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2 - HIV and the evolution of infectious diseases

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 January 2010

By
Janis F. Hutchinson
Edited by
George Ellison ,
Melissa Parker  and
Catherine Campbell
Janis F. Hutchinson
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
George Ellison
Affiliation:
South Bank University, London
Melissa Parker
Affiliation:
Brunel University
Catherine Campbell
Affiliation:
London School of Economics and Political Science
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Summary

Introduction

In 1962, Sir McFarland Burnet contended that infectious diseases would be eliminated as a significant factor in the social life of the twentieth century (Burnet and White, 1962). Many health experts in the 1970s made similar statements when smallpox was eradicated from the world (Nicastri et al., 2001). Indeed the achievement of the twentieth century was the control of numerous infectious diseases through vaccination. For instance, in the 1950s we witnessed the development of a vaccine against poliomyelitis. Consequently, by the 1990s, indigenous poliomyelitis was eradicated from the Americas (Ada, 2000; Apostolopoulos and Plebanski, 2000). Death rates from infectious diseases declined during both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries because of better public health and sanitation, and through advances in medical treatments and prophylaxis (Nicastri et al., 2001).

In the 1990s, however, it was clear that infectious diseases were still a problem. For instance, tuberculosis remained the major killer among infectious disease worldwide and this has been worsened by HIV (Kaufmann, 2000; Andersen, 2001). Also, with the HIV pandemic there is increasing prevalence of multi-drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Fine, 1989).

With increased prevalence of old diseases and the emergence of new ones, international organizations renewed their focus on infectious diseases. The Institute of Medicine defined emerging infectious diseases as ‘clinically recognized characteristics that appeared within the past two decades or may appear in the near future with increased incidence regionally or worldwide’ (CDC, 1994; 1998; WHO, 1994; Wilson et al., 1994; Stephens et al., 1998).

Type
Chapter
Information
Learning from HIV and AIDS , pp. 32 - 58
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2003

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To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

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