Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-30T20:39:16.583Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 June 2023

Robert Kubinec
Robert Kubinec
Affiliation:
New York University Abu Dhabi
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Making Democracy Safe for Busines
Corporate Politics During the Arab Uprisings
 , pp. 177 - 194
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

“2012 Worker’s Protests in Egypt.” 2013. Egyptian Committee on Economic; Social Rights. http://ecesr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Protest-Movement-20122.pdf.Google Scholar
“32.5% Increase in Egypt’s Foreign Debt: CBE.” 2017. Egypt Independent. August 1, 2017. www.egyptindependent.com/cbe-32-5-increase-in-egypts-foreign-dept-in- march-2017/.Google Scholar
Abul-Magd, Zeinab. 2017. Militarizing the Nation: The Army, Business, and Revolution in Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron. 1995. “Reward Structures and the Allocation of Talent.” European Economic Review 39 (1): 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(94)00014-Q.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Hassan, Tarek A., and Tahoun, Ahmed. 2017. “The Power of the Street: Evidence from Egypt’s Arab Spring.” The Review of Financial Studies 31 (1): 1–42.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James A.. 2004. “Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth.” Working Paper. National Bureau of Economic Research. www.nber.org/papers/w10481.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2008. “Persistence of Power, Elites, and Institutions.” American Economic Review 98 (1): 267–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adly, Amr. 2013. State Reform and Development in the Middle East: Turkey and Egypt in the Post-Liberalization Era. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adly, Amr. 2017. “Too Big to Fail: Egypt’s Large Enterprises After the 2011 Uprising.” Paper. Carnegie Middle East Center. http://carnegie-mec.org/2017/03/02/too-big-to-fail- egypt-s-large-enterprises-after-2011-uprising-pub-68154.Google Scholar
Adly, Amr. 2020. Cleft Capitalism: The Social Origins of Failed Market Making in Egypt. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Albertus, Michael, and Menaldo, Victor. 2014. “Gaming Democracy: Elite Dominance During Transition and the Prospects for Redistribution.” British Journal of Political Science 44 (3): 575–603.Google Scholar
Albertus, Michael, and Menaldo, Victor. 2018. Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, Holger, and Bishara, Dina. 2011. “Back on Horseback: The Military and Political Transformation in Egypt.” Middle East Law and Governance 3: 13–23.Google Scholar
Allani, Alaya. 2013. “The Post-Revolution Tunisian Constituent Assembly: Controversy over Powers and Prerogatives.” The Journal of North African Studies 18 (1): 131–40.Google Scholar
Almond, Gabriel A. 1991. “Capitalism and Democracy.” PS: Political Science and Politics 24 (3): 467–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alptekin, Aynur, and Levine, Paul. 2012. “Military Expenditure and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis.” European Journal of Political Economy 28 (4): 636–50.Google Scholar
al-Sayyid, Mustafa Kamal. 2013. “What Went Wrong with Mubarak’s Regime?” In Egypt’s Tahrir Revolution, edited by Tschirgi, Dan, Kazziha, Walid, and McMahon, Sean F., 11–28. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Amorós, José Ernesto, Luciano Ciravegna, Vesna Mandakovic, and Pekka Stenholm. 2019. “Necessity or Opportunity? The Effects of State Fragility and Economic Development on Entrepreneurial Efforts.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 43 (4): 725–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717736857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansani, Andrea, and Daniele, Vittorio. 2012. “About a Revolution: The Economic Motivations of the Arab Spring.” International Journal of Development and Conflict 2 (3). www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S2010269012500135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansell, Ben W., and Samuels, David J.. 2014. Inequality and Democratization: An Elite- Competition Approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
“ARP Approves Law on Banks and Financial Institutions, Again; Opposition Walks Out, Again.” 2016. Tunisia-TN. June 9, 2016. http://tunisia-tn.com/arp-approves- law-on-banks-and-financial-institutions-again-opposition-walks-out-again/.Google Scholar
Arriola, Leonardo. 2012. Multiethnic Coalitions in Africa: Business Financing of Opposition Election Campaigns. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arriola, Leonardo. 2013. “Capital and Opposition in Africa: Coalition Building in Multi- ethnic Societies.” World Politics 65 (2): 233–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0043887113000051.Google Scholar
“As Austerity Pummels Egypt’s Importers, Dollar Resources Grow.” 2017. Reuters. August 3, 2017. www.reuters.com/article/egypt-economy-idUSL4N1KO51X.Google Scholar
Ashford, Douglas E. 1965. “Neo-Destour Leadership and the ‘Confiscated Revolution’.” World Politics 17 (2): 215–31.Google Scholar
Aspinall, Edward. 2014. “When Brokers Betray: Clientelism, Social Networks, and Electoral Politics in Indonesia.” Critical Asian Studies 46 (4): 545–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attalah, Lina, and Hamama, Mohamed. 2016. “The Armed Forces and Business: Economic Expansion in the Last 12 Months.” Mada Masr. September 9, 2016. www.madamasr.com/en/2016/09/09/feature/economy/the-armed-forces-and-business-economic-expansion-in-the-last-12-months/.Google Scholar
Autio, Erkko, and Fu, Kun. 2015. “Economic and Political Institutions and Entry into Formal and Informal Entrepreneurship.” Asia Pacific Journal of Management 32 (1): 67–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-014-9381-0.Google Scholar
Aziz, Sahar F. 2017. “Military Electoral Authoritarianism in Egypt.” Election Law Journal 16 (2): 280–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, Michael. 1992. Confronting the Costs of War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bas¸kan, Filiz. 2010. “The Rising Islamic Business Elite and Democratization in Turkey.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 12 (4): 399–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2010.531207.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert H. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Batjargal, Bat, Hitt, Michael A., Tsui, Anne S., Arregle, Jean-Luc, Webb, Justin W., and Miller, Toyah L.. 2012. “Institutional Polycentrism, Entrepreneurs’ Social Networks, and New Venture Growth.” Academy of Management Journal 56 (4): 1024–49. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0095.Google Scholar
Bechri, Mohamed Z., and Naccache, Sonia. 2006. “The Political Economy of Development Policy in Tunisia.” In Contributions to Economic Analysis, edited by Baltagi, B. and Sadka, E., 278:307–34. Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar
Bellin, Eva. 2002. Stalled Democracy : Capital, Labor, and the Paradox of State- Sponsored Development. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bellin, Eva. 2004. “The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics 36 (2): 139–57.Google Scholar
Bennett, Andrew, and Checkel, Jeffrey T.. 2014. “Introduction.” In Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool, edited by Bennett, Andrew and Checkel, Jeffrey T., 3–38. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Benoit-Lavelle, Mischa. 2016. “Tunisia’s Celebrated Labor Union Is Holding the Country Back.” Foreign Policy, July. http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/20/ tunisias-celebrated-labor-union-is-holding-the-country-back/.Google Scholar
Besley, Timothy, and Persson, Torsten. 2009. “The Origins of State Capacity:property Rights, Taxation, and Politics.” American Economic Review 99 (4): 1218–44.Google Scholar
Bhandari, Abhit. 2021. “Political Determinants of Economic Exchange: Evidence from a Business Experiment in Senegal.” American Journal of Political Science 66 (4): 835–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12593.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, Rina, and Wolde, Hirut. 2010. “Constraints on Trade in the MENA Region.” Rochester, NY. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1555483.Google Scholar
Biezen, Ingrid van, and Kopecký, Petr. 2001. “On the Predominance of State Money: Reassessing Party Financing in the New Democracies of Southern and Eastern Europe.” Perspectives on European Politics and Society 2 (3): 401–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/1570585018458770.Google Scholar
Blackman, Alexandra. 2020. “The Politicization of Faith: Colonialism, Education, and Political Identity in Tunisia.” PhD thesis, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Blau, Benjamin M., Brough, Tyley J., and Thomas, Diana W.. 2013. “Corporate Lobbying, Political Connections, and the Bailout of Banks.” Journal of Banking & Finance 37 (8): 3007–17.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. 2011. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boas, Taylor C., Christenson, Dino P., and Glick, David M.. 2020. “Recruiting Large Online Samples in the United States and India: Facebook, Mechanical Turk, and Qualtrics.” Political Science Research and Methods 8 (2).Google Scholar
Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles, Miller, M., and Rosato, S.. 2013. “A Complete Data Set of Political Regimes, 1800-2007.” Comparative Political Studies 46 (12): 1523–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, Carles, and Stokes, Susan Carol. 2003. “Endogenous Democratization.” World Politics 55 (4): 517–49.Google Scholar
Boubekeur, Amel. 2013. “Rolling Either Way? Algerian Entrepreneurs as Both Agents of Change and Means of Preservation of the System.” Journal of North African Studies 18 (3): 469–81.Google Scholar
Boudreaux, Christopher J., Nikolaev, Boris N., and Holcombe, Randall G.. 2018. “Corruption and Destructive Entrepreneurship.” Small Business Economics 51 (1): 181–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9927-x.Google Scholar
Brooke, Steven. 2017. “Sectarianism and Social Conformity: Evidence from Egypt.” Political Research Quarterly 70 (4).Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2002. “. . . and yet They Persist: Explaining Survival and Transition in Neopatrimonial Regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 37 (3): 35–63.Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cammett, Melani. 2007. Globalization and Business Politics in North Africa: A Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cammett, Melani, and Diwan, Ishac. 2013. The Political Economy of the Arab Uprisings. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Cammett, Melani, Diwan, Ishac, Richards, Alan, and Waterbury, John. 2015. A Political Economy of the Middle East. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Canen, Nathan, and Wantchekon, Leonard. 2022. “Political Distortions, State Capture, and Economic Development in Africa.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 36 (1). https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.1.101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassarino, Jean-Pierre. 2004. “Participatory Development and Liberal Reforms in Tunisia: The Gradual Incorporation of Some Economic Networks.” In Networks of Privilege in the Middle East: The Politics of Economic Reform Revisited, edited by Heydemann, Steven, 223–42. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/ 10.1057/9781403982148_8.Google Scholar
“Chafik Jarraya Revient Sur La Scène Avec Une Nouvelle Polémique.” 2016. Huffington Post Maghreb. www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/05/10/chafik-jarraya-tunisie_ n_9890182.html?ir=Maghreb&ncid=tweetlnkfrhpmg00000007.Google Scholar
Chaisty, Paul, and Whitefield, Stephen. 2018. “Critical Election or Frozen Cleavages? How Voters Chose Parties in the 2014 Ukrainian Parliamentary Election.” Electoral Studies 56 (December): 158–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009.Google Scholar
Chambers, Paul, and Waitoolkiat, Napisa, eds. 2017. Khaki Capital: The Political Economy of the Military in Southeast Asia. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic. 2010. “Power-Sharing in Comparative Perspective: The Dynamics of Unity Government in Kenya and Zimbabwe.” Journal of Modern Africa Studies 48 (2): 203–29.Google Scholar
Chomiak, Laryssa. 2011. “The Making of a Revolution in Tunisia.” Middle East Law and Governance 3: 68–83.Google Scholar
Chomiak, Laryssa. 2014. “Architecture of Resistance in Tunisia.” In Taking to the Streets: The Transformatin of Arab Activism, edited by Khatib, Lina and Ellen, Lust, 22–51. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Claessens, Stijn, Feijen, Erik, and Laeven, Luc. 2008. “Political Connections and the Preferential Access to Finance: The Role of Campaign Contributions.” Journal of Financial Economics 88: 554–80.Google Scholar
Cohen, Norma. 2011. “Egypt and Libya: Capital Takes Flight.” Financial Times, September. http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2011/09/18/egypt-and-libya-capital- flight-up/.Google Scholar
“Constitution of the Tunisian Republic.” 2014. Translation. Jasmine Foundation. www.jasmine-foundation.org/doc/unofficial_english_translation_of_tunisian_cons titution_final_ed.pdf.Google Scholar
Cook, Steven A. 2007. Ruling but Not Governing: The Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria and Turkey. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Coppock, Alex. 2019. “Generalizing from Survey Experiments Conducted on Mechanical Turk: A Replication Approach.” Political Science Research and Methods 7 (3): 61.Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier. 2020. “Democratic Backsliding through Electoral Irregularities: The Case of Venezuela.” European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y Del Caribe, no. 109: 41–65. www.jstor.org/stable/26936902.Google Scholar
“Crowds in Cairo Praise Morsi’s Army Overhaul.” 2012. Aljazeera, August. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/201281215511142445.html.Google Scholar
Daadaoui, Mohamed. 2010. “Rituals of Power and Political Parties in Morocco: Limited Elections as Positional Strategies.” Middle Eastern Studies 46 (2): 195–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263201003612872.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. Vol. 54. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dal Bó, Ernesto, Pedro Dal Bó, and Rafael Di Tella. 2006. “‘Plata o Plomo?’: Bribe and Punishment in a Theory of Political Influencea.” American Political Science Review 100 (1): 41–53.Google Scholar
Dejoui, Nadia. 2017. “Imed Trabeli Comme Tèmoin.” L’Economiste Maghrébin, May. www.leconomistemaghrebin.com/2017/05/20/imed-trabelsi-systeme-de-corrup- tionna-change-temps-de-ben-ali-aujourdhui/.Google Scholar
Diwan, Ishac, and Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim. 2021. “Political Connections Reduce Job Creation: Firm-Level Evidence from Lebanon.” The Journal of Development Studies 57 (8): 1373–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1849622.Google Scholar
Diwan, Ishac, Keefer, Philip, and Schiffbauer, Marc. 2015. “Pyramid Capitalism: Political Connections, Regulation, and Firm Productivity in Egypt.” Policy Research Working Paper 7354. The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/ 10986/22236.Google Scholar
Dixit, Avinash. 2002. “Incentives and Organizations in the Public Sector: An Interpretative Review.” The Journal of Human Resources 37 (4): 696–727.Google Scholar
Djankov, Simeon, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, and Shleifer, Andrei. 2002. “The Regulation of Entry.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 117 (1): 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302753399436.Google Scholar
Dunne, J. Paul, and Tian, Nan. 2013. “Military Expenditure and Economic Growth: A Survey.” The Economics of Peace and Security 8 (1): 5–11.Google Scholar
Dunne, Michelle, and Hamzawy, Amr. 2008. “The Ups and Downs of Political Reform in Egypt.” In Beyond the Facade: Political Reform in the Arab World, edited by Ottaway, Marina and Julia, Chouair-Vizoso, 17–43. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Earle, John S., and Gehlbach, Scott. 2015. “The Productivity Consequences of Political Turnover: Firm-Level Evidence from Ukraine’s Orange Revolution.” American Journal of Political Science 59 (3): 708–23.Google Scholar
Egorov, Georgy, and Sonin, Konstantin. 2011. “Dictators and Their Viziers: Endogenizing the Loyalty-Competence Trade-Off.” Journal of the European Economic Association 9 (5): 903–30.Google Scholar
“Egypt – Human Development Report 1995.” 1995. United Nations Development Programme. www.arab-hdr.org/reports/nationalarab.aspx?cid=5.Google Scholar
“Egypt Reserves Reach Record High of over $36 Billion.” 2017. The Washington Post. August 1, 2017. www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-reserves- reached-36-billion-highest-in-7-years/2017/08/01/61b293b0-76c5-11e7-8c17-533 c52b2f014_story.html?utm_term=.9f0636e210d8.Google Scholar
“Egypt Sees Value-Added Tax Revenue up by 8 Billion Pounds in 2017–2018.” 2017. Reuters. March 28, 2017. http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/ idAFL5N1H5162.Google Scholar
“Egypt Sets $18 Billion for Subsidies in FY 2017–2018 Budget.” 2017. Reuters. June 5, 2017. www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-economy-subsidies-idUSKBN18W2FX.Google Scholar
“Egypt Tightens Eligibility for Food Subsidy Cards.” 2017. Reuters. August 8, 2017. www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-economy-subsidies-idUSKBN1AO134.Google Scholar
“Egypt Unemployment Rate Eases to 12 Percent in Q1 2017.” 2017. Reuters. May 17, 2017. http://af.reuters.com/article/africaTech/idAFKCN18B163-OZABS.Google Scholar
“Egypt: New Constitution Mixed on Support of Rights.” 2012. Human Rights Watch. www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/30/egypt-new-constitution-mixed-support-rights.Google Scholar
Eibl, Ferdinand. 2020. Social Dictatorships: The Political Economy of the Welfare State in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Khawas, Mohamed A. 2012. “Tunisia’s Jasmine Revolution: Causes and Impact.” Mediterranean Quarterly 23 (4): 1–23.Google Scholar
Elshami, Nancy. 2011. “Internal April 6 Dynamics, Egyptian Politics, and Outlooks for the Future: An Interview with Ahmed Maher.” Jadaliyya. December 7, 2011. www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3429/internal-april-6-dynamics- egyptian-politics-and-ou.Google Scholar
Elster, Jon. 1994. “The Nature and Scope of Rational-Choice Explanation.” In Readings in the Philosophy of Social Science, edited by Martin, Michael and McIntyre, Lee C., 311–22. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
El-Tablawy, Tarek, and Wahba, Abdel Latif. 2017. “Egypt Reels from Second Price Hike in a Week as Power Subsidy Cut.” Bloomberg Politics. July 6, 2017. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-06/egypt-reels-from-second-price- hike-in-week-as-power-subsidy-cut.Google Scholar
Evans, Peter. 1995. Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Evans, Peter B. 1989. “Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State.” Sociological Forum 4 (4): 561–87. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01115064.Google Scholar
Evans, Peter, and Rauch, James E.. 1999. “Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of ‘Weberian’ State Structures on Economic Growth.” American Sociological Review 64 (5): 748–65.Google Scholar
Faccio, Mara. 2006. “Politically Connected Firms.” American Economic Review 96 (1): 369–86.Google Scholar
Faccio, Mara. 2010. “Differences between Politically Connected and Nonconnected Firms: A Cross- Country Analysis.” Financial Management 39 (3): 905–27.Google Scholar
Fahmy, Omar, and Noueihed, Lin. 2015. “Egypt Loyalists Take the Lead in Parliament Elections.” Reuters. October 21, 2015. www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt- election-outcome-idUSKCN0SF2OS20151021.Google Scholar
Faiola, Anthony. 2011. “Egypt’s Labor Movement Blooms in the Arab Spring.” The Washington Post, September. www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/egy pts-labor-movement-blooms-in-arab-spring/2011/09/25/gIQAj6AfwK_story.html.Google Scholar
Fairfield, Tasha. 2015. Private Wealth and Public Revenue in Latin America: Business Power and Tax Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Farah, Nadia Ramsis. 2013. “The Political Economy of Egypt’s Revolution.” In Egypt’s Tahrir Revolution, edited by Tschirgi, Dan, Kazziha, Walid, and McMahon, Sean F., 47–66. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Fisman, Raymond. 2001. “Estimating the Value of Political Connections.” The American Economic Review 91 (4): 1095–1102.Google Scholar
Fox, Richard L., and Lawless, Jennifer L.. 2005. “To Run or Not to Run for Office: Explaining Nascent Political Ambition.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (3): 642–59.Google Scholar
Frye, Timothy. 2017. Property Rights and Property Wrongs: How Power, Institutions, and Norms Shape Economic Conflict in Russia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gailmard, Sean, and Patty, John W. 2007. “Slackers and Zealots: Civil Service, Policy Discretion, and Bureaucratic Expertise.” American Journal of Political Science 51 (4): 873–89.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer, and Ellen, Lust-Okar. 2009. “Elections under Authoritarianism.” Annual Review of Political Science 12 (1): 403–22. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434.Google Scholar
Ge, Jianhua, Carney, Michael, and Kellermanns, Franz. 2019. “Who Fills Institutional Voids? Entrepreneurs’ Utilization of Political and Family Ties in Emerging Markets.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 43 (6): 1124–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718773175.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 1999. “What Do We Know About Democratization after Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2 (1): 115–44.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara, Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erica. 2014. “Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set.” Perspectives on Politics 12 (2): 313–31.Google Scholar
Gehlbach, Scott, and Keefer, Philip. 2011. “Investment without Democracy: Ruling- Party Institutionalization and Credible Commitment in Autocracies.” Journal of Comparative Economics 39 (2): 123–39.Google Scholar
Gehlbach, Scott, and Simpser, Alberto. 2014. “Electoral Manipulation as Bureaucratic Control.” American Journal of Political Science 59 (1): 212–24.Google Scholar
Gehlbach, Scott, Sonin, Konstantin, and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina. 2010. “Businessman Candidates.” American Journal of Political Science 54 (3): 718–36.Google Scholar
Gelman, Andrew. 2007. “Struggles with Survey Weighting and Regression Modeling.” Statistical Science 22 (2): 1.Google Scholar
Gerschenkron, Alexander. 1962. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gingerich, Daniel W. 2013. Political Institutions and Party-Directed Corruption in South America: Stealing for the Team. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goel, Rajeev K., and Saunoris, James W.. 2014. “Military versus Non-Military Government Spending and the Shadow Economy.” Economic Systems 38 (3): 350–59.Google Scholar
Gohar, Nihad. 2008. “Mapping Participation in Egypt.” In Political Participation in the Middle East, edited by Lust-Okar, Ellen and Zerhouni, Saloua, 171–91. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Golkar, Saied. 2012. “The Paramilitarization of the Economy: The Case of Iran’s Basij Militia.” Armed Forces and Society 38 (4): 625–48.Google Scholar
Greenwood, Scott. 2008. “Bad for Business?: Entrepreneurs and Democracy in the Arab World.” Comparative Political Studies 41 (6): 837–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414007300123.Google Scholar
Grewal, Sharan. 2016. “A Quiet Revolution: The Tunisian Military after Ben Ali.” Carnegie Middle East Center. http://carnegie-mec.org/2016/02/24/ quiet-revolution-tunisian-military-after-ben-ali/iucy.Google Scholar
Grewal, Sharan. 2020. “Tunisia’s Foiled Coup of 1987: The November 8th Group.” The Middle East Journal 74 (1): 53–71. https://doi.org/10.3751/74.1.13.Google Scholar
Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2020. “Consequences of Authoritarian Party Exit and Reinvention for Democratic Competition.” Comparative Political Studies 53 (10–11): 1704–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019897683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grzymala-Busse, Anna M. 2019. “Hoist on Their Own Petards? The Reinvention and Collapse of Authoritarian Successor Parties.” Party Politics 25 (4).Google Scholar
Haber, Stephen, Razo, Armando, and Maurer, Noel. 2003. The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876–1929. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Haddad, Bassam. 2011. Business Networks in Syria: The Political Economy of Authoritarian Resilience. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, Maxfield, Sylvia, and Schneider, Ben Ross. 1997. “Theories of Business and Business-State Relations.” In Business and the State in Developing Countries, edited by Maxfield, Sylvia and Ben, Ross Schneider, 36–60. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hagopian, Frances. 2007. “Parties and Voters in Emerging Democracies.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, edited by Boix, Carles and Stokes, Susan Carol, 582–603. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hainmueller, Jens, Hangartner, Dominik, and Yamamoto, Teppei. 2015. “Validating Vignette and Conjoint Survey Experiments against Real-World Behavior.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (8): 2395–400.Google Scholar
Hainmueller, Jens, Hopkins, Daniel J., and Yamamoto, Teppei. 2014. “Causal Inference in Conjoint Analysis: Understanding Multidimensional Choices via Stated Preference Experiments.” Political Analysis 22 (1): 1–30.Google Scholar
Hajji, Noureddine, and Zaoui, Sami. 2012. “Barometre 2012 Des Enterprises En Tunisie.”Google Scholar
Halime, Farah. 2013. “Egypt’s Big Businesses Feel Neglected amid Turmoil.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2013/01/31/world/middleeast/egypts-big- businesses-feel-neglected-amid-turmoil.html?_r=0.Google Scholar
Hammami, Mohammed Dhia. 2020. “The Historical Origins of Networked Capitalism in Tunisia.” PolNet Conference 2020.Google Scholar
Havlik, Peter. 2014. “Economic Consequences of the Ukraine Conflict.” www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/204257.Google Scholar
Hearst, David. 2013. “Why Saudi Arabia Is Taking a Risk by Backing the Egyptian Coup.” The Guardian. August 20, 2013. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/ 2013/aug/20/saudi-arabia-coup-egypt.Google Scholar
Henry, Clement M. 1996. The Mediterranean Debt Crescent: Money and Power in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Henry, Clement Moore, and Springborg, Robert. 2010. Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Herb, Michael. 1999. All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in Middle Eastern Monarchies. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Hertog, Steffen. 2016. “Late Populism: State Distributional Regimes and Economic Conflict After the Arab Uprisings.” Memo. Project on Middle East Political Science. May 3, 2016. http://pomeps.org/2016/06/02/late-populism-state- distributional-regimes-and-economic-conflict-after-the-arab-uprisings/.Google Scholar
Heydemann, Steven. 2007. “Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World.” The Brookings Institution. www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2007/10/ arabworld/10arabworld.pdf.Google Scholar
Hibou, Béatrice. 2011. The Force of Obedience: The Political Economy of Repression in Tunisia. Translated by Brown, Andrew. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2006. “Authoritarian Persistence, Democratization Theory and the Middle East: An Overview and Critique.” Democratization 13 (3).Google Scholar
Hummel, Calla, Gerring, John, and Burt, Thomas. 2021. “Do Political Finance Reforms Reduce Corruption?” British Journal of Political Science 51 (2): 869–89.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hussein, Walaa. 2015. “Egypt’s Tamarod Outlives Its Purpose.” Al-Monitor. May 29, 2015. www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/05/egypt-tamarod-movement- political-campaign-mubarak-sisi.html.Google Scholar
Husted, Bryan W. 1994. “Honor Among Thieves: A Transaction-Cost Interpretation of Corruption in Third World Countries.” Business Ethics Quarterly 4 (1): 17–27. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857556.Google Scholar
Izadi, Roya. 2022. “State Security or Exploitation: A Theory of Military Involvement in the Economy.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 66 (4): 729–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027211070574.Google Scholar
Jamal, Amaney, and Tessler, Mark. 2008. “The Democracy Barometers (Part II): Attitudes in the Arab World.” Journal of Democracy 19 (1): 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2008.0004.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Sarah, and Mazo, Jeffrey. 2011. “Global Warming and the Arab Spring.” Survival 53 (2): 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2011.571006.Google Scholar
Kang, David C. 2002. Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606175.Google Scholar
Ketchley, Neil. 2017. “How Egypt’s Generals Used Street Protests to Stage a Coup.” Washington Post: The Monkey Cage. July 3, 2017. www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/07/03/how-egypts-generals-used-street-protests-to-st age-a-coup/?utm_term=.c04cd44b3718.Google Scholar
Khalaf, Roula. 2013. “Morsi Adviser Blames IMF for Delaying Egypt $4.8b Loan Agreement.” The Financial Times. June 9, 2013. www.ft.com/content/f2376bea- d0fc-11e2-a3ea-00144feab7de.Google Scholar
Kim, In Song, and Kunisky, Dmitriy. 2017. “Mapping Political Communities: A Statistical Analysis of Lobbying Networks in Legislative Politics.” http://web.mit.edu/ insong/www/pdf/network.pdf.Google Scholar
Kim, Nam Kyu. 2021. “Previous Military Rule and Democratic Survival.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 65 (2–3): 534–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002720957064.Google Scholar
Kinda, Tidiane, Plane, Patrick, and Marie-Ange Véganzonès-Varoudakis. 2011. “Firm Productivity and Investment Climate in Developing Countries: How Does Middle East and North Africa Manufacturing Perform?” The Developing Economies 49 (4): 429–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2011.00146.x.Google Scholar
King, Stephen J. 2003. Liberalization against Democracy: The Local Politics of Economic Reform in Tunisia. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, David. 2012a. “Egyptian Is Counting on Worries of Elites.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2012/05/28/world/middleeast/ahmed-shafik- counting-on-egyptian-elites-fears.html.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, David. 2012b. “Named Egypt’s Winner, Islamist Makes History.” The New York Times, June. www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/world/middleeast/mohamed-morsi-of- muslim-brotherhood-declared-as-egypts-president.html.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, David. 2013. “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Is Taken into Military Custody.” The New York Times, July. www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/world/middleeast/egypt.html.Google Scholar
Kohli, Atul. 2004. State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Krueger, Anne O. 1974. “The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society.” The American Economic Review 64 (3): 291–303.Google Scholar
Kubinec, Robert. 2019a. “Patrons or Clients? Measuring and Experimentally Evaluating Political Connections of Firms in Morocco and Jordan.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Kubinec, Robert. 2019b. “Politically-Connected Firms and the Military-Clientelist Complex in North Africa.” Working Paper. Socarchiv.Google Scholar
Kubinec, Robert. 2022. “Getting Off the Gold Standard: A Holistic Approach to Causal Inference with Entropic Causal Graphs.” https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/a492b.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. 1991. “The East European Revolution of 1989: Is It Surprising That We Were Surprised?” The American Economic Review 81 (2): 121–25.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. 1995. “The Inevitability of Future Revolutionary Surprises.” American Journal of Sociology 100 (6): 1528–51.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur, and Cass R Sunstein. 1999. “Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation.” Stanford Law Review, 683–768.Google Scholar
Larreguy, Horacio, Marshall, John, and Querubin, Pablo. 2016. “Parties, Brokers, and Voter Mobilization: How Turnout Buying Depends Upon the Party’s Capacity to Monitor Brokers.” American Political Science Review 110 (1): 160–79.Google Scholar
Leeper, Thomas J. 2021. “An Introduction to ‘Margins’.” CRAN. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/margins/vignettes/Introduction.html.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. 2015. “Tunisia: A Fragile Political Transition.” The Journal of North African Studies 20 (2): 307–11.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. 2017. “The Algerian Economy from ‘Oil Curse’ to ‘Diversification’?” The Journal of North African Studies 22 (2): 177–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2017.1281561.Google Scholar
Lesch, Ann M. 2012. “Arab Spring in Egypt.” In Arab Spring in Egypt: Revolution and Beyond, edited by Korany, Bahgat and Rabab el-Mahdi, 17–42. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Levi, Margaret. 1989. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkely, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Murillo, Mara Victoria. 2009. “Variation in Institutional Strength.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 115–33.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Way, Lucan A.. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Li, Hongbin, Meng, Lingsheng, Wang, Qian, and Zhou, Li-An. 2008. “Political Connections, Financing and Firm Performance: Evidence from Chinese Private Firms.” Journal of Development Economics 87 (2): 283–99.Google Scholar
Li, Hongbin, Meng, Lingsheng, and Zhang, Juhsen. 2007. “Why Do Entrepreneurs Enter Politics? Evidence from China.” Economic Inquiry 44 (3): 559–78.Google Scholar
Lindberg, Staffan I., Coppedge, Michael, Gerring, John, and Teorell, Jan. 2014. “V-Dem: A New Way to Measure Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 25 (3): 159–69.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Charles Edward. 1977. Politics and Markets: The World’s Political-Economic Systems. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Linn, Emily Crane. 2016. “The Army and Its President.” Democracy Lab. Foreign Policy Magazine, January. http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/28/the-army-and- its-president-egypt-sisi/.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour M. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” The American Political Science Review 53 (1): 69–105.Google Scholar
Lohmann, Susanne. 1994. “The Dynamics of Informational Cascades.” World Politics 47 (1): 42–101.Google Scholar
Loukil, Bassem. 2017. “Non à La Loi de l’impunité.” Facebook. April 27, 2017. www.facebook.com/notes/bassem-loukil/non-%C3%A0-la-loi-de-limpunit%C3% A9/420197818342133/.Google Scholar
Loxton, James. 2015. “Authoritarian Successor Parties.” Journal of Democracy 26 (3): 157–70.Google Scholar
Lust, Ellen, and Waldner, David. 2017. “Authoritarian Legacies and Post-Authoritarian Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa.” In Parties, Movements and Democracy in the Developing World, edited by Bermeo, Nancy and Yashar, Deborah J.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2005. Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and Institutions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2006. “Elections under Authoritarianism: Preliminary Lessons from Jordan.” Democratization 13 (3): 456–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340600579359.Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc. 2013. The Arab Uprising: The Unfinished Revolutions of the New Middle East. New York, NY: PublicAffairs Store.Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc. 2016. “Tunisia May Be Lost in Transition.” Carnegie Middle East Center. http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/64510.Google Scholar
Ma, Debin, and Rubin, Jared. 2018. “The Paradox of Power: Principal-Agent Problems and Fiscal Capacity in Absolutist Regimes.” LSE Latin America and Caribbean Centre Working Paper. www.lse.ac.uk/lacc/publications/PDFs/Ma- Rubin-ParadoxOfPower.pdf.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatrice. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz, and Kricheli, Ruth. 2010. “Political Order and One-Party Rule.”Google Scholar
Annual Review of Political Science 13 (1): 123–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220529.Google Scholar
Magnusson, Bruce A. 2001. “Democratization and Domestic Insecurity: Navigating the Transition in Benin.” Comparative Politics 33 (2): 211–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/422379.Google Scholar
Mahoney, James. 2012. “The Logic of Process Tracing Tests in the Social Sciences.” Sociological Methods & Research 41 (4): 570–97.Google Scholar
Malesky, Edmund J., and Taussig, Markus. 2009. “Where Is Credit Due? Legal Institutions, Connections, and the Efficiency of Bank Lending in Vietnam.” The Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 25 (2): 535–78.Google Scholar
Malik, Adeel, Atiyas, Izak, and Diwan, Ishac. 2020. “Introduction.” In Crony Capitalism in the Middle East: Business and Politics from Liberalization to the Arab Spring. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Malki, Fatim-Zohra El. 2017. “Tunisia’s Partisan Path to Transitional Justice.” Report. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/ 68206.Google Scholar
Mani, Kristina. 2011. “Military Entrepreneurs: Patterns in Latin America.” Latin American Politics and Society 53 (3): 25–55.Google Scholar
Marcus, Gary, and Davis, Ernest. 2014. “Eight (No, Nine!) Problems with Big Data.” The New York Times, June.Google Scholar
Marinov, Nikolay, and Goemans, Hein. 2014. “Coups and Democracy.” British Journal of Political Science 44 (4): 799–825.Google Scholar
Markus, Stanislav. 2015. Property, Predation and Protection: Piranha Capitalism in Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Markus, Stanislav, and Charnysh, Volha. 2017. “The Flexible Few: Oligarchs and Wealth Defense in Developing Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 50 (12): 1632–65.Google Scholar
Marsh, David, Akram, Sadiya, and Birkett, Holly. 2015. “The Structural Power of Business: Taking Structure, Agency and Ideas Seriously.” Business and Politics 17 (3): 577–601. https://doi.org/10.1515/bap-2015-0001.Google Scholar
Marshall, Shana. 2015. “The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire.” Carnegie Middle East Center. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/ egyptian_armed_forces.pdf.Google Scholar
Marshall, Shana, and Stacher, Joshua. 2012. “Egypt’s Generals and Transnational Capital.” Middle East Research and Information Project 42. www.merip.org/mer/ mer262/egypts-generals-transnational-capital.Google Scholar
Martinez-Bravo, Monica, Mukherjee, Priya, and Stegmann, Andreas. 2017. “The Non- Democratic Roots of Elite Capture: Evidence from Soeharto Mayors in Indonesia.” Econometrica, 6th series, no. 85: 1991–2010.Google Scholar
Masoud, Tarek. 2014. Counting Islam: Religion, Class and Elections in Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mazaheri, Nimah, and Monroe, Steve L.. 2018. “No Arab Bourgeoisie, No Democracy? The Entrepreneurial Middle Class and Democratic Attitudes Since the Arab Spring.” Comparative Politics 50 (4): 523–43. www.jstor.org/stable/26532702.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Rory. 2016. “The Tunisian Uprising, Ennahda and the Revival of an Arab- Islamic Identity.” In Political Identities and Popular Uprisings in the Middle East, edited by Holliday, Shabnam J. and Leech, Philip, 157–76. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
McCubbins, Matthew D., Noll, Roger G., and Weingast, Barry R.. 1987. “Administrative Procedures as Instruments of Political Control.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 3 (2): 243–77.Google Scholar
Meky, Shounaz. 2015. “Two Years on, Where Is Egypt’s Tamarod Movement Today?” Al-Arabiya. June 30, 2015. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/analysis/ 2015/06/30/Two-years-on-where-is-Egypt-s-Tamarod-movement-today-.html.Google Scholar
Meng, Anne. 2020. Constraining Dictatorship: From Personalized Rule to Institutionalized Regimes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108877497.Google Scholar
Méon, Pierre-Guillaume, and Sekkat, Khalid. 2005. “Does Corruption Grease or Sand the Wheels of Growth?” Public Choice 122 (1): 69–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11127-005-3988-0.Google Scholar
Messieh, Nancy, and Mohamed, Ali. 2015. “Who Is Participating in Egypt’s Parliamentary Elections?” MENASource. Atlantic Council. www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ menasource/who-is-participating-in-egypt-s-parliamentary-elections.Google Scholar
Migdal, Joel S. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Monroe, Steve L. 2019. “Varieties of Protectionism: Ethnic Politics and Business Politics in Jordan.” In Crony Capitalism in the Middle East, edited by Diwan, Ishac, Malik, Adeel, and Atiyas, Izak. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Beacon Press: Boston.Google Scholar
Moore, Clement Henry. 1965. Tunisia Since Independence. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Pete W. 2009. Doing Business in the Middle East: Politics and Economic Crisis in Jordan and Kuwait. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, Stephen L., and Winship, Christopher. 2007. Counterfactuals and Causal Inference: Methods and Principles for Social Research. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Morsy, Ahmed. 2014. “The Military Crowds Out Civilian Business in Egypt.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/06/24/ military-crowds-out-civilian-business-in-egypt-pub-55996.Google Scholar
Mossallam, Alia. 2013. “‘These Are Liberated Territories’: Everyday Resistance in Egypt.” In Democratic Transition in the Middle East, edited by Sadiki, Larbi, Wimmen, Heiko, and al-Zubaidi, Layla. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Moyo, Gorden. 2016. “The Curse of Military Commercialism in State Enterprises and Parastatals in Zimbabwe.” Journal of Southern African Studies 42 (2): 351–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, Emma C. 1999. Political and Economic Change in Tunisia: From Bourguiba to Ben Ali. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, Emma C. 2006. “The Tunisian Mise à Nouveau Programme and the Political Economy of Reform.” New Political Economy 11 (4): 519–40.Google Scholar
Myoe, Maung Aung. 2014. “The Soldier and the State: The Tatmadaw and Political Liberalization in Myanmar Since 2011.” South East Asia Research 22 (2): 233–49. www.jstor.org/stable/43818522.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C., Wallis, John Joseph, and Weingast, Barry R.. 2009. Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Noueihed, Lin, and Warren, Alex. 2013. The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-Revolution and the Making of a New Era. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Nugent, Elizabeth. 2020. After Repression. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203065/after-repression.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Schmitter, Philippe C.. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Oliva, Maria-Angels. 2000. “Estimation of Trade Protection in Middle East and North African Countries.” IMF Working Paper. International Monetary Fund. www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/30/Estimation-of- Trade-Protection-in-Middle-East-and-North-African-Countries-3464.Google Scholar
Olken, Benjamin. 2007. “Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia.” Journal of Political Economy 115 (2): 200–249.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. 1993. “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development.” The American Political Science Review 87 (3): 567–76.Google Scholar
Park, David K., Gelman, Andrew, and Bafumi, Joseph. 2004. “Bayesian Multilevel Estimation with Poststratification: State-Level Estimates from National Polls.” Political Analysis 12: 375–85.Google Scholar
Pearl, Judea. 2000. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pearlman, Wendy. 2013. “Emotions and the Microfoundations of the Arab Uprisings.” Perspectives on Politics 11 (02): 387–409.Google Scholar
Pepinsky, Thomas. 2009. Economic Crises and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pepinsky, Thomas. 2014. “The Institutional Turn in Comparative Authoritarianism.” The British Journal of Political Science 44 (3): 631–53.Google Scholar
Pepinsky, Thomas B., Pierskalla, Jan H., and Sacks, Audrey. 2017. “Bureaucracy and Service Delivery.” Annual Reviews of Political Science 20: 249–68.Google Scholar
Pond, Amy, and Zafeiridou, Christina. 2020. “The Political Importance of Financial Performance.” American Journal of Political Science 64 (1): 152–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12480.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 2009a. “Conquered or Granted? A History of Suffrage Extensions.” British Journal of Political Science 39: 291–321.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 2009b. “Is the Science of Comparative Politics Possible?” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, edited by Boix, Carles and Stokes, Susan C., 147–71. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Radcliffe, Damian, and Abuhmaid, Hadil. 2020. “Social Media in the Middle East: 2019 in Review.” Rochester, NY. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3517916.Google Scholar
Rashidi, Yasmine El. 2013. “Cairo, City in Waiting.” In Diaries of an Unfinished Revolution: Voices from Tunis to Damascus, edited by al-Zubaidi, Layla, Cassel, Matthew, and Roderick, Nemonie Craven, 48–65. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Reuter, Ora, and Gandhi, Jennifer. 2010. “Economic Performance and Elite Defection from Hegemonic Parties.” British Journal of Political Science, no. 41: 83–110.Google Scholar
Rijkers, Bob, Freund, Caroline, and Nucifora, Antonio. 2014. “All in the Family: State Capture in Tunisia.” Policy Research Working Paper 6810. The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/ 17726/WPS6810.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar
Rijkers, Bob, Baghdadi, Leila, and Raballand, Gael. 2015. “Political Connections and Tariff Evasion Evidence from Tunisia.” World Bank Economic Review 31 (2): 459–82.Google Scholar
Riker, William. 1980. “Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions.” The American Political Science Review 74 (2): 432–46.Google Scholar
Roberts, Margaret E., Stewart, Brandon M., Tingley, Dustin, Lucas, Christopher, Leder-Luis, Jetson, Gadarian, Shana Kushner, Albertson, Bethany, and Rand, David G.. 2014. “Structural Topic Models for Open-Ended Survey Responses.” American Journal of Political Science 58 (4): 1064–82.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, Leah, Bergquist, Parrish, Katherine Hoffmann Pham, Rampazzo, Francesco, and Mildenberger, Matto. 2020. “Survey Sampling in the Global South Using Facebook Advertisements,” October. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/dka8f.Google Scholar
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Stephens, Evelyne Huber, and Stephens, John D.. 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ryan, Curtis R. 2011. “Political Opposition and Reform Coalitions in Jordan.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 38 (3): 367–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13530194.2011.621699.Google Scholar
Ryan, Yasmine. 2015. “Tunisia’s Ruling Party Implodes as President Beji Caid Essebsi Stands Accused of Trying to Build a Political Dynasty.” The Independent. www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/tunisia-s-ruling-party-implodes- as-president-beji-caid-essebsi-stands-accused-of-trying-to-build-a-a6718626.html.Google Scholar
Sallam, Hesham. 2014. “Egypt: Transition in the Midst of Revolution.” In Elections and Democratization: The Tenacious Search for Freedom, Justice and Dignity, 35–66. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sances, Michael W. 2021. “Missing the Target? Using Surveys to Validate Social Media Ad Targeting.” Political Science Research and Methods 9 (1): 215–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2018.68.Google Scholar
Sayan, Serdar. 2009. Economic Performance in the Middle East and North Africa: Institutions, Corruption and Reform. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sayigh, Yezid. 2019. “Owners of the Republic: An Anatomy of Egypt’s Military Economy.” Carnegie Middle East Center. https://carnegie-mec.org/2019/11/18/ owners-of-republic-anatomy-of-egypt-s-military-economy-pub-80325.Google Scholar
Scheve, Kenneth, and Stasavage, David. 2017. “Wealth Inequality and Democracy.” Annual Review of Political Science 20: 451–68.Google Scholar
Schneider, Ben Ross. 2004. Business Politics and the State in Twentieth-Century Latin America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph. 1976. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sein, Gamal M. 2015. “Egypt under SCAF and the Muslim Brotherhood: The Triangle of Counter-Revolution.” Arab Studies Quarterly 27 (2): 177–99.Google Scholar
Sfakianakis, John. 2004. “The Whales of the Nile: Networks, Businessmen, and Bureaucrats during the Era of Privatization in Egypt.” In Networks of Privilege in the Middle East: The Politics of Economic Reform Revisited, edited by Heydemann, Steven, 77–100. Camden, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Shepsle, Kenneth A. 2008. “Rational Choice Institutionalism.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions, edited by Binder, Sarah A., Rhodes, R. A. W., and Rockman, Bert A., 23–38. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert W.. 1993. “Corruption.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 (3): 599–617. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118402.Google Scholar
Sirgany, Sarah El. 2015. “The 24 Year Old Party Leader Who Seeks to Rule Egypt.” MENASource. Atlantic Council. www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ menasource/the-24-year-old-party-leader-who-seeks-to-rule-egypt.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions. Vol. 29. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Slater, Daniel. 2012. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Soifer, Hillel David. 2013. “State Power and the Economic Origins of Democracy.” Studies in Comparative International Development 48 (1): 1–22.Google Scholar
Soliman, Samer. 2011. The Autumn of Dictatorship: Fiscal Crisis and Political Change in Egypt under Mubarak. Redwood, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Springborg, Robert. 2011. “Economic Involvements of Militaries.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 43 (3): 397–99. www.jstor.org/stable/23017306.Google Scholar
Stacher, Joshua. 2012. Adaptable Autocrats: Regime Power in Egypt and Syria. Redwood, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Staniland, Paul, Naseemullah, Adnan, and Butt, Ahsan. 2020. “Pakistan’s Military Elite.” Journal of Strategic Studies 43 (1): 74–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2018.1497487.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred. 2012. “Tunisia’s Transition and the Twin Tolerations.” Journal of Democracy 23 (2): 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2012.0034.Google Scholar
Stokes, Susan. 2011. “Political Clientelism.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Science. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Storm, Lise. 2014. Party Politics and Prospects for Democracy in North Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Sukhtankar, Sandip. 2012. “Sweetening the Deal? Political Connections and Sugar Mills in India.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4 (3): 43–63.Google Scholar
Svensson, Jakob. 2005. “Eight Questions about Corruption.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 (3): 19–42.Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan W. 2015. “Which Democracies Will Last? Coups, Incumbent Takeovers, and the Dynamic of Democratic Consolidation.” British Journal of Political Science 45 (4), 715–38.Google Scholar
Szakonyi, David. 2018. “Businesspeople in Elected Office: Identifying Private Benefits from Firm-Level Returns.” American Political Science Review 112 (2): 322–38.Google Scholar
Tadros, Samuel. 2014. Reflections on the Revolution in Egypt. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar
Tanzi, Vito, and Davoodi, Hamid. 1998. “Corruption, Public Investment, and Growth.” In The Welfare State, Public Investment, and Growth, edited by Shibata, Hirofumi and Toshihiro, Ihori, 41–60. Tokyo: Springer Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/ 978-4-431-67939-4_4.Google Scholar
Tarouty, Safinaz El. 2015. Businessmen, Clientelism, and Authoritarianism in Egypt. Camden, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
“The Mega National Projects ... A Locomotive of Development.” 2017. State Information Service of Egypt. www.sis.gov.eg/section/337/4683?lang=.Google Scholar
“The Unfinished Revolution: Bringing Opportunity, Good Jobs and Greater Wealth to All Tunisians.” 2014. The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ en/658461468312323813/pdf/861790DPR0P12800Box385314B00PUBLIC0.pdf.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1992. Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990–1992. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
“Timeline: Egypt’s Revolution.” 2011. Al-Jazeera. February 14, 2011. www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/01/201112515334871490.html.Google Scholar
“Tunisia Extends State of Emergency Amid ‘Terror Threats’.” 2017. Middle East Monitor. www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170217-tunisia-extends-state-of- emergency-amid-terror-threats/.Google Scholar
“Tunisia: Amnesty Law Would Set Back Transition.” 2016. Human Rights Watch. www.hrw.org/news/2016/07/14/tunisia-amnesty-bill-would-set-back-transition.Google Scholar
“Tunisia: Majlis Nawwab Ash-Sha’ab.” 2017. Inter-Parliamentary Union. www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2392_E.htm.Google Scholar
“Tunisie: Lancement Officiel Du Parti de Mohsen Marzouk.” 2016. Huffington Post Maghreb. www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/03/20/mohsen-marzouk_n_9512798. html.Google Scholar
Twyman, Joe. 2008. “Getting It Right: YouGov and Online Survey Research in Britain.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 18 (4): 343–54. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/17457280802305169.Google Scholar
Urbano, David, Aparicio, Sebastian, and Audretsch, David. 2019. “Twenty-Five Years of Research on Institutions, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth: What Has Been Learned?” Small Business Economics 53 (1): 21–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0038-0.Google Scholar
Vatikiotis, P. J. 1961. The Egyptian Army in Politics: Pattern for New Nations? Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Volpi, Frédéric. 2014. “Algeria versus the Arab Spring.” In Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Arab World, edited by Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc F., 326–37. John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Waldner, David. 1999. State Building and Late Development. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Waldner, David. 2007. Transforming Inferences into Explanations: Lessons from the Study of Mass Extinctions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Waldner, David. 2015. “Process Tracing and Qualitative Causal Inference.” Security Studies 24: 239–50.Google Scholar
Waldner, David, Peterson, Brenton, and Shoup, Jon. 2017. “Against the Grain of Urban Bias: Elite Conflict and the Logic of Coalition Formation in Colonial and Post- Colonial Africa.” Studies in Comparative and International Development.Google Scholar
Wang, Wei, Rothschild, David, Goel, Sharad, and Gelman, Andrew. 2014. “Forecasting Elections with Non-Representative Polls.” International Journal of Forecasting 31 (3): 980–91.Google Scholar
Ware, Lewis. 1986. Tunisia in the Post-Bourguiba Era: The Role of the Military in a Civil Arab Republic. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press.Google Scholar
Waterbury, John. 1983. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Waterbury, John. 1999. “The Long Gestation and Brief Triumph of Import-Substituting Industrialization.” World Development 27 (2).Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. 2012. “The Arab Spring: Why the Surprising Similarities with the Revolutionary Wave of 1848?” Perspectives on Politics 10 (4): 917–34.Google Scholar
Woodward, James. 2003. Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yerkes, Sarah, and Muasher, Marwan. 2017. “Tunisia’s Corruption Contagion: A Transition at Risk.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http:// carnegieendowment.org/2017/10/25/tunisia-s-corruption-contagion-transition-atrisk-pub-73522.Google Scholar
Youssef, Adham. 2017. “Supply Ministry Re-Crafts Subsidies Cut Law Deals after Angry Protests.” March 8, 2017. https://dailynewsegypt.com/2017/03/08/617735/.Google Scholar
Zhang, Baobao, Mildenberger, Matto, Howe, Peter D., and Marlon, Jennifer. 2020. “Quota Sampling Using Facebook Advertisements.” Political Science Research and Methods 8: 558–64.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Robert Kubinec, New York University Abu Dhabi
  • Book: Making Democracy Safe for Busines
  • Online publication: 22 June 2023
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Robert Kubinec, New York University Abu Dhabi
  • Book: Making Democracy Safe for Busines
  • Online publication: 22 June 2023
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Robert Kubinec, New York University Abu Dhabi
  • Book: Making Democracy Safe for Busines
  • Online publication: 22 June 2023
Available formats
×