Book contents
- The Living Planet
- The Living Planet
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- One Introduction and the Evolution of Life on Earth
- Two Flowering Plants
- Three Bryophytes and Pteridophytes: Spore-Bearing Land Plants
- Four Terrestrial Mammals
- Five Marine Mammals: Exploited for Millennia, But Still Holding On
- Six How Birds Reveal the Scale of the Biodiversity Crisis
- Seven Reptiles
- Eight Amphibians
- Nine Freshwater Fishes: Threatened Species and Threatened Waters on a Global Scale
- Ten The Amazing Yet Threatened World of Marine Fishes
- Eleven Insects
- Twelve Marine Invertebrates
- Thirteen Non-Insect Terrestrial Arthropods
- Fourteen Terrestrial Invertebrates Other Than Arthropods and Molluscs
- Fifteen Non-Marine Molluscs
- Sixteen An Account of the Diversity and Conservation of Fungi and Their Close Relatives
- Seventeen Simple Life Forms
- Eighteen Assessing Species Conservation Status: The IUCN Red List and Green Status of Species
- Nineteen Problems with the World’s Ecosystems: The Future and Attempts to Mitigate Decline
- Twenty Conservation Methods and Successes
- Twenty One What Does the Future Hold for Our Planet and its Wildlife?
- Species Index
- Subject Index
- References
Sixteen - An Account of the Diversity and Conservation of Fungi and Their Close Relatives
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 April 2023
Edited by
Book contents
- The Living Planet
- The Living Planet
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- One Introduction and the Evolution of Life on Earth
- Two Flowering Plants
- Three Bryophytes and Pteridophytes: Spore-Bearing Land Plants
- Four Terrestrial Mammals
- Five Marine Mammals: Exploited for Millennia, But Still Holding On
- Six How Birds Reveal the Scale of the Biodiversity Crisis
- Seven Reptiles
- Eight Amphibians
- Nine Freshwater Fishes: Threatened Species and Threatened Waters on a Global Scale
- Ten The Amazing Yet Threatened World of Marine Fishes
- Eleven Insects
- Twelve Marine Invertebrates
- Thirteen Non-Insect Terrestrial Arthropods
- Fourteen Terrestrial Invertebrates Other Than Arthropods and Molluscs
- Fifteen Non-Marine Molluscs
- Sixteen An Account of the Diversity and Conservation of Fungi and Their Close Relatives
- Seventeen Simple Life Forms
- Eighteen Assessing Species Conservation Status: The IUCN Red List and Green Status of Species
- Nineteen Problems with the World’s Ecosystems: The Future and Attempts to Mitigate Decline
- Twenty Conservation Methods and Successes
- Twenty One What Does the Future Hold for Our Planet and its Wildlife?
- Species Index
- Subject Index
- References
Summary
Neither animals nor plants, the organisms traditionally treated as fungi are distributed across three kingdoms: Fungi, Chromista and Protista. These organisms are critical for society both through direct impacts on human health and the economy and through their intimate involvement in most essential environmental processes. Yet, less than 5% of the estimated 2–4 million species of true fungi have been described, data on species abundances and distributions are fragmentary at best, even for lichens, mushrooms and other macrofungi, and information on their life history and ecology remains woefully incomplete. Fungi are not immune to the stressors that threaten animals and plants, these include habitat loss, overharvesting and climate change. However, the paucity of data on the diversity, distribution and population status of most fungal species has severely limited efforts to assess the extinction risk of fungi. This dearth of data, coupled with perceptions by the conservation community that fungi are not amenable to conservation assessments due to their biology has hindered the development of fungal conservation. This perception is changing, and progress in assessing the conservation status of fungi has been made over the past 5 years, but much work remains. The July 2022 update of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species includes only 597 of the nearly 150,000 described species of fungi, and these are restricted to only two of the 12 phyla of fungi, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Living PlanetThe State of the World's Wildlife, pp. 311 - 326Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023
References
Aime, M.C., Toome, M. and McLaughlin, D. (2014) The Pucciniomycotina. In: McLaughlin, D. and Spatafora, J.W. (Eds.), The Mycota VII Part A: Systematics and Evolution, Second Edn. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, A.M., Canteiro, C., Dahlberg, A., et al. (2018) Conservation of fungi. In: Willis, K. J. (Ed.), State of the World’s Fungi. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.Google Scholar
Allen, J., Lendemer, J. and McMullin, T. (2022) Cetradonia linearis. In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T70386009A70386019. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T70386009A70386019.en (accessed October 2022).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrew, C., Diez, J., James, T. Y. and Kauserud, H. (2018) Fungarium specimens: a largely untapped source in global change biology and beyond. Phil Trans Royal Soc B 374: 1–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Begerow, D., Schäfer, A.M., Kellner, R., et al. (2014) 11 Ustilaginomycotina. In: McLaughlin, D. and Spatafora, J. (Eds.), Systematics and Evolution: The Mycota (A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research). Vol. 7A. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.Google Scholar
Blackwell, M. (2011). The fungi: 1, 2, 3… 5.1 million species? Am J Bot 98(3): 426–438.Google Scholar
Blackwell, M., Hibbett, D.S., Taylor, J.W. and Spatafora, J.W. (2006) Research Coordination Networks: a phylogeny for kingdom Fungi (Deep Hypha), Mycologia, 98(6): 829–837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branco, S. (2019) Fungal diversity from communities to genes. Fungal Biol Rev 33(3–4): 225–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D. and Sharnoff, S. (2001) Lichens of North America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Chaudhary, V.B., Cuenca, G. and Johnson, N.C. (2018) Tropical-temperate comparison of landscape-scale arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species distributions. Divers Distrib 24(1): 116–128.Google Scholar
Dahlberg, A. (2015) Sarcosoma globosum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T58515314A58515381. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T58515314A58515381.en (accessed October 2022).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlberg, A. Genney, D.R. and Heilmann-Clausen, J. (2010) Developing a comprehensive strategy for fungal conservation in Europe: current status and future needs. Fungal Ecol 3: 50–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlberg, A. and Mueller, G.M. (2011) Applying IUCN Red Listing Criteria for assessing and reporting on the conservation status of fungal species. Fungal Ecol 4: 147–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geml, J., Gravendeel, B., van der Gaag, K.J., et al. (2014) The contribution of DNA metabarcoding to fungal conservation: diversity assessment, habitat partitioning and mapping Red-Listed fungi in protected coastal Salix repens communities in the Netherlands. PLoS One 9(6): e99852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimm, M., Grube, M., Schiefelbein, U., et al. (2021) The lichens microbiota, still a mystery?, Front Microbiol 12: 623839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawksworth, D.L. (1991) The fungal dimension of biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and conservation. Mycol Res 95: 641–655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawksworth, D.L. and Lücking, R. (2017) Fungal diversity revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 million species. Microbiol Spectr. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0052-2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heilmann-Clausen, J., Barron, E.S., Boddy, L., et al. (2015) A fungal perspective on conservation biology. Conserv Biol 29(1): 61–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hibbett, D.S., Binder, M., Bischoff, J.F., et al. (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycol Res 111: 509–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hibbett, D.S., Blackwell, M., James, T.Y., et al. (2018) Phylogenetic taxon definitions for Fungi, Dikarya, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. IMA Fungus 9(2): 291–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hochkirch, A., Samways, M.J., Gerlach, J., et al. (2020) A strategy for the next decade to address data deficiency in neglected biodiversity. Conserv Biol 35(2): 502–509.Google Scholar
Hofstetter, V., Buyck, B., Eyssartier, G., et al. (2019) The unbearable lightness of sequenced-based identification. Fungal Divers 96: 243–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IUCN. (2022) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-1. Gland, Switzerland; Cambridge, UK: IUCN.Google Scholar
James, T.Y., Stajich, J.E., Hittinger, C.T. and Rokas, A. (2020) Toward a fully resolved fungal tree of life. Ann Rev Microbiol 20(74): 291–313.Google Scholar
Karwehl, S. and Stadler, M. (2016) Exploitation of fungal biodiversity for discovery of novel antibiotics. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 398: 303–338.Google ScholarPubMed
Kottke, I., Suárez, J.P., Herrera, P., et al. (2010) Atractiellomycetes belonging to the ‘rust’ lineage (Pucciniomycotina) form mycorrhizae with terrestrial and epiphytic neotropical orchids. Proc Royal Soc B 277: 1289–1298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrey, J. D., Lücking, R., Sipman, H.J.M., et al. (2009) High concentration of basidiolichens in a single family of agaricoid mushrooms (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae). Mycol Res 113(10): 1154–1171.Google Scholar
Legras, J.-L., Merdinoglu, D., Cornuet, J.-M. and Karst, F. (2007) Bread, beer and wine: Saccharomyces cerevisiae diversity reflects human history. Mol Ecol 16(10): 2091–2102.Google Scholar
Lévesque, C.A. (2011) Fifty years of oomycetes - from consolidation to evolutionary and genomic exploration. Fungal Divers 50: 35–46.Google Scholar
Li, Y., Steenwyk, J.L., Chang, Y., et al. (2021) A genome-scale phylogeny of the kingdom Fungi. Curr Biol 31(8): 1653–1665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lughadha, E.N., Bachman, S.P., Leão, T., et al. (2020) Extinction risk and threats to plants and fungi. Plants People Planet 2: 389–408.Google Scholar
Matheny, P. B., Curtis, J.M., Hofstetter, V., et al. (2006) Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview. Mycologia 98: 982–995.Google Scholar
May, T., Cooper, J., Dahlberg, A., et al. (2019) Recognition of the discipline of conservation Mycology. Conserv Biol 33(3): 733–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McMullin, R.T. and Allen, J.L. (2022) An assessment of data accuracy and best practice recommendations for observations of lichens and other difficult to identify taxa on iNaturalist. Botany 100: 491–497.Google Scholar
Miller, A.N. and Bates, S.T. (2017) The mycology collections portal (MyCoPortal). IMA Fungus 8(2): 65–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D., Nauta, M.M., Evans, S.E. and Rotheroe, M. (2001) Fungal conservation issues: recognizing the problem, finding solutions. In: Moore, D., Nauta, M.M., Evans, S.E. and Rotheroe, M. (Eds.), Fungal Conservation: Issues and Solutions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moya, P., Molins, A., Martínez-Alberola, F., Muggia, L. and Barreno, E. (2017) Unexpected associated microalgal diversity in the lichen Ramalina farinacea is uncovered by pyrosequencing analyses. PloS One 12(4): e0175091.Google Scholar
Mueller, G.M., Dahlberg, A. and Krikorev, M. (2014) Bringing fungi into the conservation conversation: the Global Fungal Red List Initiative. Fungal Conserv 4: 12–16.Google Scholar
Mueller, G.M., Cunha, K.M., May, T.W., et al. (2022) What do the first 597 global fungal Red List assessments tell us about the threat status of fungi? Diversity 14(9): 736.Google Scholar
Nimis, P.L., Scheidegger, C. and Wolseley, P.A. (2002) Monitoring with Lichens: Monitoring Lichens. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peay, K.G., Kennedy, P.G. and Talbot, J.M. (2016 ) Dimensions of biodiversity in the Earth mycobiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 14(7): 434-447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritter, C.D., Dunthorn, M., Anslan, S., et al. (2020) Advancing biodiversity assessments with environmental DNA: long-read technologies help reveal the drivers of Amazonian fungal diversity. Ecol Evol 10(14): 7509–7524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheele, B.C., Pasmans, F., Skerratt, L.F., et al. (2019) Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity. Science 363(6434): 1459–1463.Google Scholar
Schmit, J.P. and Mueller, G.M. (2007) An estimate of the lower limit of global fungal diversity. Biodivers Conserv 16: 99–111.Google Scholar
Stürmer, S.L., Bever, J.D. and Morton, J.B. (2018) Biogeography of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota): a phylogenetic perspective on species distribution patterns. Mycorrhiza 28(7): 587–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tedersoo, L., Bahram, M., Põlme, S., et al. (2014) Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science 346(6213): 1256688.Google Scholar
Tedersoo, L., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Kõljalg, U., et al. (2018) High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Divers 90(1): 135–159.Google Scholar
Turrini, A. and Giovannetti, M. (2012) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in national parks, nature reserves and protected areas worldwide: a strategic perspective for their in situ conservation. Mycorrhiza 22(2): 81–97.Google Scholar
Vincenot, L. and Selosse, M.-A. (2017) Population biology and ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Ecol Stud 230: 39–59.Google Scholar
Wijayawardene, N.N., Pawłowska, J., Letcher, P.M. et al. (2018) Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota). Fungal Diver 92: 43–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yahr, R, Schoch, C.L. and Dentinger, B.T.M. (2016) Scaling up discovery of hidden diversity in fungi: impacts of barcoding approaches. Phil Trans Royal Soc B 371: 20150336.Google Scholar
Yang, Z.-L. (2020) Ophiocordyceps sinensis (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T58514773A179197748. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58514773A179197748.en (accessed October 2022).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yildirir, G., Malar, C.M. Kokkoris, V. and Corradi, N. (2020) Parasexual and sexual reproduction in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: room for both. Trends Microbiol 28(7): 517–519.Google Scholar