Book contents
- The Making and Unmaking of the Chinese Radical Right, 1918–1951
- The Making and Unmaking of the Chinese Radical Right, 1918–1951
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures, Maps, and Tables
- Acknowledgments
- Note on the Text
- Chronology
- Abbreviations
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Origin of the Chinese Political Right in the May Fourth
- 3 “Young China” in Europe
- 4 Ideas and Politics in Warlords’ China
- 5 Pen and Gun
- 6 Going Local
- 7 Farewell to Revolution
- 8 Conclusion
- Appendix: Selected Romanized Terms
- References
- Index
- References
References
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 June 2022
Book contents
- The Making and Unmaking of the Chinese Radical Right, 1918–1951
- The Making and Unmaking of the Chinese Radical Right, 1918–1951
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures, Maps, and Tables
- Acknowledgments
- Note on the Text
- Chronology
- Abbreviations
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Origin of the Chinese Political Right in the May Fourth
- 3 “Young China” in Europe
- 4 Ideas and Politics in Warlords’ China
- 5 Pen and Gun
- 6 Going Local
- 7 Farewell to Revolution
- 8 Conclusion
- Appendix: Selected Romanized Terms
- References
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Making and Unmaking of the Chinese Radical Right, 1918–1951 , pp. 274 - 286Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2022
References
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Akbar, Amna A. “The left is remaking the world.” The New York Times, July 11, 2020. www.nytimes.com/2020/07/11/opinion/sunday/defund-police-cancel-rent.html, last accessed July 20, 2021.Google Scholar
Alitto, Guy. The Last Confucian: Liang Shuming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Badiou, Alain. “We are at a new beginning of Marxist thought,” an interview by Mathieu Dejean, August 28, 2018, trans. David Fernbach, Versobooks, blog: www.versobooks.com/blogs/4133-alain-badiou-we-are-at-a-new-beginning-of-marxist-thought#_ftn1. Last accessed July 20, 2021.Google Scholar
Baily, Paul. “Chinese work-study movement in France.” The China Quarterly, vol. 115, 441–461, 1988.Google Scholar
Berman, Sheri. The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesen, Cai. Cai Hesen wenji [Cai Hesen’s Writing Collection]. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1980.Google Scholar
Shangsi, Cai. Hua shidai de wusi yundong [May Fourth Movement as a Watershed]. Shanghai: Dazhong wenhua chubanshe, 1949.Google Scholar
Kit-Ching, Chan Lau. The Chinese Youth Party, 1923–1945. Hong Kong: Center of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, 1972.Google Scholar
Yansheng, Chang. Sanminzhuyi pipan [Critiques on the Three People’s Principles]. Zhongguo shuju, 1929.Google Scholar
Cheek, Timothy. The Intellectual in Modern Chinese History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duxiu, Chen. Chen Duxiu wenzhang xuanbian [Selected Writings of Chen Duxiu]. Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 1984.Google Scholar
bianxie zu, Chen Geng zhuan. Chen Geng zhuan [Chen Geng’s Biography]. Beijing: Dangdai zhongguo chubanshe, 2013.Google Scholar
Chen, Jerome. The Military-Gentry Coalition: China under the Warlords. Toronto: University of Toronto-York University Joint Centre on Modern East Asia, 1979.Google Scholar
Chen, Sanjing, ed. Lüou jiaoyu yundong [Educational Movement to Europe]. Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan, 1996.Google Scholar
Qitian, Chen. Jiyuan huiyilu [Chen Qitian’s Memoir]. Taipei: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1965.Google Scholar
Zhengmao, Chen, Xinzhou, Huang, Jiannong, Mei, eds. Zeng Qi xiansheng wenji, vol. 1–3 [Writing Collection of Mr. Zeng Qi vo1.1–3]. Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan, 1993.Google Scholar
Ch’i, Hsi-sheng. Warlord Politics in China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Ch’i, Hsi-sheng. Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937–45. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 1982.Google Scholar
Chi, Wen-shun. Ideological Conflicts in Modern China: Democracy and Authoritarianism. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1992.Google Scholar
Clark, Elizabeth A. History, Theory, Text: Historians and the Linguistic Turn. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Clinton, Maggie. Revolutionary Nativism: Fascism and Culture in China, 1925–1937. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Cooperman, David, and Walter, E. V.. Power and Civilization: Political Thought in the Twentieth Century. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1964.Google Scholar
Junkuan, Dai, ed. Xingxian shuyao [Summary of Practicing Constitution]. Taipei: Zhengzhong shuju, 1953.Google Scholar
Dickinson, Frederick. War and National Reinvention: Japan in The Great War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 1999.Google Scholar
Sanqing, Ding. Zhang Junmai jiedu: Zhongguo shijing xia de ziyouzhuyi huayu [On Zhang Junmai: The Liberalist Discourse in Modern China]. Nanjing: Nanjing daxue chubanshe, 2009.Google Scholar
Wenjiang, Ding, and Fengtian, Zhao, eds. Liang Rengong xiansheng nianpu changbian chugao [First Draft of the First Edition of the Chronicle of Mr. Liang Qichao]. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 2009.Google Scholar
Dirlik, Arif. The Origins of Chinese Communism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Dirlik, Arif. Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Dongbei yiyongjun gaikuang [An Overview on the Dongbei Volunteer Army]. Dongbei minzong kangri jiuguohui, 1932.Google Scholar
Shenxiu, Duan. Zhongguo qingniandang de zhenxiang [Truths of the CYP]. In Wenshi ziliao xuanji di 44 ji [Selection of Wenshi Materials, vo1. 44], ed. weiyuanhui, Zhengxie quanguo weiyuanhui wenshi ziliao. Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 2001.Google Scholar
Eastman, Lloyd E. Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937–1949. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Eley, Geoff. Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930–1945. New York: Routledge, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmers, Ralf. “Securitization.” In Contemporary Security Studies, ed. Collins, Alan. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Esherick, Joseph. “In Search of Chinese Democracy: Civil Opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949 (Review).” China Review International, 9:2, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairbank, John K. “Understanding China’s Revolution.” In The Great Chinese Revolution, 1800–1985. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.Google Scholar
Qingqiu, Fang, ed. Zhongguo qingniandang [Chinese Youth Party]. Beijing: Dang’an chubanshe, 1988.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. “Power and Strategies.” In Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, ed. Gordon, Colin. New York: Pantheon Books, 1977.Google Scholar
Fung, Edmund S. K. “The Alternative of Loyal Opposition: The Chinese Youth Party and Chinese Democracy, 1937–1949.” Modern China, 17:2, 1991.Google Scholar
Fung, Edmund S. K. In Search of Chinese Democracy: Civil Opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Fung, Edmund S. K. The Intellectual Foundations of Chinese Modernity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Furth, Charlotte. The Limits of Change: Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Grieder, Jerome B. Intellectuals and the State in Modern China: A Narrative History. New York: The Free Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Guojiazhuyipai de jiantao [Reflections on the CYP Nationalist Group]. Qingnian pinglun chubanshe, 1932.Google Scholar
Moruo, Guo. Guo Moruo quanji, vol. 11–12 [Writing Collection of Guo Moruo, vol. 11–12]. Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 1992.Google Scholar
Minetarō, Hamada. Tenkanki shina no zenbō [China in Transitional Period]. Burokku keizai kenkyūjo, 1933.Google Scholar
Changgong, He. Furansu kinkō kenganku kaisō [Memoir of Diligent Work-Frugal Study in France], trans. Kawata Teiichi and Mori Tokihiko. Tokyo: Iwanami shinsho, 1973.Google Scholar
Peizhen, He, Qingong jianxue riji [Diary of Diligent Work-Frugal Study]. Changsha: Hunan renmin chubanshe, 1986.Google Scholar
Hill, Joshua. Voting as a Right: A History of Elections in Modern China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2019.Google Scholar
Tadashi, Hirano. Chūgoku kakumei to chūkan rosen mondai [Chinese Revolution and the Problem of the Middle Line]. Tokyo: Kenbun shuppan, 2000.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence. The Invention of Tradition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth-Century 1914–1991. London: Abacus, 1994.Google Scholar
Shi, Hu. “December 22, 1933.” In Hushi Quanji 32 Juan Riji 1921–1937 [Hu Shi Collection vol. 32, Diary 1921–1937]. Hefei: Anhui jiaoyuchubanshe, 2003.Google Scholar
Shaohong, Huang. “Guanyu Li Zongren xuan fuzongtong [As to Li Zongren Competing for the Vice Presidency].” In Huang Shaohong huiyilu [Huang Shaohong’s Memoir], ed. yanjiuguan, Guangxi wenshi. Nanning: Guangxi renmin chubanshe, 1991.Google Scholar
Huang, Yapei. Huang Yanpei riji, vol. 7 [Huang Yanpei’s Diary, vol. 7]. Beijing: Huawen chubanshe, 2008.Google Scholar
Yoshihiro, Ishikawa. Chūgoku kyōsantō seiritsu shi [History of the Founding of the CCP]. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 2001.Google Scholar
Jeans, Roger, ed. Roads Not Taken: The Struggle of Opposition Parties in Twentieth Century China. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1992.Google Scholar
Jeans, Roger, Democracy and Socialism in Republican China: The Politics of Zhang Junmai (Carsun Chang), 1906–1941. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997.Google Scholar
Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom. “Introduction.” Joseph W. Esherick, “Ten Theses on the Chinese Revolution.”Google Scholar
Guangci, Jiang. “Sans-Culottes (duankudang),” 1927. In Shaonian piaobozhe [The Wondering Youth]. Zhuzhou, Hunan: Zhongguo wenlian chubanshe, 1998.Google Scholar
Junde, Jiang. “Qingniandang zai deyang de huodong [Activities of the Chinese Youth Party in Deyang].” In Deyang wenshi zilio xuanji, vol. 5 [Selection of Wenshi Materials of Deyang, vol. 5], ed. weiyuanhui, Zhengxie Dengyangshi. Dengyang, 1986.Google Scholar
Ping, Jiang. Deng Zhongxia de yisheng [Life of Deng Zhongxia]. Nanjing: Nanjing daxue chubanshe, 1986.Google Scholar
Yihua, Jiang. Zhang Taiyan pingzhuan [On Zhang Taiyan]. Nanjing: Nanjing daxue chubanshe, 2002.Google Scholar
Takaharu, Kikuchi. Chūgoku daisan seiryoku siron [On the Third Powers in China]. Tokyo: Kyūko shoyin, 1987.Google Scholar
Lanza, Fabio. Behind the Gate: Inventing Students in Beijing. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Levenson, Joseph. Confucian China and Its Modern Fate Volume III: The Problem of Historical Signification. London: Routledge, 2005.Google Scholar
Levine, Marilyn A. The Found Generation: Chinese Communists in Europe during the Twenties. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Levine, Marilyn A. and San-Ching, Chen, eds. The Guomindang in Europe: A Sourcebook of Documents. Berkeley: University of California-Berkeley Center for China Studies, 2000.Google Scholar
Levine, Marilyn A. “Leninist Legacies and Revolutionary Life Histories in the Chinese Communist Party: A Plutarchian Case Study of Cai Hesen and Zhao Shiyan.” Twentieth-Century China, 44:3, 2019.Google Scholar
Baolu, Li, Younong, Su, Xingshi, Zhang, Youtao, Liao, Zhengming, He, Menghong, Jiang, and Fengwu, Chen. “Yi guoli Chengdu Daxue shehui kexue yanjiushe [In Memory of the Study Association of Social Science].” In Zhengxie Chengdushi wenshi ziliao weiyuanhui, ed. Chengdu wenshi ziliao, no. 7 [Chengdu Wenshi Materials, no. 7]. Chengdu, 1984.Google Scholar
Huang, Li, Xuedunshi huiyilu, vol. 1–2 [Li Huang’s Memoir, vol. 1–2]. Hong Kong: Mingbao yuekanshe, 1979.Google Scholar
Jieren, Li. Li Jieren xuanji, vol. 7 [Li Jieren’s Writing Selection, vol. 7]. Chengdu: Sichuan wenyi chubanshe, 2011.Google Scholar
Li, Lisan. “Li Lisan Zishu [Li Lisan’s Account].” In Sa, Li, Wo de Zhongguo yuanfen [My Fate in China]. Beijing. Beijing jiaoxue yu yanjiu, 2009.Google Scholar
Sen, Li. “Guojiazhuyi qingniandang yu wusheng lianjun de yixie guanxi [The CYP and the Allied Army of Sun Chuanfang].” In Wenshi ziliao xuanji 44 [Selection of Wenshi Materials 44], ed. ziliao weiyuanhui, Zhengxie quanguo weiyuanhui wenshi. Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 2001.Google Scholar
Tiefu, Li. “Sichuansheng liangjie wei shengyihui jingli [My Experiences during the Two Terms in the Sichuan Provincial Assembly].” In Sichuan wenshi ziliao, vol. 6 [Sichuan wenshi materials, vol. 6], ed. weiyuanhui, Zhengxie sichuansheng. Chengdu, 1980.Google Scholar
Yibin, Li, ed. Zhongguo qingniandang [Chinese Youth Party]. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan chubanshe, 1982.Google Scholar
Yongchun, Li. “Shaonian zhongguo” yu wusi shiqi shehui sichao [“Young China” and May Fourth Thought]. Changsha: Hunan renmin chubanshe, 2005.Google Scholar
Zehou, Li. “Qimeng yu jiuwang de shuangchong bianzhou [The Double Variations of National Salvation and Enlightenment],” in Zhongguo xiandai sixiangshi lun [Contemporary Chinese Intellectual History]. Beijing: Dongfang chubanshe, 1987.Google Scholar
Qichao, Liang. Liang Qichao youji [Liang Qichao’s Journey]. Beijing: Dongfang chubanshe, 2006.Google Scholar
Qichao, Liang. Shaonian zhongguo shuo [On Young China]. Beijing: Zhongguo huabao chubanshe, 2014.Google Scholar
Shuming, Liang. Liang Shuming zishu [Self-Sketch of Liang Shuming]. Guilin: Lijiang chubanshe, 1995.Google Scholar
danganguan, Liaoningsheng, ed. Zhang Xueliang yu zhongyuan dazhan [Zhang Xueliang and the Central Plains War]. Guilin: Guangxi shifan daxue chubanshe, 1991.Google Scholar
Shangke, Liao, “Jiefang qianxi de zhongguo qingniandang geming tongzhihui [The CYP Revolutionary Comrades Association Right before the Liberation].” In Chengdu wenshi ziliao, no. 2–3 [Chengdu Wenshi Materials, no. 2–3], Special issue on Chengdu liberation, ed. weiyuanhui, Chengdu wenshi ziliao. Chengdu, 1989.Google Scholar
Youtao, Liao. “1928 nian Chengdu de er’yiliu can’an [February 16 Incident in Chengdu in 1928]. In Zhengxie Chengdushi wenshi ziliao weiyuanhui, ed. Chengdu wenshi ziliao xuanji, vol. 7 [Selection of Chengdu Wenshi Materials, vol. 7]. Chengdu, 1984.Google Scholar
Lin, Yusheng. The Crisis of Chinese Consciousness. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, 1979.Google Scholar
Litton, Frederick S. “The CCP and the Fujian Rebellion.” Republican China, 14:1, 1988.Google Scholar
Hangchen, Liu. Liu Hangchen xiansheng fangtanlu [Interview with Liu Hangchen]. Interviewed by Shen Yunlong and Zhang Pengyuan, and recorded by Shen Yunlong, Zhang Pengyuan, and Liu Fenan. Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan, 1990.Google Scholar
Longji, Luo. Wo de beibu de jingguo yu fangan [My Antipathy and Experience of Being Arrested], ed. Bing, Xie. Beijing: Zhongguo Qingnian Chubanshe 1999.Google Scholar
Sang, Luo. “Jiefang qian sichuansheng jianshe tingzhang He Beiheng [The Head of the Office of Construction of Sichuan, He Beiheng].” In Zhengxie Chengdushi wenshi ziliao weiyuanhui, ed. Chengdu wenshi ziliao xuanji, vol. 7 [Selection of Chengdu Wenshi Materials, vol. 7]. Chengdu, 1984.Google Scholar
Xiao, Luo. “Minguo shiqi qingniandang zai jian’ge de fazhan jiqi huodong [Activities and Development of the Chinese Youth Party in Jian’ge County during the Republican Era].” In Jian’ge wenshi ziliao xuanji, vol. 15 [Selection of Wenshi Materials of Jian’ge County, vol. 15], ed. weiyuanhui, Zhengxie Jian’geshi weiyuanhui wenshi ziliao. Jian’ge, 1991.Google Scholar
Zhitian, Luo. “Nanbei xinjiu yu beifa chenggong de zaiquanshi [Re-interpretation of the Success of the Northern Expedition in the New and Old of the South and North].” Wenshi tiandi, September issue (2000).Google Scholar
Zhitian, Luo. Inheritance within Rupture: Culture and Scholarship in Early Twentieth-Century China. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015.Google Scholar
MacIntyre, Alasdair. “The Politics of Ethics.” In Ethics and Politics: Selected Essays, vol. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Mannheim, Karl. Man and Society in the Age of Reconstruction, trans. Edward Shils. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960.Google Scholar
Mannheim, Karl. Conservatism, eds. Kettler, David, Meja, Volker, and Stehr, Nico. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986.Google Scholar
Maomao, . Wo de fuqin Deng Xiaoping [My Father, Deng Xiaoping]. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2003.Google Scholar
Zedong, Mao. “Zhongguo shehui gejieji de fenxi [A Class Analysis of the Chinese Society].” In Mao Zedong Xuanji, vol. 1[Selected Writings of Mao Zedong, vol. 1] Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1991.Google Scholar
Masao, Maruyama. Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
McCord, Edward. The Power of Gun: The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Guanghan, Meng, ed. Guomin canzhenghui jishi, vol. 1 [Records on the People’s Political Council]. Chongqing: Chongqing chubanshe, 1985.Google Scholar
Guanghan, Meng, ed. Zhengzhi xieshang huiyi jishi [Records of Political Consultative Conference]. Chongqing: Chongqing chubanshe, 1989.Google Scholar
Shouchun, Meng. “Wusi yundong shidai Wang Guangqi xiansheng de fendou shenghuo [Wang Guangqi during the May Fourth].”Google Scholar
Kexiu, Miao. Shaonian tiexuejun rutuan xuzhi [Guidance for Joining the Iron Blood Army of the Chinese Youth]. Reprinted and distributed by Dandong Municipal Archives, 2009.Google Scholar
Yilun, Ming, Borong, Li, and Sanlin, Wu. “Fang Dingying zai woxian zuzhi quanmin jiuguojun [Fang Dingying’s Organization of the National Salvation Army in Our County].” In Jingzhou wenshi, vol. 5 [Jingzhou Wenshi Materials, vol. 5], ed. ziliao yanjiu weiyuahui, Jingzhou wenshi. Jingzhou: Hunan, 1990.Google Scholar
Mommsen, Wolfgang J. The Political and Social Theory of Max Weber: Collected Essays. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Nathan, Andrew J. “China’s Challenge.” In Authoritarianism Goes Global: The Challenge to Democracy, eds. Diamond, Larry, Walke, Christopher, and Plattner, Marc F.. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Rongzhen, Nie. Nie Rongzhen huiyilu [Nie Rongzhen’s Memoir]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1986.Google Scholar
Rahav, Shakhar. The Rise of Political Intellectuals in Modern China: May Fourth Societies and the Roots of Mass-Party Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Saich, Tony and Yang, Benjamin, eds. The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis. New York: M. E. Sharp, 2016.Google Scholar
Scalapino, Robert A. “The Evolution of a Young Revolutionary – Mao Zedong in 1919–1921.” The Journal of Asian Studies, 42:1, 1982.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Carl. The Concept of the Political, trans. George Schwab and others. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Schwarcz, Vera. The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Benjamin. “A Brief Defense of Political and Intellectual History: The Case of China.” In China and Other Matters. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Shaheen, Anthony Joseph. The China Democratic League and Chinese Politics, 1939–1947. PhD diss., Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 1977.Google Scholar
Yundong, Shen, ed. Zeng Muhan (Qi) xiansheng yizhu [Mr. Zeng Qi’s Will]. Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1971.Google Scholar
Yundong, Shen, ed. Guomin canzhenghui chuankang jianshe shichatuan baogaoshu [Report of Inspection Committee for the Construction of Sichuan and Xikang of the People’s Political Council]. Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1971.Google Scholar
Sheng, Cheng. Haiwai gongdu shinian jishi [Ten Years of Work-Study Abroad]. Changsha: Hunan renmin chubanshe, 1986.Google Scholar
bianxiezu, Sichuan Daxue xiaoshi. Sichuan daxue shigao [History of Sichuan University]. Chengdu: Sichuan daxue chubanshe, 1985.Google Scholar
Shils, Edward. “Review: Ideology and Civility: On the Politics of the Intellectual.” The Sewanee Review, 66:3, 1958.Google Scholar
Ika, Shū. Chūgoku kakumei to daisantō [Chinese Revolution and the Third Party]. Tokyo: Keio University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Stanley, Jason. How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them. New York: Random House, 2018.Google Scholar
Sternhell, Zeev. Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Chengxi, Sun. Xingshipai de guojiazhuyi sixiang zhi yanbian [The Awakening Lion Faction and the Nationalist Thoughts]. PhD diss., Shanghai: Fudan University, 2002.Google Scholar
Xiangfeng, Sun. “Wei guomin dahui de yimu chouju [One Ugly Scene of the Puppet National Congress].” In Shanghai wenshi ziliao xuanji, vol. 41 [Selection of Shanghai Wenshi Materials, vol. 41], ed. ziliao gongzuo weiyuanhui, Zhengxie shanghaishi weiyuanhui wenshi. Shanghai: Shanhai renmin chubanshe, 1982.Google Scholar
dangshi jiaoyanzu, Tsinghua daxue zhonggong, ed. Fufa qingong jianxue yundong shiliao, vol. 1–3 [Materials of Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement to France, vol. 1–3]. Beijing: Beijing chubanshe, published in 1979 for vol. 1, 1980 for vol. 2.1 and vol. 2.2, and 1981 for vol. 3.Google Scholar
Tsui, Brian. China’s Conservative Revolution: The Quest for a New Order,1927–1949. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Van de Ven, Hans J. From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920–1927. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Van de Ven, Hans J. War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945. New York: Routledge, 2004.Google Scholar
Wakeman, Frederic. “A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism.” The China Quarterly, no. 150, 1997.Google Scholar
Waldron, Arthur. From War to Nationalism: China’s Turning Point, 1924–1925. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Fansen, Wang. Zhang Taiyan de sixiang [Zhang Taiyan’s Ideas]. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 2019.Google Scholar
jinian weiyuanhui, Wang Guangqi xiansheng, ed. Wang Guangqi xiansheng jiniance [In Memory of Wang Guangqi]. Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1974.Google Scholar
Jieren, Li. “Siren zhi sun [A Poet’s Grandson].”Google Scholar
Hui, Wang. “Wenhua yu zhengzhi de bianzou-zhanzheng, geming, yu 1910 niandai de ‘sixiang’zhan” [Variations of Culture and Politics – War, Revolution, and Battle of “Ideas” in the 1910s]. Zhongguo shehui kexue, no. 4. 2009.Google Scholar
Qisheng, Wang. Dangyuan dangquan yu dangzheng [Members, Powers, and Struggles of the GMD. Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 2003.Google Scholar
Qisheng, Wang. “‘Geming’ yu ‘fangeming’: Sanda zhengdang de dangji hudong” [“Revolution” and “Anti-Revolution:” Inter-Party Relations of the Three Biggest Political Parties]. In “Geming” yu “fangeming”: shehui wenhua shiyexia de minguo zhengzhi [“Revolution” and “Anti-Revolution:” Politics of Republican China under the Social and Cultural Perspectives]. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2010.Google Scholar
Shengcai, Wang. “Zhongguo qingniandang dianjiangxian dangbu gaikuang [Overview of the Chinese Youth Party in Dianjiang County].” In Dianjiangxian wenshi ziliao, vol. 2 [Wenshi Materials of Dianjiang County, vol. 2], ed. ziliao weiyuanhui, Zhengxie dianjiangxian wenshi. Dianjiang, 1991.Google Scholar
Yongxiang, Wang. “Zhonggong lüfaxiaozu he lüou zhibu [Chinese Communist Group in France and Branch in Europe].” Lishi jiaoxue, no. 10, 1981.Google Scholar
Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N., ed. In Twentieth Century China: New Approaches. New York: Routledge, 2003.Google Scholar
Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N.. “Introduction.”Google Scholar
Esherick, Joseph W., “Ten Theses on the Chinese Revolution.”Google Scholar
Weber, Max. Economy and Society, trans. Keith Tribe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
ziliao weiyuanhui, Wenjiangxian wenshi, ed. Wang Guangqi zhuan [Wang Guangqi’s biography].” In Wenjiang wenshi, vol. 8 [Wenjiang’s History, vol. 8]. Wenjiang, 1998.Google Scholar
Pingmiao, Wu. “Yongchuan qingniandang gaikuang [Overview of the Chinese Youth Party in Yongchuan].” In Yongchuan wenshi ziliao xuanji, vol. 6 [Selection of Wenshi Materials of Yongchuan, vol. 6], ed. weiyuanhui, Zhengxie yongchuan wenshi ziliao. Yongchuan, 1990.Google Scholar
Shiqi, Wu. “Dui youguan lüou jiandang jige wenti de tantao [On Some Issues on the Founding of the CCP in Europe].” Qiushi xuekan, May, 1982.Google Scholar
Xiaolong, Wu. Shaonian zhongguo xuehui yanjiu [A Study of the Young China Association]. Shanghai: Shanlian chunbanshe, 2006.Google Scholar
Xiao, Yu. Wo he Mao Zedong de yiduan quzhe jingli [My Experiences with Mao Zedong]. Beijing: Kunlun chubanshe, 1989.Google Scholar
Yuzhi, Xiong. Lao Shanghai mingren mingshi mingwu daguan [An Overview on the Famous Figures, Events, and Things in Old Shanghai]. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1997.Google Scholar
Xu, Aymeric. “Mapping Conservatism of the Republican Era: Genesis and Typologies.” Journal of Chinese History, no. 4, 2020.Google Scholar
Deheng, Xu. Weile minzhu yu kexue: Xu Deheng huiyilu [For Democracy and Science: Xu Deheng’s Memoir]. Beijing: Zhongguo qingnian chubanshe, 1987.Google Scholar
Jilin, Xu. Wuqiong de kunhuo: Huang Yanpei, Zhang Junmai yu jindai zhongguo [The Unending Confusion: Huang Yanpei, Zhang Junmai, and Modern China]. Shanghai: Shanghai sanlian shudian, 1998.Google Scholar
Moucheng, Xue and Quanbei, Zheng, eds. Fujian shibian ziliao xuanbian [Compiled Materials of the Fujian Rebellion]. Nanchang: Jiangxi renmin chubanshe, 1984.Google Scholar
Baohang, Yan. Dongbei minzong kangri jiuguohui zhengzhibu-Minguo ershiernianfen gongzuo baogaoshu [1933 Report of the Political Department of Anti-Japanese National Salvation Society of the Dongbei People]. Dongbei minzong kangri jiuguohui, 1933.Google Scholar
Bo’an, Yang. Fengyu bashinian [Life in the Past 80 Years]. Taipei: Xinzhan wenhua shiye youxiangongsi, 1985.Google Scholar
Kuisong, Yang. Zhongjian didai de geming [Revolution in the Mid-Zone]. Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 2010.Google Scholar
Sixin, Yang and Shulan, Guo. Jiaoyu yu guoquan [Education and National Right]. Beijing: Guangming ribao chubanshe, 2010.Google Scholar
Tianshi, Yang. “Jiang Jieshi yu beifa shiqi de jiangxi zhanchang [Chiang Kai-Shek and the Jiangxi Battlefield during the Northern Expedition],” Zhonggong dangshi yanjiu, no. 5, 1989.Google Scholar
Zhengbao, Yang. Yang Zhengbao wenshi saoxuan [Wenshi Materials of Yang Zhengbao]. Chengdu, 1999.Google Scholar
Yeh, Wen-hsin. The Alienated Academy: Culture and Politics in Republican China, 1919–1937. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 1990.Google Scholar
Jiaju, Yu. Yu Jiaju jingtao xiansheng huiyilu [Yu Jiaju’s Memoir]. Taipei: Huiju chubanshe, 1994.Google Scholar
Jiaju, Yu and Huang, Li. Guojiazhuyi de jiaoyu [Education of Nationalism]. Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju, 1923.Google Scholar
Ying-shih, Yu. “‘Wusi’ chonghui zhishifenzi de huaibao [May Fourth, Embraced again by the Intellectuals].” In Yu Yingshi wenji, vol. 12 [Collection of Yu Ying-Shih, vol. 12]. Guilin: Guangxi shifan daxue chubanshe, 2012.Google Scholar
Ruilin, Yuan. “Huiyi Guomindang he Qingniandang zai Chongqing de douzheng diandi [Struggles between the GMD and CYP in Chongqing].” In Chongqing wenshi ziliao xuanji, vol. 11 [Selection of Chongqing Wenshi Materials, vol. 1], ed. chongqingxian weiyuanhui, Zhengxie sichuansheng. Chongqing, 1983.Google Scholar
Zarrow, Peter. Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Hui, Zeng. Zhongguo qingniandang yanjiu, 1923–1945 [A Study of the Chinese Youth Party, 1923–1945]. PhD diss., Huadong Normal University, 2014.Google Scholar
Binglin, Zhang. Zhang Binglin quanji 4 [Writing Collection of Zhang Binglin 4]. Shanghai: Shanghai remin chubanshe, 1985.Google Scholar
“Da Tiezheng [To Tiezheng].”Google Scholar
“Wuwulun [On Five Negations].”Google Scholar
Boling, Zhang. “Qiyi de qingniandang dangyuan Yang Shuming xiansheng [Yang Shuming, Uprising as a Party Member of the CYP].” In Zhengxie Chengdushi wenshi ziliao weiyuanhui, ed. Chengdu wenshi ziliao, no. 3 [Chengdu Wenshi Materials, no. 3]. Chengdu, 1988.Google Scholar
Kaiyuan, Zhang, ed. Yu Jiaju yu jindai zhongguo [Yu Jiaju and Modern China]. Wuhan: Huazhong shifan daxue chubanshe, 2007.Google Scholar
Mengjiu, Zhang, “Wo suo renshi de Zuo Shunsheng [My Friend Zuo Shunsheng].” In Zuo Shunsheng xiansheng jiniance [In Memory of Mr. Zuo Shunsheng], ed. Yunlong, Shen. Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1981.Google Scholar
Pengyuan, Zhang. Zhongguo minzhu zhengzhi de kunjing, 1900–1949 [The Dilemmas of the Chinese Democratic Politics, 1900–1949]. Changchun: Jinlin chuban jituan, 2008.Google Scholar
Shaopeng, Zhang. Minchu de guojiazhuyipai yanjiu [The CYP Nationalist Faction in the Early Republican era]. PhD diss., Huazhong Normal University 2005.Google Scholar
Shenfu, Zhang. Zhang Shenfu wenji, vol. 3 [Zhang Shenfu’s Writing Collection vol. 3]. Shijiazhuang: Hebei renmin chubanshe, 2005.Google Scholar
Weiping, Zhang. Jiaoyu huishe yu zhongguo jiaoyu jindaihua [Educational Society and China’s Educational Modernization]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang daxue chubanshe, 2002.Google Scholar
Yunhou, Zhang, Xuyi, Yin, Qingxiang, Hong, and Yunkai, Wang, eds. Wusi shiqi de shetuan [May Fourth Societies]. Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 1979.Google Scholar
Zhang Yunhou, Yin Xuyi, and Junchen, Li, eds. Liufa qingong jianxue yundong, vol. 1–2 [Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement in France]. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1980.Google Scholar
Kaizhong, Zhao, “Gongchandang zai Daxian de dixia douzheng [Underground Activities of the CCP in Da County].” In Daxian wenshi ziliao xuanji, vol. 1 [Selection of Wenshi Materials in Da County, vol. 1], ed. weiyuanhui, Zhengxie Daxianshi wenshi ziliao. Daxian, 1987.Google Scholar
Shiyan, Zhao. Zhao Shiyan xuanji [Zhao Shiyan’s Writing Collection]. Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe, 1984.Google Scholar
Yunyun, Zhao. “Lüou zhongguo gongchanzhuyi qingniantuan zuzhi yan’ge [Organizational History of the Chinese Communist Youth Corps in Europe].” Dang de wenxian, no. 2 (1999).Google Scholar
Chaolin, Zheng. Zheng Chaolin huiyilu, vol. 1–2 [Zheng Chaolin’s Memoir, vol. 1–2]. Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, 2004.Google Scholar
ziliao weiyuanhui, Zhengxie Chengdushi wenshi, ed. Chengdu wenshi ziliao xuanji, vol. 7 [Selection of Chengdu Wenshi Materials, vol. 7]. Chengdu, 1984.Google Scholar
dang’anguan, Zhongguo di’er lishi, ed. Zhonghua minguoshi dang’an ziliao huibian, vol. 3 ed. 1 wenhua [Compiled Materials of Republican China, vol. 3 ed.1 Culture]. Nanjing: Jiangsu Guji chubanshe, 1991.Google Scholar
dang’anguan, Zhongguo di’er lishi, ed. Zhonghua minguoshi dang’an ziliao huibian, vol. 5 ed. 1 zhengzhi 2 [Compiled Materials of Republican China, vol. 5 ed. 1 Politics 2]. Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 1991.Google Scholar
dang’anguan, Zhongguo di’er lishi, ed. Zhonghua minguoshi dang’an ziliao huibian, vol. 5 ed. 1 zhengzhi 4 [Archival Materials of Republican China, vol. 5 ed. 1 Politics 4]. Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 1994.Google Scholar
Zhongguo geming, bowuguan and bowuguan, Hunansheng, eds. Xinmin xuehui ziliao [Materials of New Citizen Society]. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1980.Google Scholar
Zhongguo ge xiao dangpai xiankuang [The Present State of Affairs of Minority Parties in China] Originally published in 1946 by the Nationalist Party intelligence unit and reprinted in the USA by the Center of Chinese Research Materials, Association of Research Libraries, D.C., in 1969.Google Scholar
yanjiuhui, Zhongguo Li Dazhao, ed. Li Dazhao quanji, vol. 1 [Writing Collection of Li Dazhao, vol. 1]. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 2006.Google Scholar
tongmeng, Zhongguo minzhu, ed. Minzhu tongmeng wenxian [Materials of the Chinese Democratic League]. Originally printed in 1946, and reprinted by the Center of Chinese Research Materials, Association of Research Libraries, D.C., in 1969.Google Scholar
zhongyang weiyuanhui, Zhongguo minzhu tongmeng, ed. Zhongguo minzhu tongmeng lishi wenxian, 1941–1949 [Historical Materials of the Chinese Democratic League, 1941–1949]. Beijing: Wenshi ziliao chubanshe, 1983.Google Scholar
weiyuanhui xuanchuanzu, Zhongguo qingniandang zhongyang zhixing, ed. Zhongguo qingniandang xunguo sinan ji yigu tongzhi luezhuan [Brief Introduction of Comrades of the Chinese Youth Party Who Died for the Country]. Taipei: Xielin chubanshe, 1972.Google Scholar
yanjiushi, Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan xiandaishi and yanjiushi, Zhongguo geming bowuguan dangshi, eds. Yida qianhou vo1. 1–2 [Before and After the First Congress, vol. 1–2]. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1980.Google Scholar
wenxian yanjiushi, Zhonggong zhongyang, ed. Zhou Enlai wenji, vol. 1–2 [Writing Collection of Zhou Eenlai, vol. 1–2]. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1998.Google Scholar
Kaiqing, Zhou, Minguo chuanshi jiyao [Records of Sichuan during the Republican Era]. Taipei: Sichuan wenxian chubanshe, 1974.Google Scholar
Shuzhen, Zhou. Zhongguo qingniandang zai dalu yu taiwan [The Chinese Youth Party in Mainland and Taiwan]. Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 1993.Google Scholar
Zhimin, Zhu. Li Dazhao zhuan [Li Dazhao’s Biography]. Jinan: Shandong renmin chubanshe, 1998.Google Scholar
Žižek, Slavoj. “Three Notes on China: Past and Present.” Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique, 19:3, 2011.Google Scholar
Shunsheng, Zuo. Jin sanshinian jianwen zaji [Things in the Past 30 Years]. Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1968.Google Scholar
Shunsheng, Zuo. Wanzhulou suibi [Sketches Written at the Wanchu Chamber]. Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1967.Google Scholar
Shunsheng, Zuo. The Reminiscences of Tso Shun-Sheng. New York: East Asian Institute of Columbia University, 1975.Google Scholar
Shunsheng, Zuo. “Wo de shaonian shiqi” [My Youth].” In Zuo Shunsheng xinasheng jiniance [In Memory of Mr. Zuo Shunsheng], ed. Shen, Yunlong. Taipei. Wenhai chubanshe, 1981.Google Scholar