Index

Lauren Working

Index

Africa, 10, 56

Africans, 18, 138, 150, 182, 213

Algonquians, 17, 64–67, 170, 194–195, 205, 214. See Powhatans

attack of 1622, 81–87

clothing, 23

colour symbolism, 105

English interpreters among, 7, 78

hairstyles, 173–175

huskanaw, 175

in London, 26–27, 173–175

language, 25, 69, 81, 85–86, 94

material culture, 206, 209

painted bearskins, 176

quiakros, 73, 159

and Protestantism, 46–48, 69–75

sachem, 26, 82, 183

tobacco, 138, 140

visual representations of, 25–26, 79, 171

werowance, 64, 79

Amazon, 29, 101, 104, 107–108, 129, 173

Amazon Company, 9, 39–40, 168

court device of the Earl of Essex, 29

ambergris, 38, 96, 209

America, 2, 99, 169, 184

and English identity, 1–4, 200–208

and reform, 51, 128

as wilderness, 31–32, 46, 49, 70, 74

English colonization of, 2–5

English justification of conquest, 164

European competition, 10

European travel literature, 100–102

fourth part of the world, 9, 32

in English imaginary, 29, 161, 164–170, 190–194, 213

providentialism, 16, 95, 197, 203

Anglo–Spanish peace, 9, 37, 125

Anne of Denmark, 21, 40–43, 206

anthropophagy (man-eating), 100–104, 110, 113, 119, 128, 206. See cannibalism

Arawaks, 170

archaeology, 23, 57, 61, 67, 79, 103–108, 138, 148, 178

architecture, 4, 56–58, 81, 201, 213

Aristotle, 100, 165, 191, 211

artifice, 62, 179, 188–189

Bacon, Francis

civilizing project, 48

discussion of cannibalism, 119

Inns of Court, 165–167

Ireland, 8

masques, 186, 189

passions, 194

plantation, 50, 61, 164

rumour, 150

tobacco, 81

Virginia Company, 94, 164–167

Banqueting House, 80, 189, 201

Barbados, 19, 57, 62–63, 169

du Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste. See de Salluste, Guillaume, sieur du Bartas

bearskin, 176

Beaumont, Francis, 167

Beaumont, John, 169, 178–179, 183, 188, 190–192

beaver fur, 43, 198, 208

Becon, Richard, 8, 49

Bedford, Countess of. See Russell, Lucy, Countess of Bedford

Bennett, Edward, 153–154

Berkeley, William, 213–214

Bermuda, 24, 27–28, 42, 45, 138, 158, 166, 180, 187–188, 201

architecture, 57

Bermuda Company. See Somers Islands Company

colonization, 35–39, 157–158

enslaved workers, 18, 158, 182

estate management, 31

pearls, 176, 182

survey, 58

tobacco, 133, 138, 154–155

trade, 96, 206

black/blackness

‘blackamoor’, 18–19, 150, 182

clothing, 61, 164, 176

hair, 105, 175, 187

humoral theory, 134–135

blood, 31, 189

and Gunpowder Treason, 122

Black Legend, 114

cannibalism, 101–104

civility without bloodshed, 29, 62, 180, 212

colonial violence, 82–87, 90, 105, 212

duels, 124–126

English law, 114, 119–120

incivility, 117

medical properties, 104, 136

Reformation debates, 109–114

sacrifice, 47, 122

sovereign’s right to shed, 99, 121, 124

vengeance, 195

Bolles, George, 142

Bonoeil, John, 10, 80, 96, 206

Bradford, William, 11, 46

Brathwaite, Richard, 44, 180–183, 188, 198

Brazil, 6, 43, 62, 100–108, 120, 169. See Tupi, Tupinambá

Brinsley, John, 51–52, 79

Britain, 14, 18, 32, 53, 75, 189, 199, 200

Brooke, Christopher, 1, 167, 194–195, 199

Bryson, Anna, 15, 165, 186, 197

Burton, Robert, 136

Butler, Nathaniel, 35, 158, 201

Calvert, George, 34, 158, 212

Camden, William, 7, 140, 145

cannibalism, 3, 27, 28, 128, 169, 192, 211, 213. See anthropophagy, Tupinambá

and law, 119–121

and litigation, 117–118, 121

and state, 127–129

and theology, 73, 98, 108–114, 155

as ritual practice, 120

Black Legend, 113

Caribs, 98

conduct book, 184

consumption, 118–119

duels, 124

enmity, 114–117, 130, 207

incivility, 129–130, 183

The Man-Eating Myth (1979), 105–106

transubstantiation, 108–110

treason, 122–124

Tupi warfare, 107

vengeance, 126

Cape Cod, 11, 46

Carew, Elizabeth, Viscountess Falkland, 42

Carew, George, 183

Carew, Matthew, 163

Carew, Thomas, 164

Caribbean, 98, 128, 207. See Caribs

African pearl divers, 182

cannibalism, 100–101

English plantations, 3, 10, 213–214

Nevis, 201

Spanish, 24, 138

Caribs, 27, 28, 104, 107, 128, 170

cannibalism, 101

English description of, 105

etymology of ‘cannibal’, 100

St Lucia, 98, 104

Catholicism, 128

Amazon Company, 168

at court, 41, 196, 208

cannibalism, 108, 110–114, 117, 123

conversion, 17

European empires, 10, 153, 155

iconoclasm, 71

idolatry, 196

in Ireland, 8

incense, 132, 146

Jesuits, 111–113

non-conformity, 114

tobacco, 146–147

transubstantiation, 99, 108–110

treason, 123

universal monarchy of Spain, 74

Cavendish, Thomas, 43

Cavendish, William, second Earl of Devonshire, 89, 96

Cecil, Edward, 155, 168

Cecil, Robert, first Earl of Salisbury, 4, 177, 210

and Ireland, 8, 56, 58

and Spain, 37

and Walter Ralegh, 30

colonial patron, 34–37, 39, 167

flying squirrel, 36

Guiana, 169

household, 24–25

Cecil, William, Lord Burghley, 7, 30, 169

Chamberlain, John, 34–36, 83, 88, 91, 103, 111

Chapman, George, 41, 61–62, 167, 186–189

Charles I, 2, 38

and George Yeardley, 73

engraved on tobacco box, 156

Massachusetts Bay charter, 11

plantation, 6

royal sovereignty over colonies, 95, 203

Spanish Match, 50

Chesapeake, 18, 27, 87. See Algonquians, Virginia

Algonquian language, 69

arrival of Africans, 213

interest in London, 27–28, 35, 67, 97

migration to, 60

news from, 69, 87

pearls, 176

plantation, 152, 200

plantation inventory, 61

poem, 42, 86

surveying, 192

Chichester, Arthur, 9, 48, 50

chivalry, 29, 83, 188

Chute, Anthony, 156

Cicero, 48–49, 83, 115

civil life, 39, 95, 130

as imperial, 7

as reform, 47

exclusion from, 5, 100, 161

Inns of Court, 198

pleasures of, 21

political participation, 5, 31, 44

civility, 20, 27, 29, 52, 65, 120. See civil life, consumption.

and enslavement, 213

and friendship, 22, 65, 129–130, 210, 213

and reform, 5, 7, 9, 51, 110, 126, 151

and religion, 16–17

and sociability, 178–183, 186–188

and violence, 119–128, 207

as appropriation, 175

as cultivation, 46, 51

as method of expansion, 14, 64

as performance, 159, 160

breakdown of, 76

civil conversation, 130, 190

civil society, 75

civilizing project, 4–12, 28, 53, 61, 67, 96, 127, 161, 170

commonplace books, 184

conduct, 92

conquest, 165

consumption, 118

Greco-Roman, 7, 211

in towns, 16

incivility, 16

Ireland, 8, 57

Italian, 54

James I, 13, 90, 201

masculine identity, 190, 197–198

masques, 187–189

material culture, 22–23, 79, 86, 210

Norbert Elias, 15, 28, 99

plantation, 47, 62

planting, 14, 31–32, 51

Protestantism, 70, 140, 194

reform, 99, 110

violence, 84

coffeehouses, 150, 180, 205

Colt, Henry, 19, 62–63, 169, 201–202

common law, 5, 43, 58, 66, 80

commonplace book, 4, 10, 50, 164, 167, 183–184, 197

conduct manual, 96, 156, 159

conquest, 1, 5, 25

and civil identity, 165, 185–186, 190

fantasies of, 29, 62, 160

justifications for, 70, 85

of England, 6, 17

of Ireland, 8

Spain, 31, 49, 114

violence of, 31, 99

consumption, 136. See archaeology, tobacco.

appropriation of indigenous goods, 23, 28

as civilizing method, 64, 171

as driving expansion, 22, 129, 207

at Inns of Court, 172

changing tastes, 178

damaging civil society, 118–119

New Exchange, 24

of humans, 98, 105, 114. See cannibalism

politics of, 183

projects, 32

sociability, 22–24, 56, 58, 160–161, 171–172, 182, 207, 209

tobacco leaves, 136, 179

transatlantic, 214

Cope, Walter, 34–35, 60, 175

Copland, Patrick, 52

copper, 105

coral, 38, 207

corruption, 68, 145

as savage, 49, 144, 170

court, 127, 196, 199

moral, 3, 13

of Anglican Church, 11

of manners, 125

tobacco, 131, 158

Coryate, Thomas, 170

cosmography, 3, 30, 40, 55, 101, 162, 166, 173

Cotton, Robert, 7

courtliness, 15, 188

Crashaw, William, 17, 22, 52, 74–75, 166

credit, 117–119

Cromwell, Oliver, 3, 8, 201

cultivation. See civility

domestic industry, 136

education, 51–53

enslaved labour, 182

Garden of Eden, 47

husbandry, 45–51, 55, 63, 196

manners, 164

material culture, 79

of the soul, 49

plantation, 192, 194

plantation economies, 32, 80, 96, 155

The masque of flowers (1614), 189

tobacco, 18, 138–139, 182

Cushman, Robert, 74, 130, 211

d’Ewes, Simonds, 86, 195

Dale, Thomas, 41, 71, 76, 90, 173, 194

Davies, John, 8, 56

deerskin, 25, 45

degeneration, 47–49, 79, 108, 125, 180, 196, 207. See corruption

Dekker, Thomas, 156

Devereux, Robert, second Earl of Essex, 29, 49, 141

Donne, John, 42, 69, 160–161, 167, 169–170, 185

Drake, Francis, 18, 39, 102, 168, 170–172, 177, 192, 212–213

Draper, Sarah, 42

Drayton, Michael, 18, 20, 42, 61, 169–170, 191, 199, 210–212

duel, 119, 124–127

East India Company, 38, 52, 203

Edward, Ditchfield, 153

effeminacy

critiques of, 83, 126, 175, 196, 207

Elias, Norbert, 15–16, 28, 99, 121, 201

Elizabeth I, 13, 24, 118, 200

Armada portrait, 176

as civilizer of men, 29, 165

civilizing project of empire, 6–9

imperial interests, 31, 176

London, 26

religion, 110–111

emotion. See passions

empire, 2, 21, 28

appropriation of indigenous goods, 175–177, 210

as civilizing project, 5–7, 14, 165

conquest, 31

effeminizing effects, 83, 126, 127, 207

goods, 23, 171, 175, 207–208

governance, 31, 53–61

Greco-Roman, 7, 16, 146, 199

imperial participation, 5

intoxication, 192

London as centre, 24

Mughal, 10

Ottoman, 10, 199

Persian, 10, 146

print culture, 204

rejection of, 199

royal sovereignty, 14, 93–95, 154–156, 203

sociability, 22, 159, 161, 177–183, 210–213

Spain, 31, 37, 125, 152–154, 157

state support of, 65, 87–95

enclosure, 54–56, 116, 129

Erasmus, Desiderius, 15

estates, 46, 53–61, 129, 136, 206, 211, 213–214. See plantation, surveying

feathers

Algonquian, 25, 206

appropriation of, 145, 172–173, 187, 210

Caribs, 63

feather bed, 61

Guiana, 129, 167–168

Miwok, 171

Ferrar, John, 52, 64, 68, 70, 88–89, 152, 158

Ferrar, Nicholas, 12, 50, 154, 158

Florida, 6, 25, 29

Florio, John, 62

Frampton, John, 133

friendship

antidote to violence, 129–130

destroyed by cannibalism, 115, 126, 130

diplomatic, 59, 209

fraternal, 22, 163, 178, 183, 199

in wit literature, 178–180, 191, 212

instrumental to politics, 65, 183, 195, 213

transatlantic, 197, 212

with Algonquians, 82

with Christ, 109

Frobisher, Martin, 4, 168

Galen, 104, 135–136

gallants, 156, 186, 188

Gates, Thomas, 45, 90

gemstones, 129, 176. See pearls

gentry

and Virginia Company, 1, 43, 80

building projects, 56

estate management, 54, 58–61

honour culture, 126–127

imperial participation, 38, 69

Inns of Court, 162

London season, 24

support of colonization, 43, 80, 132, 159, 199, 205–206

tobacco debates, 151–159

glass, 4, 61, 82–83, 98, 145, 155, 208

globes, 55, 172, 176

gold, 42, 61, 79, 156, 168, 186, 188, 193

Golden Hind, 170, 177

Gorges, Ferdinando, 27, 51, 78

Gouge, William, 26

Gray, Elizabeth, Countess of Kent, 42

Gray’s Inn, 163–166, 168–169, 180, 189

Guiana, 6, 9, 27, 39–41, 47, 98, 200

featherwork, 129, 167

gemstones, 175

Guiana Company, 7

indigenous Americans in London, 145

literature, 62, 166–170, 191

Thomas Roe, 37, 39, 42, 45, 108, 169

Walter Ralegh, 30, 102, 166, 210

Gunpowder Treason, 3, 110, 113, 122, 128, 146–147

Hakluyt, Richard, 6, 9, 25, 37, 102–104, 166, 190

Hamor, Ralph, 152, 157

Harcourt, Robert, 37

Hariot, Thomas, 25, 139, 145, 171, 179, 189

Hawkins, John, 133, 176

Hayman, Robert, 18, 199, 212–213

hearts, 1

cruelty, 116

dishonesty, 88

friendship, 130, 212

loyalty, 48, 165

medical theory, 135

self-understanding, 184, 195

violence, 82, 102, 109, 124

heathen, 16, 47, 73, 78, 126, 146, 174, 185, 210

Henry, Prince of Wales, 36, 38, 40–42, 51, 167, 169, 173, 187–188, 206

Hilliard, Nicholas, 164

Hobbes, Thomas, 96

Hoby, Edward, 183–184

honour

and riches, 62, 119

as obedience, 144–145

civility, 16, 163

duels, 124–127

emblems, 173

princely, 91, 151

reputation, 76, 83, 88, 183, 192

tied to colonization, 1, 5, 68, 94, 165, 185–189, 197

Hoskyns, John, 167

Howard, Frances, Countess of Essex and Somerset, 189

Howard, Theophilus, second Earl of Suffolk, 60

Howard, Thomas, fourteenth Earl of Arundel, 25, 27, 81, 173, 207–210

humanism

and Englishness, 5

civic responsibility, 31, 68

civility, 197

education, 51

Ireland, 8

Middle Temple, 181

reform, 54

use of the past, 6–7

vita activa, 19, 68

vita civile, 203, 211

idleness, 33, 63, 142–146, 154, 157. See luxury

idolatry, 71, 73, 146, 174, 196

imperial crown, 6, 201

imperium, 7, 70, 84

improvement, 32, 45–46, 92, 186

India, 10, 23, 34, 108, 200, 209

industry

and state, 32

cultivation, 189

domestic, 56, 136

London, 24

plantation, 9, 47, 60, 80, 157–159, 208, 214

Inner Temple, 121, 168, 178

Inns of Court, 28, 208, 212. See Gray’s Inn, Inner Temple, Lincoln’s Inn, Middle Temple

as finishing school, 162–163

colonial promotion, 41, 160–161

consumption, 132, 172–176

Jesuits, 75

masculinity and empire, 183–197

response to Algonquian attack, 86

tobacco, 142, 183

intoxication, 137, 177–179, 186, 192, 208

Ireland, 5, 10, 71, 183

compared to Newfoundland, 53

Gaelic Irish, 50–52, 85, 126, 180

Jacobean civilizing project, 14, 50–51, 200

plantation, 31, 39, 48, 56

plantation architecture, 57–58

pro-imperial literature, 191

tobacco, 134

Tudor conquest, 7–9

Isabella of Castile, 41

James I

A counterblaste to tobacco (1604), 125, 131, 144–146, 183–184, 202

and Algonquians, 72–73

and Gondomar, 168

civility, 13

commitment to empire, 200–203

Crown finance, 32, 134

pacifism, 124–126, 198

Parliament, 50, 185

plantation, 36, 37–40, 47

portrait, 201

reform, 50–51

rhetoric of cannibalism, 112

royal justice, 119

royal sovereignty, 6, 13–15, 68, 90–95, 201

tobacco, 131, 147–156

treason, 123

James River, 65, 69, 75, 81, 210

Jamestown. See Chesapeake, Virginia, Virginia Company

and London, 11, 65–68, 70

and Reformation, 139

and Spain, 37

Anglo–Algonquian relations, 81–87, 206

archaeology, 23, 61, 79, 83, 176

beginnings, 28, 33, 76

boy interpreters, 76–78

civility, 92

General Assembly, 58, 76

material culture, 208

news, 20, 84, 92

Starving Time, 103

tobacco, 151, 158

jewellery, 23, 79, 129, 172, 183, 206, 209. See pearls

Johnson, Robert, 32, 49, 60

Jonson, Ben, 167, 196

Jourdain, Sylvester, 38

Kawasha, 189

Kayll, Robert, 206

Kemys, Lawrence, 169

Kiskiack, 69

Knivet, Anthony, 43, 183

Léry, Jean de, 101, 104, 120

libels, 141, 183, 195–196

Lincoln’s Inn, 161, 166, 169, 173, 187, 195, 199

litigation, 16, 118–119, 121, 124, 126–127, 129, 151, 164, 207

London. See Inns of Court

City, 22–24, 167, 169

indigenous presence in, 18, 23–27

Ludgate, 142

Mermaid tavern, 167

New Exchange, 24

Newgate, 142

Parliament, 1, 43, 142, 152, 158, 160, 205

Paul’s Cross, 24, 53, 112, 113

Paul’s Walk, 24

Royal Exchange, 65, 91

Sithes Lane, 70

social spaces, 24–25

Somerset House, 40

Southwark, 125, 160

St James’ Palace, 40

St James’ Park, 26

Star Chamber, 122, 126

Strand, 25, 30, 187

Thames, 160, 177

tobacco houses, 131, 148–150

Tyburn, 143

Westminster, 24, 134

Whitehall, 22, 36, 68, 160, 186, 189, 201, 204

lovelock, 173–175

luxury, 16, 68, 127, 129, 137, 157, 193–194, 199, 207, 214

Madox, Richard, 168–169

Maine, 183

Malynes, Gerard, 33, 117

manners, 5, 136, 187

civility, 11–15, 160, 164

colonization, 12, 48, 51, 185, 195

cultivation, 49

incivility, 13

Reformation, 110

sociability, 22, 179–180

tobacco, 125, 131–132, 143–144, 148–152

mantle, 199, 209. See bearskin, deerskin.

marble, 81

Marlowe, Christopher, 140–141

Martin, John, 20, 94

Martin, Richard, 1, 29, 86, 95, 167, 187, 205, 210

Martin’s Hundred, 60–61, 86

masculinity, 208

as imperial performance, 183–187, 190–197

authority, 48, 95

civility, 17, 127

friendship, 130, 210–212

indigenous, 105, 175

material culture, 176

sociability, 28, 161, 180

masques, 4, 11, 160, 167, 172, 186–189, 196–197

Massachusetts, 11, 26–27, 53, 81

Matoaka. See Pocahontas

medieval, 24, 91, 123

melancholy, 24, 91, 123

merchants

as go-betweens, 3, 18

circulation of goods, 22, 38, 119, 129, 171, 200

colonial trade, 206–207

corporations, 12

criticisms of, 48, 55, 125

dissemination of news, 19

financing expansion, 24, 45, 59, 167

Inns of Chancery, 162

Native Americans in household, 26

news, 150

projects, 32, 117

religion, 52

tobacco, 133–135, 137–139, 157

Virginia, 15, 43, 153

Middle Temple, 29, 39, 163–173, 183, 187, 195, 214

Montaigne, Michel de, 62, 127

Mun, Thomas, 33, 207

nakedness, 15, 23, 63, 101, 105, 145, 190–192, 196

Native Americans. See Algonquians, Caribs, Tupi

and ethnography, 99, 167, 207

Anglo–Algonquian marriage, 39, 57–58

attempts at conversion, 69–79

English education projects, 51–52

English rhetoric of savagery, 16, 48, 120, 159, 188, 197

enslaved labour, 138

in England, 4, 25–27, 173

in English literature, 30, 179–183, 185, 195

in political thought, 67, 97, 128, 164

material culture, 23, 171–173, 209

representations of, 19, 150

survivance, 12

tobacco, 136, 139

nature

and artifice, 179, 189

character, 46, 126, 140, 195

control of, 31, 46–51, 62

cultivation, 206

natural law, 115

nymphs, 179, 190–191, 212

opposed to reason, 97–98

neoclassicism, 201. See architecture

New England. See Cape Cod, Massachusetts

colonization, 11, 27, 35, 39, 66, 130, 183, 203, 211

council, 26–28

education, 51

religion, 27–28, 74

trade, 43

Newfoundland, 6, 27

in literature, 18, 212

man-eating, 103

Newfoundland Company, 9

plantation, 53

Prince Henry, 41

projects, 32, 39, 47

settlement, 34

trade, 45, 96

Newport, Christopher, 26, 66

news

and sermons, 70, 166

Caribbean, 103

circulation, 20, 137, 203

from Americas, 183

from New England, 74

from Virginia, 34, 68, 70, 83–87, 94

in London, 24

informing literature, 169–170, 195

newsletters, 44

statecraft, 19–20, 176–177

The staple of news (1625), 115

tobacco houses, 149–150

Nicholl, John, 98, 104–105, 129, 133

Norden, John, 55, 116

North, Roger, 32, 37, 39

Northwest Passage, 38, 41

Norwood, Richard, 38, 58

O’Callaghan, Michelle, 163, 166, 210

Opechancanough, 77–78, 81–83, 85, 94

Ovid, 49, 140, 182, 210

pagan, 7, 16, 27, 47, 73, 116, 157, 186

Pamunkey, 26, 69, 74, 94. See Algonquian

Parliament, 1, 4, 19, 24, 32, 43–44, 50, 65, 88, 121

and Inns of Court, 165, 186, 196

as theatre, 160

colonial oversight, 41, 65, 93, 96, 205

finance, 32

Gunpowder Treason, 112, 123, 146

news, 150

political friendships, 158, 166, 210

tobacco, 132, 142, 148, 151–159, 204, 207

passions, 22, 120, 190–196

patronage, 21, 25, 30, 32, 40–41, 162, 165, 206

Peacham, Henry, 173–174

pearls, 44, 171

Bermuda, 38

Chesapeake, 42

imperial self-fashioning, 172, 176, 186–188

indigenous material culture, 72, 177, 209

pearl divers, 18, 38, 182

Percy, George, 72, 76, 79, 92, 103, 206

Percy, Henry, ninth Earl of Northumberland, 72, 172

Persia, 10, 146, 200, 214

Peru, 6, 170

Phelips, Edward, 172, 187

Phelips, Robert, 167

pineapple, 38

piracy, 58, 144, 177

plantation. See Bermuda, Ireland, New England, Newfoundland, Virginia

and civility, 21, 39, 45–51, 125, 159, 161

as expansion, 21, 31, 41, 94, 169, 202

Caribbean, 213

cultivation, 30, 62

destruction of, 81, 84, 86

domestic, 54

estates, 28, 43, 53–61, 213

Francis Bacon, 164–166

Guiana, 39–40

imperial fantasy, 191–197

industry, 10, 80, 200, 210

parish projects, 44

royal interest, 6, 36

Spanish, 138

support in Parliament, 2, 89, 94

tobacco, 153, 207

transatlantic sociability, 213

pleasure

and political good, 152, 157, 190–194, 196

and the senses, 186

as fraternal, 211

civility, 22

corrupts, 62, 144

estate management, 55

London, 24, 160

sociability, 179–182

taste, 80

Pocahontas, 26, 65, 159, 170, 173

Pocock, J. G. A., 6, 13

Poole, Robert, 77–78

Popham, George, 183

Popham, John, 26

porcelain, 23, 209

portraits

and material culture, 172

Elizabeth I, 176

Francis Bacon, 164

Francis Drake, 176

James I, 77, 201

John Hawkins, 176

of Algonquians, 172

of Inuit, 4

Walter Ralegh, 176

Pory, John, 59, 69, 158

Powhatans. See Algonquians

and Protestant reform, 72–79

Anglo–Powhatan relations, 27, 33, 65–67

material culture, 173–176

political discourse in London, 81–93, 96, 165, 195, 205–207

Powhatan. See Wahunsenacah

secret knowledge, 159

spiritual belief, 140

Powle, Stephen, 44

Privy Council, 19, 33, 39, 44, 47, 73, 88, 91–96, 141, 154

projects, 48, 137, 165, 169, 197

and wealth, 32, 40, 134, 207

to build, 24, 213

to plant, 6, 28, 30–45, 54, 193, 200–207

to trade, 44

Protestantism

and empire, 6, 31, 43, 69–75, 128, 145, 155–157, 176, 192–197, 205

and reform, 5–8, 10, 51, 199

and violence, 125–128

conformity, 114, 118, 146, 170

critique of, 75

evangelism, 17

Prince Henry, 40

providentialism, 6, 16, 44, 90, 196–197, 203

Purchas, Samuel, 6, 9, 29, 31, 46–48, 94, 102, 153, 173, 192–194

Ralegh, Walter

and Native Americans, 4, 108

colonial projects, 30–32, 168, 172, 210

commodities, 176

financing voyages, 45

Guiana, 37–40, 168–169, 191

household, 24

Inns of Court, 166, 181

tobacco, 141, 145

West Indies, 102

Reformation, 5, 8, 10, 16, 56, 108, 110–114, 128. See Protestantism

rhetoric

anti-Spanish, 31, 49, 153

Aristotle, 191

humanism, 54, 68, 127, 161, 181–182

of abundance, 34

of savagery, 8, 144

pro-colonial, 169, 206, 213

Rich, Nathaniel, 35, 40, 52, 84

Rich, Robert, second Earl of Warwick, 38, 40, 43, 58, 84, 89, 96, 169, 182, 201

Roanoke, 1, 26–27, 47, 79, 86, 139, 145, 171–172

Roe, Thomas, 37, 39–42, 45, 108, 169, 207

Rolfe, John, 78, 152, 159, 194

ruffs, 79, 164, 177, 189

Russell, Lucy, Countess of Bedford, 42

sacrifice, 47, 73, 118, 122, 139

Sagadahoc, 78, 183

sailors, 3, 19, 52, 131–133, 137, 150, 200

de Salluste, Guillaume, sieur du Bartas, 184

Sandys, Edwin, 26, 32–33, 43, 60, 64, 68, 88, 151, 153, 158

Sandys, George, 18, 82, 84, 170, 195, 210

Sarmiento de Acuña, Diego, count of Gondomar, 168

sassafras, 209

satire, 111, 160, 175, 178, 185, 199, 214

savagery

and civil self-fashioning, 18, 162–163, 165, 183, 186–189, 197

and plantation, 45–50, 62

and Protestant reform, 16, 69–79, 110, 173

as justification for violence, 85

civilizing rhetoric of state, 8, 91–94, 119–128

discourses about cannibalism, 98–100

English descriptions of Native Americans, 64, 82–86

tobacco smoking, 144–146, 151–152

Selden, John, 7

sermons, 22, 70, 74–75, 112–114, 122, 131, 166

signet ring, 23, 70

silk, 10, 23, 61, 80, 96, 163

silver, 23, 61, 79, 154, 156, 171, 176, 193

Skinner, Quentin, 90

slavery, 5, 18, 57, 107, 138, 169, 182, 213

Smith, John, 49, 70, 71, 76, 86, 103–104, 157, 176

The generall historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Iles (1624), 30, 34, 57

Smith, Thomas, 7

smoking. See tobacco

Smyth, John, of Nibley, 61, 152

Smythe, Thomas, 26, 45, 58, 60, 89

sociability. See civility, tobacco

and politics, 21–23, 197–198, 204

consumption, 28, 156, 208

Inns of Court, 160–163, 186

Jamestown, 79–81

plantation, 197

smoking, 178–183

taverns, 158

tobacco houses, 148–150

wits, 169–170, 190–192, 210–213

Somers Islands Company, 9, 40, 42, 152

Spain

Anglo–Spanish peace, 9, 37

anti-Spanish discourse, 31, 49, 113–114, 125

at court, 39, 168, 196

Caribbean, 102

Catholicism, 74

competition with, 37, 41, 67, 170, 179

critique of empire, 127, 185, 199

Jesuits, 111–112, 196

New Spain, 6

parliamentary debate, 153–157

reports of English colonization, 75

Spanish Match, 50

tobacco, 132, 138, 148, 182

Speed, John, 15, 55

Spelman, Henry (antiquarian), 7, 76

Spelman, Henry (colonial translator), 76–78

Spenser, Edmund, 8

spices, 10, 23, 132, 168, 207, 208

Squanto, 26

St Kitt’s, 213

St Lucia, 98, 104

St Paul’s Cathedral, 131, 150, 170

Staden, Hans, 104, 120

state

and consumption, 136, 207

and Native Americans, 27, 91, 145, 198

and religion, 110–114

civilizing project, 15–17, 62

control of news, 150

imperial expansion, 7–9, 28, 47, 59, 68, 87–97, 180, 203–205

loyalty to, 1

material politics, 176–177

political economy, 151–157

poor bills, 33

reform, 5, 31, 139

service to, 160, 206, 215

state formation, 15, 211

statecraft, 19–21, 65, 78, 91, 203

violence, 49, 98–99, 119–129

wealth, 40

Strachey, William, 69–70, 76, 95, 166, 169, 205, 210

Stuart, Elizabeth, 121, 187

sugar, 10, 57, 132, 207, 213

surveying, 28, 31, 38, 46, 54–58, 116, 192, 206

Sylvester, Josuah, 146, 184–186

Symonds, William, 70, 75, 79

Tacitus, 13, 49

Talbot, Mary, Countess of Shrewsbury, 42

taste, 22, 62, 80, 83, 138–139, 156–159, 167, 178–180

Taylor, John, 170, 213

Thevet, André, 101

Thirsk, Joan, 136

Thirty Years’ War, 83, 132, 155, 207

Thorius, Raphael, 169, 179

Thorpe, George, 61, 195, 205

Tisquantum. See Squanto

tobacco

A counterblaste to tobacco (1604), 125, 131, 144–146

among prisoners, 142–143

and empire, 151–159, 204, 207

anti-tobacco discourses, 131, 139–143, 185

Bermuda, 38

boxes, 156, 159, 182

colonial monopoly, 81, 134, 155

consumption, 21, 28, 83, 156–157

debates in Parliament, 151–159

dyes, 138

elite sociability, 132, 156–159, 163, 169, 177–183

indigenous uses, 23, 138, 159

industry, 32, 134–135, 214

intoxication, 137, 186, 192, 208

leaf, 133, 136–139, 156–157, 179

medical uses, 133–136

melancholic effects, 135–136

personified, 189

pipes, 81–83, 135–138, 156, 172, 189

production, 18, 66, 84, 134–135, 138–139, 157, 182

pudding rolls, 19, 138–139, 182

shops, 24

smoking, 136, 141–143, 145–146, 156, 177–178, 182, 192

tobacco houses, 148–150, 182, 205

trade, 11, 36, 59, 96

treason, 143–150

West Indies, 133, 138, 154

Tradescant, John, 209

Tupi. See Tupinambá

as hosts, 183

cannibalism, 101, 104, 107, 121

in political discourse, 27, 28, 128

material culture, 23, 209

Tamoio, 107

Tupinambá, 62, 101, 120, 124

van Somer, Paul, 201

Vaughan, William, 126, 212

velvet, 61, 163, 177

vengeance, 90, 119–120, 122–127, 195

Villiers, George, first Duke of Buckingham, 25, 27, 40, 73, 95, 151, 168, 185

violence. See cannibalism

anarchic, 105

and civility, 49, 207, 211

and consumption, 128, 207

and reform, 108–114

Anglo–Native American conflict, 81–87, 90, 102, 193

conquest, 31

duelling, 124–127

Ireland, 8

legitimacy, 49

necessary, 85, 194–195

state formation, 28, 99

state regulation of, 119–128

Virginia. See Algonquians, Virginia Company

and masculinity, 173–176, 179

as pleasure ground, 80

estate building, 213

estate inventory, 61

importance, 11

in political thought, 90–96

in wit poetry, 169–170, 210

news from, 41, 86–87

part of English polity, 12, 15, 29, 69, 201–203, 211, 214

providentialism, 6

regulating apparel, 61

soil, 10

war, 81–86

Virginia Company

1609 campaign, 36, 69, 166

and conversion, 70–76

and masculinity, 190–197

civilizing project, 64

court masque, 187–189

disputes, 36

dissolution, 87–90, 93–95, 204

female investors, 21, 42

first charter, 9

investment, 34, 45

justification for colonization, 164

lotteries, 44

meetings, 70, 96

merchants, 26, 206

news from, 195

Parliament, 1, 43, 155–159, 205

plantation management, 58–61

print, 20, 203

rumours, 103, 150

school, 51–53, 195

sociability, 166

tobacco contract, 151–155

virtue, 116, 185

and the passions, 194

civilizing project, 60

godly, 74, 117

reconciled with pleasure, 182, 186, 193

through plantation, 46, 61–62, 96, 188, 191

Wahunsenacah, 34, 77, 86, 170, 175, 209

Walsingham, Francis, 7, 166, 169

wampum, 209

Ward, Samuel, 83

Waterhouse, Edward, 84–85

Weromocomoco, 69

West Indies, 18, 37, 102, 105, 132, 138–139, 154, 170, 200, 208

West, Katherine, Lady Conway, 42

West, Thomas, Lord de la Warr, 60, 79

Whitaker, Alexander, 48, 52, 71, 74, 85, 139

Whitbourne, Richard, 32, 47

White, John, 72, 79, 172

Williams, Roger, 17

Wilson, Thomas (clergyman), 112

Wilson, Thomas (privy councillor), 118

wine, 80, 109, 142, 153, 155, 169, 178–180, 189, 193

Wither, George, 199, 212, 214

wits

and gallants, 188

honour, 185

imperial vision, 29, 169–170, 178–183, 190–192, 196, 213

intoxication, 192

literary production, 159, 161

sociability, 210

Virginia Company, 166

women

civility, 16

colonists, 81, 93, 200, 213

crime, 115

deaths during Starving Time, 75, 103

indigenous, 4, 26, 79

industry, 137

investors, 21, 42

litigation, 117

male colonial fantasy, 10, 18, 190–192, 196

masculinity defined against, 183

migration to America, 21, 33, 211

named after colony, 68

patrons, 41–42

tobacco, 133, 135

Wright, Thomas, 190

Wriothesley, Henry, third Earl of Southampton

Amazon Company, 40

colonial projects, 42–43

Guiana, 45

household, 25

patron, 166–167, 184

Virginia Company, 36, 42–43, 60, 64, 68, 90, 93

Wyatt, Francis, 84, 88, 93, 170, 195, 213

Wyatt, George, 91–92, 214

Yeardley, George, 72–73, 77, 80–82, 151, 194

youth, 26, 53, 165, 179, 182, 189–192, 196

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