Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T06:23:42.046Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Seeking Truthful Names

The External Implications of China’s Internal Ideology and Organisation

from Part II - Ideology and the Party in Law and Organisation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2020

By
Margaret K. Lewis
Edited by
Rogier J. E. H. Creemers  and
Susan Trevaskes
Rogier J. E. H. Creemers
Affiliation:
Universiteit Leiden
Susan Trevaskes
Affiliation:
Griffith University, Queensland
Get access

Summary

This chapter looks at the Chinese Communist Party’s ‘new-type political-party system’ announced in 2018 and at related attempts by the Party-state to export its governance ethos in international contexts. The People’s Republic of China leadership’s assertion is that there is a China model of governance that is not just an alternative, but actually superior, to a structure based on separation of powers. Since its projection of its governance strengths are nowadays propagated across the globe, the words that the Party-state uses to describe its structure of governance matter both domestically and internationally, as it reaches beyond borders with money, surveillance technology and military hardware, and into international organisations. Within this context, Lewis cautions against validating some of the discourse of the current Party approach to governance in international arenas such as the UN Human Rights Council as an attractive alternative to traditional understandings of government based on a separation of powers.

Keywords

Chinese Communist Party (CCP or Party)Xi Jinpingnew-type political-party systemgovernanceinternational law
Type
Chapter
Information
Law and the Party in China
Ideology and Organisation
 , pp. 151 - 186
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahl, B. 2019. Judicialization in authoritarian regimes: the expansion of powers of the Chinese Supreme People’s Court. International Journal of Constitutional Law 17(1), 252–77.Google Scholar
Ahmed, S. 2019. The messy truth about social credit. ChinaFile, 22 April. Available from: www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/messy-truth-about-social-credit.Google Scholar
Alston, P. 2015. U.N. Secretary-General, Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, U.N. Doc. A/70/274, 4 August.Google Scholar
Alston, P. 2017. Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights on his mission to China. A/HRC/35/26/Add.2, 28 March.Google Scholar
Arup. First subsea tunnel in mainland China. Last visited September 2019. Available from: www.arup.com/projects/xiamen-xiangan-tunnel.Google Scholar
Bandurski, D. 2010. Three Supremes 三个至上. China Media Project, 12 November. Available from: http://chinamediaproject.org/2010/11/12/three-supremes-%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8A/.Google Scholar
Batke, J. 2019a. Where did the one million figure for detentions in Xinjiang’s camps come from? ChinaFile, 8 January. Available from: https://perma.cc/6E35-A92W.Google Scholar
Batke, J. 2019b. Two years of the Foreign NGO Law: how did 2018’s registrations and filings stack up against 2017’s? ChinaFile, 3 January. Available from: https://perma.cc/WK22-RHBK.Google Scholar
Beech, H. Rex Tillerson’s deferential visit to China. New Yorker, 21 March. Available from: www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/rex-tillersons-deferential-visit-to-china.Google Scholar
Beijing Daily. 2018. Zai guoji bijiaozhong lijie he jianchi xinxing zheng dang zhidu (Uphholding and understanding the new-style political-party system in the context of international comparison). Beijing ribao (Beijing Daily), 11 July. Available from: www.globalview.cn/html/zhongguo/info_25678.html.Google Scholar
Bell, D. 2015. The China Model: Political Meritocracy and the Limits of Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Buckley, C. 2018. Chinese legal maverick, facing political gales, bides his time. New York Times, 18 May. Available from: www.nytimes.com/2018/05/18/world/asia/china-rights-he-weifang.html.Google Scholar
CGTN. 2018. Xi’s concept of ‘community of shared future for mankind’ endorsed at BRICS governance seminar, 8 July. Available from: https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d414e3563544e78457a6333566d54/index.html.Google Scholar
CGTN. 2017. Hungarian version of President Xi’s book on governance launched, 25 April. Available from: https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d416a4d78597a4d/index.html.Google Scholar
Chen, Weitseng, ed. 2017. The Beijing Consensus? How China Has Changed Western Ideas of Law and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
China Daily. 2017. Concept of common destiny embraced. China Daily, 20 February. Available from: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2017-02/20/content_28266917.htm.Google Scholar
China Daily. 2018a. Speech delivered by President Xi at the NPC closing meeting. China Daily, 22 March. Available from: www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2018-03/22/content_35894512.htm.Google Scholar
China Daily. 2018b. Xinxing zheng dang zhidu xin zai nar? Xi Jinping zong shuji zenme shuo (What is new about the new-style political-party system? General Secretary Xi Jinping explains). Zhongguo ribaowang (China Daily online), 6 March. Available from: http://language.chinadaily.com.cn/2018npc/2018-03/06/content_35794078.htm.Google Scholar
China Digital Times. 2018. FCCC: Foreign reporting conditions declined in 2017, 31 January. Available from: https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/01/fccc-foreign-reporting-conditions-declined-2017/.Google Scholar
China Media Project. 2018. Qian Gang, signals from Xi’s speech on ideology. China Media Project, 23 August. Available from: http://chinamediaproject.org/2018/08/23/signals-from-xis-speech-on-ideology/.Google Scholar
ChinaFile. 2013. Document nine: a ChinaFile translation. ChinaFile, 8 November. Available from: www.chinafile.com/document-9-chinafile-translation.Google Scholar
ChinaFile. 2015. Is there a China model? ChinaFile, 16 October. Available from: www.chinafile.com/conversation/there-china-model.Google Scholar
ChinaFile. 2018. The China NGO Project, will 2018 be the year of a silent foreign NGO exodus? ChinaFile, 23 May. Available from: www.chinafile.com/ngo/latest/will-2018-be-year-of-silent-foreign-ngo-exodus.Google Scholar
ChinaFile. 2019. What does the punishment of a prominent intellectual mean for intellectual freedom in China? ChinaFile, 28 March. Available from: https://perma.cc/T8FR-5MLQ.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. 2003. China’s legal system and the WTO: prospects for compliance, Washington University Global Studies Law Review 2(1), 97–118.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. 2018. Jiang Shigong on Xi Jinping and socialist with Chinese characteristics: an empty vessel. The China Collection, 28 May. Available from: http://thechinacollection.org/jiang-shigong-xi-jinping-socialism-chinese-characteristics-empty-vessel/.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. 2015. The insecurity underpinning Xi Jinping’s repression. Washington Post, 23 September. Available from: https://perma.cc/MSF4-M3B8.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. 2017. Hong Kong in 1963–1964: adventures of a budding China watcher. Hong Kong Law Journal 47(1), 291–310.Google Scholar
CRI.CN. 2018. Lianghui – gaige xin zhengcheng: xinxing zheng dang zhidu wei shijie zheng dang zhengzhi fazhan gongxian zhongguo zhidu (The two sessions: reform a new journey: the new-style political-party system is China’s contribution to the world for the development of political parties). Guoji zaixian (CRI News), 8 March. Available from: http://news.cri.cn/20180308/962b9850–3a41–45ac-57c0-a4afdaa2d9e4.html.Google Scholar
de Bary, T. and Bloom, I. 1999. Sources of Chinese Tradition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
deLisle, J. 2017. Law in the China model 2.0: legality, developmentalism and Leninism under Xi Jinping, Journal of Contemporary China 26(103), 68–84.Google Scholar
Deng, Xiaoping. 1979. 四项基本原则, 30 March.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. 2015. Facing up to the democratic recession. Journal of Democracy 26(1), 141–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dou, E., Page, J. and Chin, J. 2018. China’s Uighur camps swell as Beijing widens the dragnet. Wall Street Journal, 17 August. Available from: www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-uighur-camps-swell-as-beijing-widens-the-dragnet-1534534894.Google Scholar
Fairbank Center. 2018. How the CCP rules: China’s leaders of party and state, March. Available from: https://medium.com/fairbank-center/infographic-chinas-leaders-of-party-and-state-after-the-13th-npc-and-cppcc-92383d3a1fe5.Google Scholar
Fan, Mingzhi. 2018. Xi fang ‘sifa duli’ wei shenme zai zhongguo zou bu guo (Why western ‘judicial independence’ can’t work in China). Qiushi (Seeking Truth). 15 January. Available from: www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2018-01/15/c_1122241714.htm.Google Scholar
Fang, Kecheng. 2019, What is China’s propaganda machine saying about the Hong Kong protests? Washington Post (Monkey Cage), 19 August. Available from: https://beta.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/08/19/what-is-chinas-propaganda-machine-saying-about-hong-kong-protests/.Google Scholar
FCCC. 2019. Under watch: FCCC 2018 report on media freedoms in China. Available from: www.dropbox.com/s/h2h00yicr2eusyt/under%20watch.pdf?dl=0.Google Scholar
Feigenbaum, E. 2018. A Chinese puzzle: why economic ‘reform’ in Xi’s China has more meanings than market liberalization. Macropolo, 26 February. Available from: https://perma.cc/G3HG-ZWFF.Google Scholar
Forster, E. M. 1951. Two Cheers for Democracy. Edward Arnold & Co.Google Scholar
Forsythe, M. 2017. China’s chief justice rejects an independent judiciary, and reformers wince. New York Times, 18 January. Available from: www.nytimes.com/2017/01/18/world/asia/china-chief-justice-courts-zhou-qiang.html?_r=0.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2018. Democracy in crisis: freedom in the world 2018. Available from: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FITW_Report_2018_Final_SinglePage.pdf.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2019a. Freedom in the world 2019, China. Available from: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/china.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2019b. Democracy in retreat. Available from: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019.Google Scholar
Fu, Hualing. 2019. Duality and China’s struggle for legal autonomy. China Perspectives 2019(1). Available from: www.cefc.com.hk/issue/china-perspectives-20191/.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. 2016. Reflections on Chinese governance. Journal of Chinese Governance 1(3), 379–91.Google Scholar
Gan, N. 2018. Surprise choice for China’s anti-graft watchdog signals Communist Party’s authority over the state. South China Morning Post, 18 March. Available from: www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2137735/yang-xiaodu-surprise-choice-head-chinas-new-powerful.Google Scholar
Gao, Guosheng, and Xu, Feng. 2018. Xinxing zheng dang zhidu shi weida de zhengzhi chuangzao. (The new-style political-party system is a great political creation). Zhongguo gongchandang xinwen (CPCNews.Cn), 11 August. Available from: http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0811/c40531–30222967.html.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, T. and Simpser, A. (2013). Introduction. In Ginsburg, T. and Simpser, A., eds., Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–18.Google Scholar
Gittings, D. 2018. Separation of powers and deliberative democracy. In Levy, R. et al., eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Deliberative Constitutionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 113–24.Google Scholar
Greitens, S. C., and Truex, R. 2019. Repressive experiences among China scholars: new evidence from survey data. The China Quarterly, 1–27. doi: 10.1017/S0305741019000365. Details at: www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/repressive-experiences-among-china-scholars-new-evidence-from-survey-data/C1CB08324457ED90199C274CDC153127.Google Scholar
Guardian. 2018. China ‘ejects’ US journalist known for reporting on Xinjiang repression. The Guardian, 22 August. Available from: www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/22/china-ejects-us-journalist-known-for-reporting-on-xinjiang-repression.Google Scholar
He, Xingliang. 2018. Qihe zhonghua wenhua jingshen de xinxing zheng dang zhidu (A new-style political-party system that is compatible with the spirit of Chinese culture). Renmin Ribao (People’s Daily), 3 June. Available from: http://china.chinadaily.com.cn/2018-06/03/content_36318196.htm.Google Scholar
Hilton, I. 2018. When China rules the world. Prospect, 14 May. Available from: www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/when-china-rules-the-world.Google Scholar
Hinton, D. 2013. The Four Chinese Classics: Tao Te Ching, Analects, Chuang Tzu, Mencius. Berkeley: Counterpoint Press.Google Scholar
Ho, D. 2018. The double helix of Chinese history. Project Syndicate, 15 March. Available from: www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-xi-authoritarianism-and-reform-by-denise-y-ho-2018-03.Google Scholar
Huang, Yasheng. 2019. Trump has succeeded. Now lots of Chinese people are buying Huawei phones. New York Times, 9 August. Available from: https://perma.cc/V2D3-UCW2.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2017. The costs of international advocacy: China’s interference in United Nations human rights mechanisms, September. Available from: www.hrw.org/report/2017/09/05/costs-international-advocacy/chinas-interference-united-nations-human-rights.Google Scholar
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, S. Treaty Doc. No. 95-20, 6 I.L.M. 368 (1967) 999 U.N.T.S. 171.Google Scholar
Jiang, Hua, and Li, Xiaobin. 2012. Party secretaries in Chinese higher education institutions, who are they? Journal of International Education and Leadership 2(2), 1–13.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. and Kennedy, S. 2015. China’s un-separation of powers: the blurred lines of party and government. Foreign Affairs, 24 July. Available from: www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-07-24/chinas-un-separation-powers.Google Scholar
Johnson, C., Kennedy, S. and Qiu, M. 2017. Xi’s signature governance innovation: the rise of leading small groups. CSIS, 17 October. Available from: www.csis.org/analysis/xis-signature-governance-innovation-rise-leading-small-groups.Google Scholar
Johnson, I. 2019. China, where state pomp comes with real feeling. New York Times, 3 October. Available from: www.nytimes.com/2019/10/03/opinion/china-national-day-.html.Google Scholar
Kania, T. 2018. The right to speak: discourse and Chinese power. Center for Advanced China Research, 27 November. Available from: https://perma.cc/PTU2-E89N.Google Scholar
Kellogg, T. 2017. Arguing Chinese constitutionalism: the 2013 constitutional debate and the ‘urgency’ of political reform. University of Pennsylvania Asian Law Review 11, 337–407.Google Scholar
Kristof, N. 2013. Looking for a jump-start in China. New York Times, 5 January. Available from: www.nytimes.com/2013/01/06/opinion/sunday/kristof-looking-for-a-jump-start-in-china.html.Google Scholar
Kroncke, J. 2015. The Futility of Law and Development: China and the Dangers of Exporting American Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lam, W. 2013. Centralized power key to realizing Xi’s ‘China dream’. Jamestown China Brief, 28 March. Available from: https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/cb_03_25.pdf?x87069.Google Scholar
Law-Based Governance Committee. 2019. Guanyu jiaqiang zonghe zhili cong yuantou qieshi jiejue zhixing nan wenti de yijian (Opinions on strengthening comprehensive management to solve difficulties in implementation right from the source). Zuigao renmin fayuanwang (SPC online), 22 August. Available from: https://perma.cc/52EB-AB8S.Google Scholar
Lawrence, S. 2018. China’s communist party absorbs more of the state. Congressional Research Service, 23 March. Available from: https://perma.cc/HYH2-YK3F.Google Scholar
Lawrence, S. and Martin, M. 2013. Understanding China’s political system. Congressional Research Service, 20 March. Available from: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf.Google Scholar
Legal Daily. 2018. Zhongyang zhengfawei qidong zhanluexing quanjuxing yinlingxing de shi da wenti duice yanjiu (Central political-legal committee launches a strategic, comprehensive, leading ten-big-questions countermeasures study), 3 April. Available from: www.legaldaily.com.cn/index_article/content/2018-04/03/content_7513316.htm?node=5955.Google Scholar
Li, Ling. 2016. The rise of the discipline and inspection commission, 1927–2012: anticorruption investigation and decision-making in the Chinese Communist Party. Modern China 42(5), 447–82. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0097700416631047.Google Scholar
Li, Zhen. 2018. Renlei zhengzhi wenming zhongda gongxian (A major contribution to human political civilisation). Renmin Ribao Haiwai Ban (People’s Daily Overseas Edition), 13 March. Available from: http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2018-03/13/content_1841282.htm.Google Scholar
Lian, Yizheng. 2018. China has a vast influence machine, and you don’t even know it. New York Times, 21 May. Available from: www.nytimes.com/2018/05/21/opinion/china-overseas-intelligence-yang.html.Google Scholar
McGregor, R. 2010. The Party: The Secret World of China’s Communist Rulers. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Melik, K. 2019. China has a soft power problem. Wall Street Journal, 5 September.Google Scholar
Merics. 2018. China update, 22 March. Available from: www.merics.org/en/newsletter/china-update-62018.Google Scholar
Millward, J. 2017. Being blacklisted by China, and what can be learned from it. Medium, 28 December. Available from: https://medium.com/@millwarj/being-blacklisted-by-china-and-what-can-be-learned-from-it-faf05eb8e1e2.Google Scholar
Millward, J. 2019. We need a better middle road on China. Here’s how we can find it. Washington Post, 6 August. Available from: www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/08/06/better-middle-road-china/.Google Scholar
Minzner, C. 2018. End of an Era. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nathan, A. 2003. Authoritarian resilience. Journal of Democracy 14(1), 6–17.Google Scholar
Nathan, A. 2015. China’s challenge. Journal of Democracy 26(1), 157–70.Google Scholar
Nathan, A. 2018. Is American policy towards China due for a ‘reckoning’? ChinaFile, 15 February. Available from: www.chinafile.com/conversation/american-policy-toward-china-due-reckoning.Google Scholar
Neubauer, D. 1967. Some conditions of democracy. American Political Science Review 61(4), 1002–9.Google Scholar
NPC Observer. 2018. Exclusive: demographics of the 13th NPC (Updated), 11 March. Available from: https://npcobserver.com/2018/03/10/exclusive-demographics-of-the-13th-npc/.Google Scholar
O’Brien, K. and Han, R. 2009. Path to democracy? assessing village elections in China. Journal of Contemporary China 18(6), 359–78.Google Scholar
Parton, C. 2018. Hackneyed language hampers the west’s ties with China. Financial Times, 9 May.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, R. 2010. Common myths and unfounded assumptions: challenges and prospects for judicial independence in China, in Peerenboom, R., ed., Judicial Independence in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 69–94.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 2018a. Zhongguo xinxing zheng dang zhidu dai gei shijie de qishi (An inspiration brought to the world by the new-style political-party system). Renmin Ribao (People’s Daily), 10 March. Available from: http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0310/c1002–29859416.html.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 2018b. Xuan Li (pseudonym), Baozheng dang he guojia chang zhi jiu an de zhongda zhidu anpai (Major institutional arrangements to ensure the long-term stability of party and state). Renmin Ribao (People’s Daily), 1 March. Available from: http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0301/c1001–29840344.html.Google Scholar
Perry, E. 2015. The populist dream of Chinese democracy. Journal of Asian Studies 74(4), 903–15.Google Scholar
PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2001. President Jiang Zemin delivered a speech at APEC economic leaders’ meeting: strengthen cooperation and meet new challenges together in the new century, 21 October. Available from: www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t25043.shtml.Google Scholar
PRC State Council Information Office. 2018. China’s top political state bodies to meet in early March, 31 January. Available from: www.scio.gov.cn/m/32618/Document/1618564/1618564.htm.Google Scholar
Qiushi. 2018. Qingxing! Xifang sifa duli zai wo guo zou bu tong (Wake up! Western judicial independence can’t work in China). Qiushi (Seeking Truth). No. 2. Available from: www.qstheory.cn/zhuanqu/qsdd/2018-01/22/c_1122296965.htm.Google Scholar
Qiushi. 2019a. Qiaqiang dang dui quanmian yifa zhiguo de lingdao (Strengthening the party’s leadership over the overall rule of law). Qiushi (Seeking Truth), 15 February. Available from: https://perma.cc/6JYW-9RLG.Google Scholar
Qiushi. 2019b. Xinxing zheng dang zhidu zai he chu? (In what ways is the new-style political-party system new?). Qiushi (Seeking Truth), 17 April. Available from: www.qstheory.cn/laigao/ycjx/2019-04/17/c_1124380319.htm.Google Scholar
Qiushi. 2019c. Xinxing zheng dang zhidu shi ruhe chuangzao de? (How was the new-style political party system created?). Qiushi (Seeking Truth), 12 April. Available from: www.qstheory.cn/wp/2019-04/12/c_1124356997.htm.Google Scholar
Redden, E. 2018. The Chinese student threat? Inside Higher Ed, 15 February. Available from: https://perma.cc/GL2B-JUYL.Google Scholar
RFA. 2017. Sifabu wei weiquan lüshi shouke zai fouding ‘san quan fen li’ (Ministry of justice instructs rights lawyers to negate the separation of power). RFA News, 31 August. Available from: www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/xl1-08312017103425.html.Google Scholar
RFA. 2018. Chinese lecturer fired for raising presidential term-limit in class. 21 May. Available from: www.rfa.org/english/news/china/lecturer-05212018105710.html.Google Scholar
Schmitz, R. 2019. Reporters notebook: Uighurs held for ‘extremist thoughts’ they didn’t know they had. NPR, 7 May. Available from: www.npr.org/2019/05/07/720608802/reporters-notebook-uighurs-held-for-extremist-thoughts-they-didnt-know-they-had.Google Scholar
Schrader, M. 2018. Twitter. Available from: https://twitter.com/tombschrader/status/979056963098116096.Google Scholar
Shi, Jiangtao. 2017. ‘No separation of powers’: China’s top graft-buster seeks tighter party grip on government. South China Morning Post, 6 March. Available from: www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2076501/no-separation-powers-chinas-top-graft-buster-seeks.Google Scholar
Six Whys. 2009. ‘Liuge’ weishenme: dui jige zhongda wenti de huida – chuban fashe. Gov.cn (PRC Government Website). 30 May. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-05/30/content_1327352.htm.Google Scholar
Study Times. 2018. Zuo weihu hexin weihu quanwei de biaoshuai (A model for sustaining core maintenance of authority). Xuexi Shibao (Study Times), 21 May. Available from: http://news.sina.com.cn/c/xl/2018-05-21/doc-ihaturft4481428.shtml.Google Scholar
Thomas, N. 2019. These numbers show why U.S. policy makers are misjudging popular support for China’s government. Market Watch, 2 October. Available from: www.marketwatch.com/story/these-numbers-show-just-how-much-the-lives-of-everyday-chinese-have-improved-in-recent-decades-2019-10-02.Google Scholar
Upham, F. 2005. Who will find the defendant if he stays with his sheep? justice in rural China, Yale Law Journal 114(7), 1675–718.Google Scholar
U.S.–China Business Council. Chinese Government. Available from: www.uschina.org/resources/chinese-government .Google Scholar
Van Reybrouck, D. 2018. Against Elections. New York: Seven Stories Press.Google Scholar
Vile, M. J. C. 1967. Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Shaoguang. 2014. Representative and Representational Democracy. Reading the China Dream, Mark McConaghy and Shi Anshu, trans. Available from: www.readingthechinadream.com/wang-shaoguang-representative-and-representational-democracy.html.Google Scholar
Wang, Qishan. 2015. Wang Qishan zuixin biaotai: women ren jianjue ye hen shenzhong (Wang Qishan’s latest statement: we are very determined and very cautious). Gongshi Wang (Consensus online), 28 April. Available from: www.gelora45.com/news/WangChiShan_KamiTeguhDanHatihati_Th.pdf.Google Scholar
Wang, Qishan. 2017. Wang Qishan, kaiqi xin shidai ta shang xin zhengcheng (Wang Qishan, beginning a new era, embarking on a new journey). Renmin Ribao (People’s Daily), 7 November. Available from: http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1107/c64094–29630544.html.Google Scholar
Weiss, J. 2019a. A world safe for autocracy? China’s rise and the future of global politics. Foreign Affairs 98(4), 92–102.Google Scholar
Weiss, J. 2019b. Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, hearing on ‘China’s digital authoritarianism: surveillance, influence, and political control’. 16 May. Available from: https://perma.cc/CHT3-MS5C.Google Scholar
White House. 2018. Statement from the press secretary on China’s political correctness. 5 May. Available from: www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-chinas-political-correctness/.Google Scholar
Worden, A. 2019. The Human Rights Council Advisory Committee: a new tool in China’s anti-human rights strategy. Sinopsis, 6 August. Available from: https://perma.cc/A3RW-WATB.Google Scholar
Wu, Bangguo. 2011. 2011 Report on the word of the National People’s Congress, 10 March. Available from: https://china.usc.edu/wu-bangguo-2011-report-work-national-people%E2%80%99s-congress-march-10-2011.Google Scholar
Xi, Jingping. 2017. Full text of Xi Jinping’s report at the 19th CPC National Congress. China Daily, 18 October. Available from: www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/19thcpcnationalcongress/2017-11/04/content_34115212.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2016. Bawo guoji huayu quan youxiao chuanbo zhongguo shengyin – Xi Jinping wai xuan gongzuo silu linian tanxi (Grasping the right to international discourse power to effectively spread China’s voice: analysis of the ideas of Xi Jinping’s outreach work). Xinhua (Xinhua News), 6 April. Available from: https://perma.cc/6N34–3W27.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2017a. CPC meeting stresses party’s leadership over universities, 28 June. Available from: http://en.people.cn/n3/2017/0628/c90000–9234455.html.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2017b. We will not ‘export’ Chinese model: Xi, 1 December. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-12/01/c_136793833.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2017c. Zhongguo gongchandang yu shijie zheng dang gaoceng duihuahui (High-level dialogue between the CCP and worldwide political parties). Xinhuawang (Xinhua online), 3 December. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/world/2017-12/03/c_1122050731.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018a. Xi as core. 13 January. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/13/c_136893080.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018b. China focus: member list of 13th CPPCC National Committee released. 25 January. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/25/c_136924802.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018c. Landmark two sessions set course for ‘new era’. 20 March. Available from: www.china.org.cn/china/NPC_CPPCC_2018/2018-03/20/content_50729765.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018d. Safeguarding Xi’s core position is the key: communique. 13 January. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/13/c_136893080.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018e. Chinese justice minister stresses CPC leadership of lawyers. 19 January. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/19/c_136908219.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018f. China focus: Xi stresses party’s ‘absolute leadership’ over political, legal work, 22 January. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/22/c_136915374.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018g. Zhonggong zhongyang yinfa ‘shenhua dang he guojia jigou gaige fang’an’ (The central committee of the CCP issues ‘deepening party and state reform plan’). Xinhuawang (Xinhua online), 21 March. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-03/21/c_1122570517.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018h. Senior legislators study Xi’s thought on people’s congress system. 22 May. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/22/c_137198491.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018i. Xi Jinping: ju qizhi ju minxin yu xinren xing wenhua zhan xingxiang geng gao wancheng xin xing shi xia xuanchuan sixiang gongzuo shiming renwu (Xi Jinping: raising the banner and gathering people to cultivate an image of the new person so as to better accomplish the mission of propaganda and ideological work under the new situation). Xinhuawang (Xinhua online), 22 August. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-08/22/c_1123310844.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018j. Zhongguo xinxing zheng dang zhidu gei shijie de qishi (The revelation brought to the world by China’s new-style political-party system). Xinhuawang (Xinhua online), 10 March. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/world/2018-03/10/c_129826579.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018k. China’s party system is great contribution to political civilization: Xi. 5 March. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/05/c_137015955.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018l. Religious extremism notably curbed in Xinjiang: senior Chinese official. Xinhua, 14 March. Available from: www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/14/c_137111356.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2019. Ambassadors from 37 countries issue joint letter to support China on its human rights achievements. 13 July. Available from: https://perma.cc/Y6LX-S7YS.Google Scholar
Zenz, A. 2019. ‘Thoroughly reforming them towards a healthy heart attitude’: China’s political re-education campaign in Xinjiang. Central Asian Survey 38(1).Google Scholar
Zhang, L. 2018. What does ‘great power diplomacy with Chinese characteristics’ Mean? Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy, 20 April. Available from: https://perma.cc/CP57-S7FH.Google Scholar
Zhang, Taisu, and Ginsburg, T. 2019. China’s turn toward law. Virginia Journal of International Law 59(2), 306–89.Google Scholar
Zhao, Yinan. 2012. Uphold constitution, Xi says. China Daily, 5 December. Available from: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-12/05/content_15985894.htm.Google Scholar
Zhu, Lingjun. 2019. Zhongguo gongchandang shi women de xiang shiye de lingdao hexin (The CCP is the core of leadership for all of our causes). Zhongguo gongchandang xinwen (CPCNews.Cn), 23 May. Available from: https://perma.cc/556L-KTNK.Google Scholar
Zhu, Xiqun. 2018. Xinxing zheng dang zhidu de youshixing ji fazhan wanshan (The superiority of the new-style political-party system and its developmental perfection). Renmin Luntan – Xueshu Qianyan (People’s Forum: Academic Frontier), April edition, reprinted 16 July. Available from: www.cssn.cn/zzx/zwzzzd_zzx/201807/t20180716_4504285.shtml.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×