Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- 1 The importance of specific diagnosis in stroke patient management
- 2 Limitations of current brain imaging modalities in stroke
- 3 Clinical efficacy of CT in acute cerebral ischemia
- 4 Computerized tomographic-based evaluation of cerebral blood flow
- 5 Technical introduction to MRI
- 6 Clinical use of standard MRI
- 7 MR angiography of the head and neck: basic principles and clinical applications
- 8 Stroke MRI in intracranial hemorrhage
- 9 Using diffusion-perfusion MRI in animal models for drug development
- 10 Localization of stroke syndromes using diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI)
- 11 MRI in transient ischemic attacks: clinical utility and insights into pathophysiology
- 12 Perfusion-weighted MRI in stroke
- 13 Perfusion imaging with arterial spin labelling
- 14 Clinical role of echoplanar MRI in stroke
- 15 The ischemic penumbra: the evolution of a concept
- 16 New MR techniques to select patients for thrombolysis in acute stroke
- 17 MRI as a tool in stroke drug development
- 18 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in stroke
- 19 Functional MRI and stroke
- Index
- Plate Section
18 - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in stroke
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 August 2009
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- 1 The importance of specific diagnosis in stroke patient management
- 2 Limitations of current brain imaging modalities in stroke
- 3 Clinical efficacy of CT in acute cerebral ischemia
- 4 Computerized tomographic-based evaluation of cerebral blood flow
- 5 Technical introduction to MRI
- 6 Clinical use of standard MRI
- 7 MR angiography of the head and neck: basic principles and clinical applications
- 8 Stroke MRI in intracranial hemorrhage
- 9 Using diffusion-perfusion MRI in animal models for drug development
- 10 Localization of stroke syndromes using diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI)
- 11 MRI in transient ischemic attacks: clinical utility and insights into pathophysiology
- 12 Perfusion-weighted MRI in stroke
- 13 Perfusion imaging with arterial spin labelling
- 14 Clinical role of echoplanar MRI in stroke
- 15 The ischemic penumbra: the evolution of a concept
- 16 New MR techniques to select patients for thrombolysis in acute stroke
- 17 MRI as a tool in stroke drug development
- 18 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in stroke
- 19 Functional MRI and stroke
- Index
- Plate Section
Summary
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive method that allows the in vivo investigation of biochemical changes in both animals and humans. The application of MRS to the study of stroke has made possible dynamic studies of intracellular metabolism in cerebral ischemia. The concentration of cerebral metabolites in the brain is very low (2-20 mM) compared to that of water (41.7 M of water or 83.4 M of protons). The evoked nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal from the metabolite is therefore very much smaller than the signal from water used to generate an anatomical display in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hence, the minimum voxel size required for MRS is larger and data acquisition times are longer than in MRI. MRS is more sensitive to local magnetic field inhomogeneities leading to difficulties in the quantitation of peak areas. MRS has therefore been limited to use as a research tool, until the last few years. Despite the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio of spectroscopy, improvements in magnet and gradient design, and the wider availability of magnets at higher field strength (1.5T), now enable good quality brain [1H]-MRS spectra to be recorded on most modern clinical instruments.
The original spectroscopy work in animals and humans was carried out using phosphorus [31P] MRS. However, not all metabolites contain phosphorus, and the MR application of this nucleus has been restricted to the study of energy and lipid metabolism.
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- Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Stroke , pp. 233 - 250Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2003