Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T19:35:57.142Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 22 - Collective Responses to Terrorist Attacks

from Section 3 - The Role of the Public in Emergencies: Survivors, Bystanders, and Volunteers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2024

By
Chris Cocking  and
Anne Templeton
Edited by
Richard Williams ,
Verity Kemp ,
Keith Porter ,
Tim Healing  and
John Drury
Richard Williams
Affiliation:
University of South Wales
Verity Kemp
Affiliation:
Independent Health Emergency Planning Consultant
Keith Porter
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham
Tim Healing
Affiliation:
Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London
John Drury
Affiliation:
University of Sussex
Get access

Summary

This chapter helps to further develop the novel theoretical notion of collective psychosocial resilience in the face of danger, whereby emergent cooperation can happen not solely despite a terrorist incident, but also because of it. It examines how the public contribute prior to professional responders arriving, and how they might be involved actively at the scenes of emergencies, incidents, disasters, and disease outbreaks (EIDD). Greater understanding of the realities and their potential by professional first responders should enable emergency planners to develop practical strategies to optimise the interventions required by survivors.

Keywords

collective resiliencecrowd behavioursocial identitysocial psychologyterrorist attacks
Type
Chapter
Information
Major Incidents, Pandemics and Mental Health
The Psychosocial Aspects of Health Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters and Disease Outbreaks
 , pp. 154 - 159
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguirre, BE. Emergency evacuations, panic, and social psychology. Psychiatry 2005; 68: 121–9.Google Scholar
Fritz, CE Disasters and Mental Health: Therapeutic Principles Drawn from Disaster Studies. University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center, 1961/1996 (http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/1325).Google Scholar
Quarantelli, EL. Panic, sociology of. In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences (eds Smelser, NJ, Baltes, PB): 11020–23. Pergamon Press. 2001.Google Scholar
Jones, E, Woolven, R, Durodie, B, Wessely, S. Civilian morale during the Second World War: responses to air-raids re-examined. Soc Hist Med 2004; 17: 463–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drury, J, Novelli, D, Stott, C. Representing crowd behaviour in emergency planning guidance: ‘mass panic’ or collective resilience? Resilience 2013; 1: 18–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drury, J. The role of social identity processes in mass emergency behaviour: an integrative review. Eur Rev Soc Psychol 2018; 29: 8–81.Google Scholar
Le Bon, G. The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (trans. Unwin, FT). Dover Publications Inc., 2002.Google Scholar
Freud, S. Mass psychology and the analysis of the I. In Mass Psychology and Other Writings (ed. Freud, S): 15–100. Penguin Books, 2004.Google Scholar
Drury, J, Cocking, C, Reicher, SD. The nature of collective resilience: survivor reactions to the 2005 London bombings. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 2009; 27: 66–95.Google Scholar
Drury, J, Cocking, C, Reicher, SD. Everyone for themselves? A comparative study of crowd solidarity among emergency survivors. Br J Soc Psychol 2009; 48: 487–506.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H, Turner, JC. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (eds Austin, WG, Worchel, S): 33–7. Brooks/Cole, 1979.Google Scholar
Turner, JC, Hogg, MA. Oakes, PJ, Reicher, SD, Wetherell, MS. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. Basil Blackwell, 1987.Google Scholar
Cocking, C. The role of ‘zero-responders’ during 7/7: implications for the emergency services. Int J Emerg Serv 2013; 2: 79–93.Google Scholar
Drury, J, Brown, R, González, R, Miranda, D. Emergent social identity and observing social support predict social support provided by survivors in a disaster: solidarity in the 2010 Chile earthquake. Eur J Soc Psychol 2016; 46: 209-223.Google Scholar
Manstead, ASR, Fischer, AH. Social appraisal: the social world as object of and influence on appraisal processes. In Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Research, Application (eds Schere, KR, Schorr, A, Johnstone, T): 221–32. Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Bruder, M, Fischer, A, Manstead, ASR. Social appraisal as a cause of collective emotions. In Collective Emotions (eds von Scheve, C, Salmela, M): 141–55. Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Hogg, MA. A social identity theory of leadership. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2001; 5: 184–200.Google Scholar
Alnabulsi, H, Drury, J. Social identification moderates the effect of crowd density on safety at the Hajj. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014; 111: 9091–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, M, Prosser, A, Evans, D, Reicher, S. Identity and emergency intervention: how social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behaviour. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2002; 34: 443–53.Google Scholar
Bartolucci, A, Casareale, C, Drury, J. Cooperative and competitive behaviour among passengers during the Costa Concordia disaster. Safety Sci 2021; 134: 105055.Google Scholar
Cocking, C. Crowd flight in response to police dispersal techniques: a momentary lapse of reason? J Invest Psychol Offender Profil 2013; 10: 219–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyre, A. The value of peer support groups following disaster: from Aberfan to Manchester. Bereave Care 2019; 38: 115–21.Google Scholar
Cabinet Office. National Risk Register 2020. HMSO, 2020.Google Scholar
Faul, M, Aikman, SN, Sasser, SM. Bystander intervention prior to the arrival of emergency medical services: comparing assistance across types of medical emergencies. Prehosp Emerg Care 2016; 20: 317–23.Google Scholar
Blair, JP, Martaindale, MH. United States Active Shooter Events From 2000 to 2010: Training and Equipment Implications. Texas State University, 2013.Google Scholar
Lemyre, L. Public Communication of CBRN Risk in Canada: Research, Training and Tools to Enable. Paper presented at the PIRATE Project Stakeholders Workshop. Health Protection Agency, 2010.Google Scholar
Drury, J, Carter, H, Cocking, C, Ntontis, E, Tekin Guven, S, Amlôt, R. Facilitating collective psychosocial resilience in the public in emergencies: twelve recommendations based on the social identity approach. Front Public Health 2019; 7: 141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerslake, RW. The Kerslake Report: An Independent Review into the Preparedness for, and Emergency Response to, the Manchester Arena Attack on 22nd May 2017. The Kerslake Arena Review, 2018 (www.kerslakearenareview.co.uk/media/1022/kerslake_arena_review_printed_final.pdf).Google Scholar
Hobfoll, S, Watson, P, Bell, C, Bryant, R, Brymer, M, Friedman, M, et al. Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: empirical evidence. Psychiatry 2007; 70: 283–315.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×