Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T23:07:15.488Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Membrane-Based Environmental Cells for SEM in Liquids

from Part I - Technique

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2016

By
Andrei Kolmakov
Edited by
Frances M. Ross
Frances M. Ross
Affiliation:
IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, New York
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy , pp. 78 - 105
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Danilatos, G. D., Review and outline of environmental SEM at present. J. Microsc. Oxford, 162 (1991), 391–402.Google Scholar
Bogner, A., Thollet, G., Basset, D., Jouneau, P.-H. and Gauthier, C., Wet STEM: a new development in environmental SEM for imaging nano-objects included in a liquid phase. Ultramicroscopy, 104 (2005), 290–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrams, I. and McBain, J., A closed cell for electron microscopy. J. Appl. Phys., 1 (1944), 607–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiberge, S., Zik, O. and Moses, E., An apparatus for imaging liquids, cells, and other wet samples in the scanning electron microscope. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 75 (2004), 2280–2289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suga, M, Nishiyama, H., Konyuba, Y. et al., The atmospheric scanning electron microscope with open sample space observes dynamic phenomena in liquid or gas. Ultramicroscopy, 111 (2011), 1650–1658.Google Scholar
Vidavsky, N., Addadi, S., Mahamid, J. et al., Initial stages of calcium uptake and mineral deposition in sea urchin embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111 (2014), 39–44.Google Scholar
Ominami, Y., Kawanishi, S., Ushiki, T. and Ito, S., A novel approach to scanning electron microscopy at ambient atmospheric pressure. Microscopy, 64 (2015), 97–104.Google Scholar
Jensen, E., Burrows, A. and Mølhave, K., Monolithic chip system with a microfluidic channel for in situ electron microscopy of liquids. Microsc. Microanal., 20 (2014), 445–451.Google Scholar
Demers, H., Poirier-Demers, N., Réal, A. et al., Three-dimensional electron microscopy simulation with the CASINO Monte Carlo software. Scanning, 33 (2011), 135–146.Google Scholar
Kanaya, K. and Okayama, S., Penetration and energy-loss theory of electrons in solid targets. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 5 (1972), 43–58.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J., Newbury, D. E., Joy, D. C. et al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis (New York: Springer, 2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liv, N., Lazić, I., Kruit, P. and Hoogenboom, J. P., Scanning electron microscopy of individual nanoparticle bio-markers in liquid. Ultramicroscopy, 143 (2014), 93–99.Google Scholar
Behar, V., Nechushtan, A., Kliger, Y. et al., Methods for SEM inspection of fluid containing samples. US Patent 7230242 B2 (2007).Google Scholar
Fischer, D. A., Alsem, D. H., Simon, B., Prozorov, T. and Salmon, N., Development of an integrated platform for cross-correlative imaging of biological specimens in liquid using light and electron microscopies. Microsc. Microanal., 19 (2013), 476–477.Google Scholar
Thiberge, S., Nechushtan, A., Sprinzak, D. et al., Scanning electron microscopy of cells and tissues under fully hydrated conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101 (2004), 3346–3351.Google Scholar
Venkiteela, G. and Sun, Z. H., In situ observation of cement particle growth during setting. Cement Concrete Comp., 32 (2010), 211–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiede, K., Tear, S. P., David, H. and Boxall, A. B. A., Imaging of engineered nanoparticles and their aggregates under fully liquid conditions in environmental matrices. Water Res., 43 (2009), 3335–3343.Google Scholar
Lorenz, C., Tiede, K., Tear, S. et al., Imaging and characterization of engineered nanoparticles in sunscreens by electron microscopy, under wet and dry conditions. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health, 16 (2010), 406–428.Google Scholar
Joy, D. C. and Joy, C. S., Scanning electron microscope imaging in liquids: some data on electron interactions in water. J. Microsc. Oxford, 221 (2006), 84–88.Google Scholar
Dyab, A. K. F. and Paunov, V. N., Particle stabilised emulsions studied by WETSEM technique. Soft Matter, 6 (2010), 2613–2615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, O., Beery, R., Levit, S. et al., Scanning electron microscopy of thyroid cells under fully hydrated conditions – A novel technique for a seasoned procedure: a brief observation. Thyroid, 16 (2006), 997–1001.Google Scholar
Kolmakova, N. and Kolmakov, A., Scanning electron microscopy for in situ monitoring of semiconductor–liquid interfacial processes: electron assisted reduction of Ag ions from aqueous solution on the surface of TiO2 rutile nanowire. J. Phys. Chem. C, 114 (2010), 17233–17237.Google Scholar
Wei, C., Lin, W. Y., Zainal, Z. et al., Bactericidal activity of TiO2 photocatalyst in aqueous media: toward a solar-assisted water disinfection system. Environ. Sci. Technol., 28 (1994), 934–938.Google Scholar
Giocondi, J. L. and Rohrer, G. S., The influence of the dipolar field effect on the photochemical reactivity of Sr2Nb2O7 and BaTiO3 microcrystals. Top. Catal., 49 (2008), 18–23.Google Scholar
Herrmann, J. M., Heterogeneous photocatalysis: fundamentals and applications to the removal of various types of aqueous pollutants. Catal. Today, 53 (1999), 115–129.Google Scholar
Geisler-Lee, J., Wang, Q., Yao, Y. et al., Phytotoxicity, accumulation and transport of silver nanoparticles by Arabidopsis thaliana. Nanotoxicology, 7 (2012), 323–337.Google Scholar
Schneider, N. M., Norton, M. M., Mendel, B. J. et al., Electron–water interactions and implications for liquid cell electron microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C, 118 (2014), 22373–22382.Google Scholar
Donev, E. U. and Hastings, J. T., Electron-beam-induced deposition of platinum from a liquid precursor. Nano Lett., 9 (2009), 2715–2718.Google Scholar
Al-Asadi, A. S., Zhang, J., Li, J., Potyrailo, R. A. and Kolmakov, A., Design and application of variable temperature setup for scanning electron microscopy in gases and liquids at ambient conditions. Microsc. Microanal., 21 (2015), 765–770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monat, C., Domachuk, P. and Eggleton, B., Integrated optofluidics: a new river of light. Nat. Photonics, 1 (2007), 106–114.Google Scholar
Erickson, D., Sinton, D. and Psaltis, D., Optofluidics for energy applications. Nat. Photonics, 5 (2011), 583–590.Google Scholar
Potyrailo, R. A., Starkey, T. A., Vukusicb, P. et al., Discovery of the surface polarity gradient on iridescent Morpho butterfly scales reveals a mechanism of their selective vapor response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110 (2013), 15567–15572.Google Scholar
Unocic, R. R., Sun, X. G., Sacci, R. L. et al., Direct visualization of solid electrolyte interphase formation in lithium-ion batteries with in situ electrochemical transmission electron microscopy. Microsc. Microanal., 20 (2014), 1029–1037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, K., Anderson, I and De Jonge, N., Transmission electron microscopy with a liquid flow cell. J. Microsc., 242 (2011), 117–123.Google Scholar
Mølhave, K., Kallesøe, C., Wen, C. Y. et al., Microfabricated systems for electron microscopy of nanoscale processes: in-situ TEM creation of Si nanowire devices and in-situ SEM electrochemistry. Microsc. Microanal., 16 (2010), 322–323.Google Scholar
Cothren, J. E., Development of techniques and instrumentation for in situ imaging and spectroscopy of working nanodevices using ultrathin membrane based environmental cells. M.Sc. Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (2011).Google Scholar
Liu, Y., Scanning electron microscopy to probe working nanowire gas sensors. M.Sc. Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (2013).Google Scholar
Ueda, S., Kobayashi, Y., Koizumi, S. and Tsutsumi, Y., In situ observation of water in a fuel cell catalyst using scanning electron microscopy. Microscopy, 64 (2015), 87–96.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. C., Geim, A. K., Katsnelson, M. et al., The structure of suspended graphene sheets. Nature, 446 (2007), 60–63.Google Scholar
Wilson, N. R., Pandey, P. A., Beanland, R. et al., Graphene oxide: structural analysis and application as a highly transparent support for electron microscopy. ACS Nano, 3 (2009), 2547–2556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J. W. and Hone, J., Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science, 321 (2008), 385–388.Google Scholar
Kraus, J., Reichelt, R., Günther, S. et al., Photoelectron spectroscopy of wet and gaseous samples through graphene membranes. Nanoscale, 6 (2014), 14394–14403.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. C., Eder, F., Kurasch, S. et al., Accurate measurement of electron beam induced displacement cross sections for single-layer graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett., 108 (2012), 196102.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. C., Girit, C. O., Crommie, M. and Zettl, A., Imaging and dynamics of light atoms and molecules on graphene. Nature, 454 (2008), 319–322.Google Scholar
Pantelic, R. S., Meyer, J. C., Kaiser, U. and Stahlberg, H., The application of graphene as a sample support in transmission electron microscopy. Solid State Commun., 152 (2012), 1375–1382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, L., Mikmeková, E., Müllerová, I. and Lejeune, M., Counting graphene layers with very slow electrons. Appl. Phys. Lett., 106 (2015), 013117.Google Scholar
Mutus, J., Livadaru, L., Robinson, J. T. et al., Low-energy electron point projection microscopy of suspended graphene, the ultimate ‘microscope slide’. New J. Phys., 13 (2011), 063011.Google Scholar
Longchamp, J.-N., Escher, C., Latychevskaia, T. and Fink, H.-W., Low-energy electron holographic imaging of gold nanorods supported by ultraclean graphene. Ultramicroscopy, 145 (2014), 80–84.Google Scholar
Jablonski, A. and Powell, C., Practical expressions for the mean escape depth, the information depth, and the effective attenuation length in Auger-electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 27 (2009), 253–261.Google Scholar
Kolmakov, A., Dikin, D. A., Cote, L. J. et al., Graphene oxide windows for in situ environmental cell photoelectron spectroscopy. Nat. Nanotechnol., 6 (2011), 651–657.Google Scholar
Xu, M., Fujita, D., Gao, J. and Hanagata, N., Auger electron spectroscopy: a rational method for determining thickness of graphene films. ACS Nano, 4 (2010), 2937–2945.Google Scholar
Kochat, V., Pal, A. N., Sneha, E. S. et al., High contrast imaging and thickness determination of graphene with in-column secondary electron microscopy. J. Appl. Phys., 110 (2011), 014315.Google Scholar
Krueger, M., Berg, S., Stone, D. et al., Drop-casted self-assembling graphene oxide membranes for scanning electron microscopy on wet and dense gaseous samples. ACS Nano, 5 (2011), 10047–10054.Google Scholar
Park, S. and Ruoff, R. S., Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nat. Nanotechnol., 4 (2009), 217–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, D., Müller, M. B., Gilje, S., Kaner, R. B. and Wallace, G. G., Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol., 3 (2008), 101–105.Google Scholar
Cote, L. J., Kim, J., Tung, V. C. et al., Graphene oxide as surfactant sheets. Pure Appl. Chem., 83 (2010), 95–110.Google Scholar
Dikin, D. A., Stankovich, S., Zimney, E. J. et al., Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper. Nature, 448 (2007), 457–460.Google Scholar
Park, S., Lee, K.-S., Bozoklu, G. et al., Graphene oxide papers modified by divalent ions: enhancing mechanical properties via chemical cross-linking. ACS Nano, 2 (2008), 572–578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nair, R., Wu, H., Jayaram, P., Grigorieva, I. and Geim, A., Unimpeded permeation of water through helium-leak–tight graphene-based membranes. Science, 335 (2012), 442–444.Google Scholar
Bunch, J. S., Verbridge, S. S., Alden, J. S. et al., Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets. Nano Lett., 8 (2008), 2458–2462.Google Scholar
Xu, M., Liang, T., Shi, M. and Chen, H., Graphene-like two-dimensional materials. Chemical Rev., 113 (2013), 3766–3798.Google Scholar
Büttner, M. and Oelhafen, P., XPS study on the evaporation of gold submonolayers on carbon surfaces. Surf. Sci., 600 (2006), 1170–1177.Google Scholar
Lin, Y.-C., Lu, C. C., Yeh, C. H. et al., Graphene annealing: how clean can it be? Nano Lett., 12 (2011), 414–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suk, J. W., Kitt, A., Magnuson, C. W. et al., Transfer of CVD-grown monolayer graphene onto arbitrary substrates. ACS Nano, 5 (2011), 6916–6924.Google Scholar
Balandin, A. A., Ghosh, S., Bao, W. et al., Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett., 8 (2008), 902–907.Google Scholar
Cote, L. J., Cruz-Silva, R. and Huang, J., Flash reduction and patterning of graphite oxide and its polymer composite. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131 (2009), 11027–11032.Google Scholar
Gilje, S., Farrar, J., Dubin, S. et al., Photothermal deoxygenation of graphene oxide for patterning and distributed ignition applications. Adv. Mater., 22 (2010), 419–423.Google Scholar
Kumar, P., Subrahmanyam, K. and Rao, C., Graphene patterning and lithography employing laser/electron-beam reduced graphene oxide and hydrogenated graphene. Mater. Express, 1 (2011), 252–256.Google Scholar
Liu, G., Teweldebrhan, D. and Balandin, A. A., Tuning of graphene properties via controlled exposure to electron beams. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol., 10 (2011), 865–870.Google Scholar
Childres, I., Jauregui, L. A., Foxe, M. et al., Effect of electron-beam irradiation on graphene field effect devices. Appl. Phys. Lett., 97 (2010), 173109.Google Scholar
Tao, L., Qiu, C., Yu, F. et al., Modification on single-layer graphene induced by low-energy electron-beam irradiation. J. Phys. Chem. C, 117 (2013), 10079–10085.Google Scholar
Feng, X., Maier, S. and Salmeron, M., Water splits epitaxial graphene and intercalates. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134 (2012), 5662–5668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baraket, M., Walton, S. G., We, Z. et al., Reduction of graphene oxide by electron beam generated plasmas produced in methane/argon mixtures. Carbon, 48 (2010), 3382–3390.Google Scholar
Royall, C., Thiel, B. and Donald, A., Radiation damage of water in environmental scanning electron microscopy. J. Microsc., 204 (2001), 185–195.Google Scholar
Stoll, J. D. and Kolmakov, A., Electron transparent graphene windows for environmental scanning electron microscopy in liquids and dense gases. Nanotechnology, 23 (2012), 505704–505711.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×