentieth Century United States.” Explorations in Economic History 50, 3 (July): 351–367.Google Scholar
Green, David A. and Riddell, W. Craig. 2019. “Is There a Tradeoff between Ethnic Diversity and Redistribution? The Case of Income Assistance in Canada.” IZA Discussion Paper 12098 (January).Google Scholar
Greif, Avner and Iyigun, Murat. 2013. “What Did the Old Poor Law Really Accomplish? A Redux.” IZA Discussion Paper 7398. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2266825.Google Scholar
Grew, Raymond and Harrigan, Patrick J.. 1991. School, State, and Society: The Growth of Elementary Schooling in Nineteenth-Century France. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Grindle, Merilee Serrill. 2004. Despite the Odds: The Contentious Politics of Education Reform. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gu, Edward X. 2001. “Dismantling the Chinese Mini-Welfare State? Marketization and the Politics of Institutional Transformation, 1979–1999.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 34: 91–111.Google Scholar
Hagist, Christian and Kotlikoff, Laurence J.. 2009. “Who’s Going Broke? Comparing Healthcare Costs in Ten OECD Countries.” Hacienda Publica Espanola/Revista de Economia Publica 188, 1: 55–72.Google Scholar
Haile, Fiseha and Niño-Zarazúa, Miguel. 2018. “Does Social Spending Improve Welfare in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries?” Journal of International Development 30, 3 (April): 367–398.Google Scholar
Hanson, Gordon and Harrison, Ann. 1999. “Trade Liberalization and Wage Inequality in Mexico.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 52 (January): 271–288.Google Scholar
Hanson, Gordon and McIntosh, Craig. 2016. “Is the Mediterranean the New Rio Grande? US and EU Pressures in the Long Run.” NBER Working Paper 22622 (September).Google Scholar
Hanushek, Eric A. 2003. “The Failure of Input-Based Schooling Policies.” Economic Journal 113, 485: F64-F98.Google Scholar
Hanushek, Eric A. and Woessmann, Ludger. 2015. The Knowledge Capital of Nations: Education and the Economics of Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Hanushek, Eric A., Peterson, Paul E., and Woessmann, Ludger. 2013. Endangering Prosperity: A Global View of the American School. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Harkness, Sara and Waldfogel, Jane. 2003. “The Family Gap in Pay: Evidence from Seven Industrialized Countries.” Research in Labor Economics 1, 22: 369–413.Google Scholar
Hausmann, Ricardo and Rodríguez, Francisco R. (eds.). 2013. Venezuela before Chávez: Anatomy of an Economic Collapse. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Hecock, R. Douglas. 2006. “Electoral Competition, Globalization, and Subnational Education Spending in Mexico, 1999–2004.” American Journal of Political Science 50, 4 (October): 950–961.Google Scholar
Hedberg, P., Karlsson, L., and Häggqvist, H.. 2018. “How Does Openness to Trade Really Affect the Welfare State? Evidence from Social Spending in 21 Countries, 1920-2000.” Paper presented at the XVIII World Economic History Congress, Boston. Underlying data kindly supplied by Henric Haggqvist.Google Scholar
Hendren, Nathaniel and Sprung-Keyser, Ben. 2019. “A Unified Welfare Analysis of Government Policies.” NBER Working Paper 26144 (August).Google Scholar
Henriques, Ursala R. Q. 1967. “Bastardy and the New Poor Law.” Past & Present 37 (July): 103–129.Google Scholar
Hinrichs, Harley H. 1966. A General Theory of Tax Structure Change during Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School of Harvard University.Google Scholar
Hinrichs, Karl. 2005. “New Century – New Paradigm: Pension Reforms in Germany.” In Bonoli, Guiliano and Shinkawa, Toshimitsu (eds.), Ageing and Pension Reform around the World: Evidence from Eleven Countries. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 47–73.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Philip T. and Norberg, Kathryn (eds.). 1994. Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Government, 1450–1789. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hollingsworth, J. Rogers. 1986. A Political Economy of Medicine: Great Britain and the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hollingsworth, J. Rogers, Hage, Jerald, and Hanneman, Robert A.. 1990. State Intervention in Medical Care: Consequences for Britain, France, Sweden, and the United States 1890–1970. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Homer, Sidney and Sylla, Richard. 1991. A History of Interest Rates. Third edition. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Hong Kong, Education Bureau. 2015. “Income Inequality.” www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/kla/pshe/references-and-resources/economics/income_eng.pdf.Google Scholar
Hooker, Mark. 2009. Freedom of Education: The Dutch Political Battle for State Funding of All Schools Both Public and Private (1801–1920). USA [no city given]: Llyfrawr (copy borrowed from the University of Arkansas).Google Scholar
Hoxby, Caroline. 1996. “How Teachers’ Unions Affect Education Production.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 111, 3 (August): 671–718.Google Scholar
Hoxby, Caroline M. 2001. “All School Finance Equalizations Are Not Created Equal.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116, 4 (November): 1188–1231.Google Scholar
Hoynes, Hilary and Rothstein, Jesse. 2017. “Tax Policy toward Low-Income Families.” In Auerbach, Alan and Smetters, Kent (eds.), Economics of Tax Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 183–225.Google Scholar
Hoynes, Hilary and Schanzenbach, Diane Whitmore. 2018. “Safety Net Investments in Children.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1 (Spring): 89–133.Google Scholar
Hoynes, Hilary, Rothstein, Jesse, and Ruffini, Krista. 2017. “Making Work Pay Better through an Expanded Earned Income Tax Credit.” Hamilton Project Policy Proposal 2017–2019 (October).Google Scholar
Hsieh, Chang-Tai and Urquiola, Miguel. 2006. “The Effect of Generalized School Choice on Stratification and Achievement: Evidence from Chile’s School Voucher Program,” Journal of Public Economics 90 (November): 1477–1503.Google Scholar
Immervoll, Herwig and Richardson, Linda. 2011. “Redistribution Policy and Inequality Reduction in OECD Countries: What Has Changed in Two Decades?” OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working Paper no. 122. ELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM(2011)7.Google Scholar
Indiana Department of Education, Office of School Finance. 2019. Choice Scholarships Program Annual Report 2018–2019, at www.doe.in.gov, accessed Oct. 29, 2019.Google Scholar
Inklaar, Robert, Woltjer, Pieter, and Gallardo Albarrán, Daniel. 2019. “The Composition of Capital and Cross-country Productivity Comparisons.” International Productivity Monitor 36 (Spring): 34–52.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Didier. 2000. “Low Inequality with Low Redistribution? An Analysis of Income Distribution in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan Compared to Britain.” London School of Economics. Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion CASE paper 33 (January).Google Scholar
Jordà, Òscar, Schularick, Moritz, and Taylor, Alan M.. 2017. “Macro-Financial History and the New Business Cycle Facts.” In Eichenbaum, Martin and Parker, Jonathan A. (eds.), NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2016, volume 31. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 213–263.Google Scholar
Jordà, Òscar, Knoll, Katharina, Kuvshinov, Dmitry, Schularick, Moritz, and Taylor, Alan M.. Forthcoming. “The Rate of Return on Everything, 1870–2015.” Quarterly Journal of Economics.Google Scholar
Kaestle, Carl. 1976. “‘Between the Scylla of Brutal Ignorance and the Charybdis of a Literary Education’: Elite Attitudes toward Mass Schooling in Early Industrial England and America.” In Stone, Lawrence (ed.), Schooling and Society: Studies in the History of Education. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 177–191.Google Scholar
Kaestle, Carl. 1983. Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780–1860. New York: Hill & Wang.Google Scholar
Karaman, K. Kivanc and Pamuk, Sevket. 2010. “Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500–1914.” Journal of Economic History 70, 3 (September): 593–629.Google Scholar
Kato, Junko. 2003. Regressive Taxation and the Welfare State: Path Dependence and Policy Diffusion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kenworthy, Lane. 2019. Social Democratic Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Khan, Habibullah. 2001. Social Policy in Singapore: A Confucian Model? Washington, DC: World Bank Institute.Google Scholar
Kimball, Miles. 1988. “Farmers’ Cooperatives as Behavior toward Risk.” American Economic Review 78, 1 (March): 224–232.Google Scholar
King, Elizabeth M. and Hill, M. Anne. 1997. “Women’s Education in Developing Countries: An Overview.” In King, E. M. and Hill, M. A (eds.), Women’s Education in Developing Countries: Barriers, Benefits, and Policies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 1–50.Google Scholar
King, Gary and Zeng, Langche. 2006. “The Dangers of Extreme Counterfactuals.” Political Analysis 14: 131–159.Google Scholar
King, Gary and Zeng, Langche. 2007. “When Can History Be Our Guide? The Pitfalls of Counterfactual Inference.” International Studies Quarterly 51, 1 (March): 183–210.Google Scholar
Kingdon, Geeta, Little, Angela, Aslam, Monazza, Rawal, Shenila, Moe, Terry, Patrinos, Harry, Beteille, Tara, Banerji, Rukmini, Parton, Brent, and Sharma, Shailendra K.. 2014. “A Rigorous Review of the Political Economy of Education Systems in Developing Countries.” Final Report. Education Rigorous Literature Review. Department for International Development. The DFID Research for Development website: http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/ and the EPPI-Centre website: http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/.Google Scholar
Kiniria, Maxwell Dryjer. 2019. “Essays on Social Policy in Victorian England.” Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Kneller, Richard, Bleaney, Michael, and Gemmell, Norman. 1999. “Fiscal Policy and Growth: Evidence from OECD Countries.” Journal of Public Economics 74, 2 (November): 171–190.Google Scholar
Körner, Martin. 1995. “Expenditure.” In Bonney, Richard (ed.), Economic Systems and State Finance. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 393–421.Google Scholar
Kose, Esra, Kuka, Elira, and Shenhav, Na’ama. 2018. “Who Benefitted from Women’s Suffrage?” NBER Working Paper 24933 (August).Google Scholar
Kotlikoff, Laurence J. and Burns, Scott. 2005. The Coming Generational Storm. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kritzer, Barbara E. 2008. “Chile’s Next Generation Pension Reform.” Social Security Bulletin 68, 2. www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v68n2/v68n2p69-text.html#chart2.Google Scholar
Krugman, Paul. 1994. “The Myth of Asia’s Miracle,” Foreign Affairs 73, 6 (November–December): 62–78.Google Scholar
Krugman, Paul. 2005. “America’s Senior Moment.” New York Review of Books 52, 4 (March 10).Google Scholar
Kruse, Agneta. 2010. “A Stable Pension System: The Eighth Wonder.” In Bengtsson, Tommy (ed.), Population Ageing – A Threat to the Welfare State? Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 47–64.Google Scholar
Kumon, Yuzuru. 2019. “Rich Europe, Poor Asia: How Wealth Inequality, Demography and Crop Risks Explain the Poverty of Pre-Industrial East Asia, 1300–1800.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California–Davis.Google Scholar
Kuosmanen, Isa. 2014. “The Effects of School Choice on Segregation of Finnish Comprehensive Schools.” Master’s thesis, University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences Economics.Google Scholar
Kurmanaev, Anatoly and Herrera, Isayen. 2020. “Venezuela’s Capital Is Booming: Is This the End of the Revolution?” New York Times, Feb. 1, updated Feb. 18.Google Scholar
Kwan, Chang Yee and Asher, Mukul G.. 2019. “Signs of Transition and Renewal in Singapore.” East Asia Forum, January 3. www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/01/03/signs-of-transition-and-renewal-in-singapore.Google Scholar
Kwon, Huck-Ju. 1997. “Beyond European Welfare Regimes: Comparative Perspectives on East Asian Welfare Systems”. Journal of Social Policy 26, 4: 467–484.Google Scholar
Lambrecht, Thijs and Winter, Anne. 2018. “An Old Poor Law on the Continent? Agrarian Capitalism, Poor Taxes, and Village Conflict in Eighteenth-Century Coastal Flanders.” Economic History Review 71, 4 (November): 1173–1198.Google Scholar
Lanjouw, Peter, and Stern, Nicholas. 1998. Economic Development in Palanpur over Five Decades. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Jong-Wha and Lee, Hanol. 2016. “Human Capital in the Long Run” Journal of Development Economics 122 (2016): 147–169.Google Scholar
Lee, Ronald D. 2016. “Macroeconomics, Aging, and Growth.” In Piggott, John and Woodland, Alan (eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging, vol. 1A. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 59–118.Google Scholar
Lee, Ronald D. and Mason, Andrew (eds.). 2011. Population Aging and the Generational Economy: A Global Perspective. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Lee, Ronald D. and Miller, Timothy. 2000. “Immigration, Social Security, and Broader Fiscal Impacts.” American Economic Review 90, 2 (May): 350–354.Google Scholar
Levine, Robert A., Watts, Harold, Hollister, Robinson, Williams, Walter, O’Connor, Alice, and Widerquist, Karl. 2005. “A Retrospective on the Negative Income Tax Experiments: Looking Back at the Most Innovative Field Studies in Social Policy.” In Widerquist, Karl, Lewis, Michael Anthony, and Pressman, Steven (eds.). The Ethics and Economics of the Basic Income Guarantee. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, pp. 95–108.Google Scholar
Levine-Clark, Marjorie. 2000. “Engendering Relief: Women, Ablebodiedness, and the New Poor Law in Early Victorian England.” Journal of Women’s History 11, 4 (Winter): 107–130.Google Scholar
Lewis, Frank and Urquhart, M. C.. 1999. “Growth and the Standard of Living in a Pioneer Economy: Upper Canada, 1826 to 1851.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 56, 1 (January): 151–179.Google Scholar
Lillard, Lee A. 1977. “Inequality: Earnings vs. Human Wealth.” American Economic Review 67, 1 (March): 42–53.Google Scholar
Lindbeck, Assar and Snower, Dennis J.. 2001. “Insiders versus Outsiders.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 15, 1 (Winter): 165–188.Google Scholar
Lindert, Kathy, Karippacheril, Tina George, Caillava, Ines Rodriguez, and Chavez, Kenichi Nishikawa. 2019. Sourcebook on the Foundations of Social Protection Delivery Systems. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. 1986. “Unequal English Wealth since 1670.” Journal of Political Economy 94, 6 (December): 1127–1162.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. 1991. “Historical Patterns of Agricultural Policy.” In Timmer, C. Peter (ed.), Agriculture and the State. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 29–83.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. 1994. “The Rise of Social Spending, 1880–1930.” Explorations in Economic History 31, 1 (January): 1–36.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. 1998. “Poor Relief before the Welfare State: Britain versus the Continent, 1780–1880.” European Review of Economic History 2 (August): 101–140.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. 2003. “Voice and Growth: Was Churchill Right?” Journal of Economic History 63, 2 (June): 315–350.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. 2004. Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century. 2 volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. 2009. “Revealing Failures in the History of School Finance.” NBER Working Paper 15491 (November). www.nber.org/papers/w15491.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. 2010. “The Unequal Lag in Latin American Schooling since 1900: Follow the Money.” Revista de Historia Económica 28, 2: 375–405.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. 2014. “Private Welfare and the Welfare State.” In Neal, Larry and Williamson, Jeffrey. G. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Capitalism, vol. II: The Spread of Capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 464–500.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. 2017. “The Rise and Future of Progressive Redistribution.” Commitment to Equity (CEQ) Institute, Tulane University, Working Paper 73 (October).Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. 2003. “Does Globalization Make the World More Unequal?” In Bordo, Michael D., Taylor, Alan M., and Williamson, Jeffrey G. (eds.), Globalization in Historical Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 227–270.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. 2016. Unequal Gains: American Growth and Inequality since 1700. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Liu, Dazhong (Ta-chung). 1968. “Quantitative Trends in the Economy.” In Eckstein, Alexander, Galenson, Walter, and Dazhong, Liu (eds.), Economic Trends in Communist China. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Liu, Dazhong (Ta-chung) and (Kʻung-chia) Yeh, K. C.. 1965. The Economy of the Chinese Mainland. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lizzeri, Alessandro and Persico, Nicola. 2004. “Why Did the Elites Extend the Suffrage? Democracy and the Scope of Government, with an Application to Britain’s ‘Age of Reform.’” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119, 2 (May): 707–765.Google Scholar
Lochner, Lance and Moretti, Enrico. 2004. “The Effects of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports.” American Economic Review 94, 1 (March): 155–189.Google Scholar
Long, Jason. 2006. “The Socioeconomic Return to Primary Schooling in Victorian England.” Journal of Economic History 66, 4 (December): 1026–1053.Google Scholar
Lott, John R. Jr. and Kenny, Lawrence W.. 1999. “Did Women’s Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of Government?” Journal of Political Economy 107, 6, Part I (December): 1163–1198.Google Scholar
Lundberg, Shelley and Rose, Elaina. 2000. “Parenthood and the Earnings of Married Men and Women.” Labour Economics 7, 6 (November): 689–710.Google Scholar
Lustig, Nora. 2017. “Fiscal Policy, Income Redistribution and Poverty Reduction in Low and Middle Income Countries.” Commitment to Equity Institute Working Paper 54 (January).Google Scholar
Lustig, Nora (ed.). 2018. Commitment to Equity Handbook: Estimating the Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inequality and Poverty. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Luxembourg Income Study. 2017. www.lisdatacenter.org/download-key-figures/, accessed May 2, 2019.Google Scholar
Lynch, Julia. 2001. “The Age-Orientation of Social Policy Regimes in OECD Countries.” Journal of Social Policy 30, 3: 411–436.Google Scholar
Lynch, Julia. 2006. Age in the Welfare State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lynn, Richard and Vanhanen, Tatu. 2002. IQ and the Wealth of Nations. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
McAuley, Alastair. 1979. Economic Welfare in the Soviet Union: Poverty, Living Standards, and Inequality. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
McCants, Anne E. C. 1997. Civic Charity in a Golden Age: Orphan Care in Early Modern Amsterdam. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
McCloskey, Diedre [Dierdre]. 1976. “English Open Fields as Behavior towards Risk.” Research in Economic History 1 (Fall): 124–170.Google Scholar
McCloskey, Donald [Dierdre]. 1991. “The Prudent Peasant: New Findings on Open Fields.” Journal of Economic History 51, 2 (June): 343–355.Google Scholar
McClure, Margaret. 1998. A Civilised Community: A History of Social Security in New Zealand 1898–1998. Auckland: Auckland University Press.Google Scholar
McGuire, Martin C. and Olson, Mancur Jr. 1996. “The Economics of Autocracy and Majority Rule: The Invisible Hand and the Use of Force.” Journal of Economic Literature 34, 1 (March): 72–96.Google Scholar
Mackie, Thomas T. and Rose, Richard. 1991. The International Almanac of Electoral History. Fully revised third edition. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Mary. 1987. “English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade against Outrelief.” Journal of Economic History 47, 3 (September): 603–625.Google Scholar
McMahon, Walter W. 2004. “The Social and External Benefits of Education.” In Johnes, Geraint and Johnes, Jill (eds.), International Handbook on the Economics of Education. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 211–259.Google Scholar
Madrick, Jeff. 2019. The Tragic Cost of Child Poverty. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Mamalakis, Markos. 1976. Growth and Structure of the Chilean Economy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Mandler, Peter. 1987. “The Making of the New Poor Law Redivivus.” Past & Present 117 (November): 131–157.Google Scholar
Mandler, Peter. 1990. “Debate: The Making of the Old Poor Law Redivivus.” Past & Present 127 (May): 194–201.Google Scholar
Massie, Joseph. 1761. Calculations of Taxes for a Family of Each Rank, Degree, or Class, for One Year. Second edition. London: T. Payne.Google Scholar
Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. 2002. “Myth and Reality of Pension Reform: The Latin American Evidence.” World Development 30, 8: 1309–1321.Google Scholar
Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. 2017. “The Cuban Welfare System: With Special Reference to Universalism.” In Aspalter, Christian (ed.), The Routledge International Handbook to Welfare Systems. London: Routledge, pp. 106–121.Google Scholar
Michielse, H. C. M. 1990. “Policing the Poor: J. L. Vives and the Sixteenth-Century Origins of Modern Social Administration.” Social Service Review 64, 1 (March): 1–21.Google Scholar
Milanovic, Branko. 2000. “The Median-Voter Hypothesis, Income Inequality, and Income Redistribution: An Empirical Test with the Required Data.” European Journal of Political Economy 16: 367–410.Google Scholar
Milanovic, Branko. 2018. “Towards an Explanation of Inequality in Premodern Societies: The Role of Colonies, Urbanization, and High Population Density.” Economic History Review 71, 4 (November): 1029–1047.Google Scholar
Milanovic, Branko. 2019. Capitalism, Alone: The Future of the System that Rules the World. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Milanovic, Branko, Lindert, Peter H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. 2011. “Pre-Industrial Inequality.” Economic Journal 121 (March): 255–272.Google Scholar
Millán, Teresa Molina, Barham, Tania, Macours, Karen, Maluccio, John A., and Stampini, Marco. 2019. “Long-Term Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfers: Review of the Evidence.” World Bank Research Observer 34, 1 (February): 119–159. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lky005.Google Scholar
Miller, Grant. 2008. “Women’s Suffrage, Political Responsiveness, and Child Survival in American History.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 123, 3 (August): 1287–1327.Google Scholar
Miller, Tim. 2011. “The Rise of the Intergenerational State: Aging and Development.” In Lee, Ronald D. and Mason, Andrew (eds.), Population Aging and the Generational Economy: A Global Perspective. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, pp. 161–184.Google Scholar
Milligan, Kevin, Moretti, Enrico, and Oreopoulos, Philip. 2004. “Does Education Improve Citizenship? Evidence from the United States and the United Kingdom.” Journal of Public Economics 88, 9–10 (August): 1667–1695.Google Scholar
Mitch, David F. 1982. “The Spread of Literacy in Nineteenth-Century England.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Mitch, David F. 1983–1984. “Underinvestment in Literacy? The Potential Contribution of Government Involvement in Elementary Education to Economic Growth in Nineteenth Century England.” Journal of Economic History 44, 2 (June 1984): 557–566; and the expanded 1983 draft of this article kindly supplied by the author.Google Scholar
Mitch, David F. 1992. The Rise of Popular Literacy in Victorian England: The Influence of Private Choice and Public Policy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Brian R. (ed.). 1998a. International Historical Statistics: Africa, Asia & Oceania, 1750–1993. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Brian R. (ed.). 1998b. International Historical Statistics: Europe 1750–1993. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Brian R. (ed.). 1998c. International Historical Statistics: The Americas 1750–1993. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mitsui Bunko. 1989. Trends of Major Prices in Early Modern Japan. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Moe, Terry M. 2011. Special Interest: Teachers Unions and America’s Public Schools. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Moehling, Carolyn M. and Thomasson, Melissa A., 2012. “The Political Economy of Saving Mothers and Babies: The Politics of State Participation in the Sheppard–Towner Program.” Journal of Economic History 72, 1 (March): 75–103.Google Scholar
Moehling, Carolyn M., Niemesh, Gregory T., Thomasson, Melissa A., and Treber, Jaret. 2019. “Medical Education Reforms and the Origins of the Rural Physician Shortage.” Cliometrica 14 (May): 181–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-019-00187-w.Google Scholar
Moffitt, Robert A. 2019. “The Marginal Labor Supply Disincentives of Welfare Reforms.” NBER Working Paper 26028 (June).Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. 1992. “Technological Inertia in Economic History.” Journal of Economic History 52, 2 (June): 325–338.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. 2000. “Innovation and Its Enemies: The Economic and Political Roots of Technological Inertia.” In Olson, Mancur and Kähkönen, Satu (eds.), A Not-So-Dismal Science: A Broader View of Economies and Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 269–300.Google Scholar
Montenegro, Claudio E. and Pagés, Carmen. 2004. “Who Benefits from Labor Market Regulations? Chile, 1960–1998.” In Heckman, James and Pagés, Carmen (eds.), Law and Employment: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 401–434.Google Scholar
Montenegro, Claudio E. and Patrinos, Harry A.. 2014. “Comparable Estimates of Returns to Schooling around the World.” World Bank, Education Global Practice Group, Policy Research Working Paper 7020 (September).Google Scholar
Moody, Joseph N. 1978. French Education since Napoleon. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Moosvi, Shireen. 1987. The Economy of the Mughal Empire c. 1595: A Statistical Study. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moosvi, Shireen. 2008. People, Taxation and Trade in Mughal India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moretti, Enrico. 2004. “Estimating the Social Return to Higher Education: Evidence from Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Data.” Journal of Econometrics 121, 1–2 (July-August): 157–212.Google Scholar
Moriconi, Simone, Peri, Giovanni, and Turati, Riccardo. 2018. “Skill of the Immigrants and Vote of the Native: Immigration and Nationalism in European Elections 2007–2016.” NBER Working Paper 25077 (September).Google Scholar
Muralidharan, Karthik and Sundararaman, Venkatesh. 2011. “Teacher Performance Pay: Experimental Evidence from India.” Journal of Political Economy 119, 1 (February): 39–77.Google Scholar
Murnane, Richard J., Waldman, Marcus R., Willett, John B., Bos, Maria Soledad, and Vegas, Emiliana. 2017. “The Consequences of Educational Voucher Reform in Chile.” NBER Working Paper 23550 (June).Google Scholar
Nakabayashi, Masaki. 2012. “The Rise of a Japanese Fiscal State.” In Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick K. (eds.), with Franciso Comín Comín, The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 378–409.Google Scholar
Neisser, Ulric (ed.). 1998. The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures. APA Science Volume Series. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Neuland, Simon. 2016. Universal Social Protection: Universal Old-Age Pensions in Mongolia. Geneva: United Nations.Google Scholar
Nipperdey, Thomas. 1977. “Mass Education and Modernization: The Case of Germany 1780–1850.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 27: 155–172.Google Scholar
Nipperdey, Thomas. 1996. Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800 to 1866. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C. and Weingast, Barry R.. 1988. “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England.” Journal of Economic History 49, 4 (December): 803–832.Google Scholar
North, Michael. 2012. “Finances and Power in the German State System.” In Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick K. (eds.), with Franciso Comín Comín, The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 145–163.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Patrick K. 1988. “The Political Economy of British Taxation, 1660–1815.” Economic History Review, Second Series, 41, 1 (February): 1–32.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Patrick K. and Hunt, Philip A.. 1993. “The Rise of a Fiscal State in England, 1485–1815.” Historical Research 66, 160 (June): 129–176.Google Scholar
OECD. 1985. Social Expenditure 1960–1990. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD. 1992–2018. Education at a Glance [annual]. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD. 2008. Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD. 2008–2019. International Migration Outlook [2008–2019]. Paris: OECD, annual.Google Scholar
OECD. 2011. Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD. 2014. All on Board: Making Inclusive Growth Happen. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD. 2015. Health at a Glance 2015. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD. 2016. Education in China: A Snapshot. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD. 2017. School Choice and School Vouchers: An OECD Perspective. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD. 2018a. Consumption Tax Trends 2018 – VAT/GST and Excise Rates, Trends, and Policy Issues. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD. 2018b. Employment/Population Ratio, Age Group 15–64, 1950–2017. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ALFS_SUMTAB, accessed Aug. 19, 2018.Google Scholar
OECD. 2018c. Employment Outlook 2018. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD. 2018d. “Income Redistribution through Taxes and Transfers across OECD Countries.” Economics Department Working Paper 1453 (June). By Orsetta and Mikkel Hermansen.Google Scholar
OECD. 2018e. Revenue Statistics 2018. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD, Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). 2001–2019. Programme for International Student Evaluation, 2000 … 2018 [each triennial issue has a different title]. Paris: OECD. Downloaded from zzwww.oecd.org/pisa/.Google Scholar
Oguchi, Yujiro. 2004. “The Finances of the Tokugawa Shogunate.” In Odaka, Kōnosuke, Hayami, Akira, and Nakamura, Takafusa (eds.), The Economic History of Japan: 1600–1990, vol. I: Emergence of Economic Society in Japan, 1600–1859. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 192–200. HC462.N534513 2003.Google Scholar
Okrent, Daniel. 2019. “When Anti-Immigrant Hatred Was Mainstream.” New York Times, May 3. www.nytimes.com/2019/05/03/opinion/sunday/anti-immigrant-hatred-1920s.html.Google Scholar
Olivetti, Claudia and Petrongolo, Barbara. 2017. “Economic Consequences of Family Policies: Lessons from a Century of Legislation in High-Income Countries.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31, 1 (Winter): 205–230.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. 1982. The Rise and Decline of Nations. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Orszag, Peter T. and Stiglitz, Joseph E.. 2001. “Rethinking Pension Reform: Ten Myths about Social Security Systems.” In Holzmann, R. and Stiglitz, J. (eds.), New Ideas about Social Security: Toward Sustainable Pension Systems in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 17–56.Google Scholar
Ostry, J., Berg, A., and Tsangarides, C.. 2014. “Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth.” IMF working paper SDN/14/02 (April).Google Scholar
Oviedo, Ana, Sanchez, Susana M., Lindert, Kathy A., and Humberto Lopez, J.. 2015. Costa Rica’s Development: From Good to Better. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Pallares-Miralles, Montserrat, Romero, Carolina, and Whitehouse, Edward. 2012. “International Patterns of Pension Provision II: Worldwide Overview of Facts and Figures.” World Bank Social Protection & Labor Discussion Paper 1211 (June).Google Scholar
Pamuk, Sevket. 2012. “The Evolution of Fiscal Institutions in the Ottoman Empire, 1500–1914.” In Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick K. (eds.), with Francisco Comín Comín, The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 304–331.Google Scholar
Pederson, JoEllen and Shekha, K. Russell. 2018. “Attitudes toward Public Pensions in Chile, Uruguay, and Venezuela: Testing Self-Interest and Political Ideology Theories in Latin American Countries.” International Social Work 61, 2: 183–198.Google Scholar
Pedigo, David. 2011. “Privatization and Educational Inequality in Chile.” Santiago Times Wednesday, November 30.Google Scholar
Peri, Giovanni. 2016. “Immigrants, Productivity, and Labor Markets.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, 4 (Fall): 1–30.Google Scholar
Phananiramai, Mathana. 2011. “Incorporating Time into the National Transfer Accounts: The Case of Thailand.” In Lee, Ronald and Mason, Andrew (eds.), Population Aging and the Generational Economy: A Global Perspective. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, pp. 528–541.Google Scholar
Pietschnig, Jakob and Voracek, Martin. 2015. “One Century of Global IQ Gains: A Formal Meta-Analysis of the Flynn Effect (1909–2013).” Perspectives on Psychological Science 10, 3: 282–306.Google Scholar
Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Piketty, Thomas, Saez, Emmanuel, and Zucman, Gabriel. 2016. “Distributional National Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States.” NBER Working Paper 22945 (December), including its links to online appendices. www.nber.org/papers/w22945.Google Scholar
Piketty, Thomas, Yang, Li, and Zucman, Gabriel. 2017. “Capital Accumulation, Private Property, and Rising Inequality in China, 1978–2015.” NBER Working Paper 23368 (April), and published in American Economic Review 109, 7 (July 2019).Google Scholar
Portes, Jonathan and Forte, Giuseppe. 2017. “The Economic Impact of Brexit-Induced Reductions in Migration.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 33, Issue suppl. 1 (March 1): S31–S44, as a pdf file (working paper) accessed via www.niesr.ac.uk, June 15, 2018.Google Scholar
Pozen, Alexis, and Cutler, David M.. 2010. “Medical Spending Differences in the United States and Canada: The Role of Prices, Procedures, and Administrative Expenses.” Inquiry 47, 2: 124–134.Google Scholar
Preston, Ian. 2014. “The Effect of Immigration on Public Finances.” Economic Journal 124, 580, Feature Issue (November): F569–F592.Google Scholar
Pritchett, Lant. 1997. “Divergence, Big Time.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, 3: 3–17.Google Scholar
Psacharapoulos, George and Patrinos, Harry Anthony. 2004. “Returns to Investment in Education: A Further Update.” Education Economics 12, 2 (August): 111–134.Google Scholar
Queisser, Monika and Whitehouse, Edward. 2006. “Neutral or Fair? Actuarial Concepts and Pension-System Design”. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 40 (December), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/351382456457.Google Scholar
Ramsey, Frank P. 1927. “A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation.” Economic Journal 37: 47–61.Google Scholar
Ravallion, Martin. 2015. The Economics of Poverty: History, Measurement, and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Part 1.Google Scholar
Reinhardt, Uwe E. 2000. “Health Care for the Aging Baby Boom: Lessons from Abroad.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, 2 (Spring): 71–84.Google Scholar
Reinhardt, Uwe E. 2019. Priced Out: The Economic and Ethical Costs of American Health Care. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Morgan and Smolensky, Eugene. 1977. Public Expenditures, Taxes, and the Distribution of Income: The United States, 1950, 1961, 1970. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Richards, John F. 2012. “Fiscal States in Mughal and British India.” In Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick K. (eds.), with Francisco Comín Comín, The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 410–441.Google Scholar
Richardson, Gary. 2005. “The Prudent Village: Risk Pooling Institutions in Medieval English Agriculture.” Journal of Economic History 65, 2 (June): 386–413.Google Scholar
Rimlinger, Gaston V. 1971. Welfare Policy and Industrialization in Europe, America, and Russia. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Ritzen, Jozef M. M., van Dommelen, Jan, and de Vijlder, Frans J.. 1997. “School Finance and School Choice in the Netherlands.” Economics of Education Review 16, 3 (June): 329–335.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Francisco. 2008a. “An Empty Revolution: The Unfulfilled Promises of Hugo Chávez.” Foreign Affairs 87, 2 (March/April): 49–62.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Francisco. 2008b. “Rodríguez Replies.” Foreign Affairs 87, 4 (July/August): 160–162.Google Scholar
Rothstein, Jesse. 2006. “Good Principals or Good Peers: Parental Valuation of School Characteristics, Tiebout Equilibrium, and the Incentive Effects of Competition among Jurisdictions.” American Economic Review 96, 4 (September): 1333–1350.Google Scholar
Sachs, Jeffrey D. 2006. “Welfare States, beyond Ideology.” Scientific American 295, 5 (November): 42.Google Scholar
Sachs, Jeffrey D. 2015. “A Way Out for Greece.” www.project-syndicate.org/commentary July 3, 2015.Google Scholar
Saez, Emmanuel and Zucman, Gabriel. 2019. The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Saint John, Susan and Willmore, Larry. 2001. “Two Legs Are Better than Three: New Zealand as a Model for Old Age Pensions.” World Development, 29, 8: 1291–1305.Google Scholar
Saito, Osamu and Takashima, Masanori. 2016. “Estimating the Shares of Secondary- and Tertiary-Sector Outputs in the Age of Early Modern Growth: The Case of Japan, 1600–1874.” European Review of Economic History 20: 368–386.Google Scholar
Salter, F. S. 1926. Early Tracts on Poor Relief. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Santibañez, Lucretia and Jarillo Rabling, Brenda. 2008. “Conflict and Power: The Teachers’ Union and Education Quality in Mexico.” Well-Being and Social Policy 3, 2: 21–40. www.researchgate.net/publication/288192152_Conflict_and_power_The_teacher%27s_union_and_education_quality_in_Mexico.Google Scholar
Schenk, Alan. 2011. “Prior U.S. Flirtations with VAT.” In Tax Analysts (US firm), The VAT Reader: What a Federal Consumption Tax Would Mean for America. Arlington, VA: Tax Analysts, pp. 52–63.Google Scholar
Schleunes, Karl A. 1989. Schooling and Society: The Politics of Education in Prussia and Bavaria 1750–1900. New York: Berg and St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Eric C., Sarnak, Dana O., Squires, David, Shah, Arnav, and Doty, Michelle M.. 2017. “Mirror, Mirror 2017: International Comparison Reflects Flaws and Opportunities for Better U.S. Health Care.” (July). www.commonwealthfund.org/.sites/default/files/documents/media files publications fund report 2017 jul schneider mirror mirror 2017.pdf.Google Scholar
Schreurs, Gerardus Joseph. 2019. “Government Institutions and Economic Development in Tokugawa Japan: A Tale of Systems Competition.” Doctoral dissertation, Hitotsubashi University.Google Scholar
Schultz, Kenneth A. and Weingast, Barry R.. 1998. “Limited Governments, Powerful States.” In Siverson, Randolph M. (ed.), Strategic Politicians, Institutions, and Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 15–49.Google Scholar
Scruggs, Lyle and Allan, James. 2005. “The Material Consequences of Welfare States: Benefit Generosity and Absolute Poverty in 16 OECD Countries.” Luxembourg Income Study Working Paper 409 (April).Google Scholar
Sequeira, Sandra, Nunn, Nathan, and Qian, Nancy. 2020. “Immigrants and the Making of America.” Review of Economic Studies 87, 1 (January): 382–419.Google Scholar
Shammas, Carole. 2015. “Did Democracy Give the United States an Edge in Primary Schooling?” Social Science History 39, 3 (Fall): 315–338.Google Scholar
Shoup, Carl S. et al. 1959. The Fiscal System of Venezuela. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Singer, Florantonia and Moleiro, Alonso. 2020. ““El espejismo de la normalidad en Caracas.” El País, Caracas, January 20.Google Scholar
Skoufias, Emmanuel, Lindert, Kathy, and Shapiro, Joseph. 2010. “Globalization and the Role of Public Transfers in Redistributing Income in Latin America and the Caribbean.” World Development 38, 6: 895–907.Google Scholar
Smeeding, Timothy. 2006. “Poor People in Rich Nations: The United States in Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, 1 (Winter): 69–90.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam. 1993 (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Edited by Sutherland, Kathryn. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smolensky, E., Hoyt, W., and Danziger, S.. 1987. “A Critical Survey of Efforts to Measure Budget Incidence.” In van de Kar, H. M. and Wolfe, B. L. (eds.), The Relevance of Public Finance for Policy-Making: Proceedings of the 41st Congress of the International Institute of Public Finance, Madrid, 1985. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, pp. 191–205.Google Scholar
Sng, Tuan-Hwee and Moriguchi, Chiaki. 2014. “Asia’s Little Divergence: State Capacity in China and Japan before 1850.” Journal of Economic Growth 19, 4 (December) 439–470.Google Scholar
Sokhey, Sarah Wilson. 2017. The Political Economy of Pension Policy Reversal in Post-Communist Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. E-book.Google Scholar
Solmon, Lewis. 1975. Capital Formation by Expenditures on Formal Education 1880 and 1890. New York: Arno Press.Google Scholar
Solt, Frederick. 2009. “Standardizing the World Income Inequality Database.” Social Science Quarterly 90, 2: 231–42.Google Scholar
Solt, Frederick. 2014. “The Standardized World Income Inequality Database.” ., accessed Oct. 2, 2014.Google Scholar
Sousa, Gregory. 2017. “Countries That Impose the Highest Taxes on Cigarettes.” WorldAtlas, Apr. 25, 2017, www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-that-impose-the-highest-tax-on-cigarettes.html, accessed Jan. 10, 2020.Google Scholar
Squicciarini, Mara P. 2019. “Devotion and Development: Religiosity, Education, and Economic Progress in 19th-Century France.” CESifo Working Paper 7768 (July).Google Scholar
Stabile, Mark and Thomson, Sarah. 2014. “The Changing Role of Government in Financing Health Care: An International Perspective.” Journal of Economic Literature 52, 2 (June): 480–518.Google Scholar
Starr, Paul. 1982. The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Starr, Paul. 2018a. “A New Strategy for Health Care.” The American Prospect (Winter): 51–57.Google Scholar
Starr, Paul. 2018b. “Rebounding with Medicare: Reform and Counter-Reform in American Health Care.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 43, 4 (August): 708–730.Google Scholar
Stasavage, David. 2005. “Democracy and Education Spending in Africa.” American Journal of Political Science 49, 2 (April): 343–358.Google Scholar
Stasavage, David. 2011. States of Credit: Size, Power, and the Development of European Polities. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stasavage, David. 2016. “Representation and Consent: Why They Arose in Europe and Not Elsewhere.” Annual Review of Political Science 19: 145–162.Google Scholar
Steinmo, Sven. 1993. Taxation and Democracy: Swedish, British and American Approaches to Financing the Modern State. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sun, Jung Oh and Sohn, Hosung. 2019. “The Impact of the School Choice Policy on Student Sorting: Evidence from Seoul, South Korea.” Policy Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2019.1618807.Google Scholar
Swedish Pensions Agency. 2019. Orange Report: Annual Report of the Swedish Pensions Agency 2018. Stockholm: SPA.Google Scholar
Symeonidis, Georgios. 2016. “The Greek Pension Reform Strategy 2010–2016.” World Bank, Social Protection and Labor Discussion Paper 1601 (July).Google Scholar
Székely, Miguel and Montes, Andrés. 2006. “Poverty and Inequality.” In Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, Coatsworth, John H., and Cortés-Conde, Roberto (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America, vol. II: The Long Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 585–646.Google Scholar
Takayama, Noriyuki, Kitamura, Yukinobu, and Yoshida, Hiroshi. 1999. “Generational Accounting in Japan.” In Auerbach, Alan J., Kotlikoff, Laurence J., and Leibfritz, Willi (eds.), Generational Accounting around the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 447-469.Google Scholar
Thévenon, O. and Solaz, A.. 2013. “Labour Market Effects of Parental Leave Policies in OECD Countries,” OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 141, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k8xb6hw1wjf-en.Google Scholar
Thomasson, Melissa A. 2002. “From Sickness to Health: The Twentieth Century Development of U.S. Health Insurance.” Explorations in Economic History 39, 3: 233–253.Google Scholar
Thomasson, Melissa A. 2003. “The Importance of Group Coverage: How Tax Policy Shaped U.S. Health Insurance.” American Economic Review, 93, 4 (September), 1373–1384.Google Scholar
Thomson, David. 1996. Selfish Generations? How Welfare States Grow Old. Cambridge: White Horse Press.Google Scholar
Tiebout, Charles M. 1956. “A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures.” Journal of Political Economy 64, 5 (October): 416–424.Google Scholar
Tierney, Brian. 1959. “The Decretists and the ‘Deserving Poor.’” Comparative Studies in Society and History 1, 4 (June): 360–371.Google Scholar
Trahan, Lisa H., Stuebing, Karla K., Fletcher, Jack M., and Hiscock, Merrill. 2014. “The Flynn Effect: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 140, 5 (September): 1332–1360.Google Scholar
Tremewan, Christopher. 1998. “Welfare and Governance: Public Housing under Singapore’s Party-State.” In Goodman, R., White, G., and Kwon, H. (eds.), The East Asian Welfare Model: Welfare Orientalism and the State. London: Routledge, pp. 77–105.Google Scholar
Troesken, Werner. 2004. Water, Race, and Disease. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Troesken, Werner. 2015. The Pox of Liberty: How The Constitution Left Americans Rich, Free, and Prone to Infection. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
United Kingdom, Migration Advisory Committee. 2018. EEA Migration into the UK: Final Report (September). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/741926/Final_EEA_report.PDF.Google Scholar
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2015. “World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision.” DVD Edition.Google Scholar
US Congressional Budget Office. 2017. Comparing the Compensation of Federal and Private-Sector Employees, 2011 to 2015. Washington, DC: GPO.Google Scholar
US House Ways and Means Committee. 2019. A Painful Pill to Swallow: U.S. vs. International Prescription Drug Prices. Washington, DC: GP. https://waysandmeans.house.gov/sites/democrats.waysandmeans.house.gov/files/documents/U.S.%20vs.%20International%20Prescription%20Drug%20Prices_0.pdf.Google Scholar
US Internal Revenue Service. 2009. Actuarial Valuations, Version 3A. Publication 1457 (Rev. 5-2009).Google Scholar
US Internal Revenue Service. 2019. www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/actuarial-tables.Google Scholar
Uthoff, Andras. 2017a. “Do Competitive Markets of Individual Savings Accounts and Health Insurance Work as Part of the Welfare State?” In Ocampo, José Antonio and Stiglitz, Joseph (eds.), The Welfare State Revisited. New York: Columbia University Press, ch. 12.Google Scholar
Uthoff, Andras. 2017b. “El debate sobre la reforma previsional necesaria en Chile.” El Cotidiano, 204 (July–August): 77–85.Google Scholar
Van Bavel, Bas and Rijpma, Auke. 2016. “How Important Were Formalized Charity and Social Spending before the Rise of the Welfare State? A Long-Run Analysis of Selected Western European Cases, 1400–1850.” Economic History Review 69, 1 (February): 159–187.Google Scholar
Van Leeuwen, Marco H. D. 2000. The Logic of Charity: Amsterdam, 1800–1850. Translation of his Bijstand in Amsterdam, ca. 1800–1850 by J. Arnold. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Van Leeuwen, Marco H. D. 2012. “Guilds and Middle-Class Welfare 1550–1800: Provisions for Burial, Sickness, Old Age, and Widowhood.” Economic History Review 65, 1: 61–90.Google Scholar
Van Leeuwen, Marco H. D. 2016. “Overrun by Hungry Hordes? Migrants’ Entitlements to Poor Relief in the Netherlands, 16th–20th Centuries.” In Hindle, Steve and Winter, Anne (eds.), Migration, Settlement and Belonging in Europe, 1500–2000: Comparative Perspective. New York: Berghahn Publishers, pp. 173–203.Google Scholar
Wadsworth, Jonathan, Dhingra, Swati, Ottaviano, Gianmarco, and van Reenen., John 2016. “Brexit and the Impact of Immigration on the UK.” Brexit Analysis No. 5, Centre for Economic Performance. http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/brexit05.pdf.Google Scholar
Waldfogel, Jane. 1998. “Understanding the ‘Family Gap’ in Pay for Women and Children.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, 1 (Winter), 137–156.Google Scholar
Wang, Chen, Caminada, Koen, and Goudswaard, Kees. 2012. “The Redistributive Effect of Social Transfer Programmes and Taxes: A Decomposition across Countries.” International Social Security Review 65, 3: 27–48.Google Scholar
Wang, Ya Ping and Murie, Alan. 1999. Housing Policy and Practice in China. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Webb, Sidney. 1926. “Preface” to Salter, F. S., Some Early Tracts on Poor Relief. London: Methuen, pp. vii–xii.Google Scholar
Weisbrot, Mark. 2008. “An Empty Research Agenda: The Creation of Myths about Contemporary Venezuela.” Center for Economic and Policy Research, Issue Brief (March). www.cepr.net.Google Scholar
Weisbrot, Mark and Sachs, Jeffrey. 2019. “Economic Sanctions as Collective Punishment: The Case of Venezuela.” Center for Economic and Policy Research, Report (April 25).Google Scholar
Wilensky, Harold. 2002. Rich Democracies: Political Economy, Public Policy, and Performance. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, Jeffrey G. 1990. Coping with City Growth during the British Industrial Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Willmore, Larry. 2000. “Three Pillars of Pensions? A Proposal to End Mandatory Contributions.” United Nations DESA Discussion Paper 13 (June 2000), plus his annotated 2014 version at larrywillmore.net, accessed Jan. 25, 2020.Google Scholar
Willmore, Larry. 2007. “Universal Pensions for Developing Countries.” World Development 35, 1: 24–51.Google Scholar
Woessmann, Ludger. 2002. Schooling and the Quality of Human Capital. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Woessmann, Ludger. 2016. “The Importance of School Systems: Evidence from International Differences in Student Achievement.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, 3 (Summer): 3–32.Google Scholar
Wolf, Richard M. 1977. Achievement in America: National Report of the United States for the International Education Achievement Project. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Wood, Adrian. 1997. “Openness and Wage Inequality in Developing Countries: The Latin American Challenge to East Asian Conventional Wisdom.” World Bank Economic Review 11 (January): 33–57.Google Scholar
Woodlander, Steffie, Campbell, Terry, and Himmelstein, David U.. 2003. “Costs of Health Care Administration in the United States and Canada.” New England Journal of Medicine 349, 8 (August 21): 768–775.Google Scholar
Woolf, Stuart. 1986. The Poor in Western Europe in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. New York: Methuen.Google Scholar
World Bank. 1994. Averting the Old Age Crisis. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2011. “Mongolia – Policy Options for Pension Reform.” Human Development Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region, Report No. 68526-MN (January 20).Google Scholar
Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé and O’Brien, Patrick K. (eds.), with Franciso Comín Comín. 2012. The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zakaria, Fareed. 1994. “Culture in Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew.” Foreign Affairs 73, 2 (March–April): 109–126.Google Scholar
Zhang, Xing Quan. 1998. Privatisation: A Study of Housing Policy in Urban China. New York: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Zlotnick, Susan. 2006. “‘The Law’s a Bachelor’: Oliver Twist, Bastardy, and the New Poor Law.” Victorian Literature and Culture 34: 131–146.Google Scholar
Zucman, Gabriel. 2015. The Hidden Wealth of Nations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Peter H. Lindert, University of California, Davis
  • Book: Making Social Spending Work
  • Online publication: 01 April 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108784467.017
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Peter H. Lindert, University of California, Davis
  • Book: Making Social Spending Work
  • Online publication: 01 April 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108784467.017
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Peter H. Lindert, University of California, Davis
  • Book: Making Social Spending Work
  • Online publication: 01 April 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108784467.017
Available formats
×