Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T21:06:30.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Multilingualism in Britain and Ireland: The Celtic Languages

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 October 2024

Edited by
Susan Fox
Susan Fox
Affiliation:
Universität Bern, Switzerland
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Language in Britain and Ireland , pp. 267 - 370
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Adams, J. N. (2003). Bilingualism and the Latin Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Adams, J. N. (2007). The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC–AD 600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Adams, J. N. (2016). An Anthology of Informal Latin, 200 BC–AD 900: Fifty Texts with Translations and Linguistic Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahlqvist, A. (1988). Remarks on the question of dialects in Old Irish. In Fisiak, J. (ed.), Historical Dialectology: Regional and Social. Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 23–38.Google Scholar
Ball, M. J. and Fife, J. (eds.) (1993). The Celtic Languages. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, M. J. and Müller, N. (eds.) (2009). The Celtic Languages, 2nd ed. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Breatnach, L. (1994). An Mheán-Ghaeilge. In McCone et al. (eds.), pp. 221–333.Google Scholar
de Bernardo-Stempel, P. (1995). Gaulish accentuation: Results and outlook. In Eska, J., Gruffydd, R. G. and Jacobs, N. (eds.), Hispano-Gallo-Brittonica: Essays in Honour of Professor D. Ellis Evans on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 16–32.Google Scholar
Eska, J. F. (2014). Comments on John T. Koch’s Tartessian-as-Celtic Enterprise. Journal of Indo-European Studies 42(3–4): 428–38.Google Scholar
Eska, J. F. (2017). The dialectology of Celtic. In Klein et al. (eds.), II, pp. 1264–74.Google Scholar
Eska, J. F. (2020). Interarticulatory timing and Celtic mutations. Journal of Celtic Linguistics 21: 235–55.Google Scholar
Evans, D. E. (1983). Language contact in Pre-Roman and Roman Britain. In Temporini, H. and Haase, W. (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Vol. II, Principät Band 29.2. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 949–87.Google Scholar
Evans, D. S. (1964). A Grammar of Middle Welsh. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.Google Scholar
Filppula, M. and Klemola, J. (eds.) (2009). Special issue on re-evaluating the Celtic hypothesis. English Language and Linguistics 13(2): 155–334.Google Scholar
Filppula, M., Klemola, J. and Paulasto, H. (eds.) (2008). English and Celtic in Contact. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Filppula, M., Klemola, J. and Pitkänen, (eds.) (2002). The Celtic Roots of English. Joensuu: University of Joensuu, Faculty of Humanities.Google Scholar
Forsyth, K. (1997). Language in Pictland. Utrecht: De Keltische Draak.Google Scholar
Guy, B. (2014). The Breton migration: A new synthesis. Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 61: 101–56.Google Scholar
Hamp, E. P. (1975–6). Miscellanea Celtica. Studia Celtica 10–11: 54–73.Google Scholar
Higham, N. (ed.) (2007). Britons in Anglo-Saxon England, Woodbridge: Boydell.Google Scholar
Isaac, G. R. (2002). The Celtiberian alphabetic signs San and Sigma and the ablative singular. Studia Celtica 36: 1–20.Google Scholar
Jackson, K. H. (1953). Language and History in Early Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, P. (1982). Dialekte im Altirischen? In Meid, W., Ölberg, H. and Schmeja, H. (eds.), Sprachwissenschaft in Innsbruck. Innsbruck (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft 50), pp. 85–9.Google Scholar
Klein, J., Joseph, B. and Matthias Fritz, M. (eds.) (2017). A Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. 3 vols. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Koch, J. T. (1982–3). The loss of final syllables and loss of declension in Brittonic. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 30: 201–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, J. T. (1992). ‘Gallo-Brittonic’ vs. ‘Insular Celtic’: The inter-relationships of the Celtic languages reconsidered. In Le Menn, G. and Le Moing, J.-Y. (eds.), Bretagne et pays celtique. Langues, histoire, civilisation. Mélanges offerts à la memoire de Léon Fleuriot. Saint Brieuc: Presses universitaires de Rennes, pp. 471–95.Google Scholar
Koch, J. T. (1995). The conversion and the transition from Primitive to Old Irish. Emania 13: 39–50.Google Scholar
Lambert, P.-Y. (2003). La langue gauloise, 2nd ed. Paris: Éditions Errance.Google Scholar
Lewis, H. (1946). Llawlyfr Cernyweg Canol, 2nd ed. Cardiff: University of Wales Press (see also Zimmer 1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, H. and Pedersen, H. (1974). A Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar, 3rd ed. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.Google Scholar
MacAulay, D. (ed.) (1992). The Celtic Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCone, K. R. (1985). The Würzburg and Milan glosses: Our earliest source of ‘Middle Irish’. Ériu 36: 85–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCone, K. R. (1994). An tSean-Ghaeilge agus a réamhstair. In McCone et al. (eds.), pp. 61–219.Google Scholar
McCone, K. R. (1996). Towards a Relative Chronology of Ancient and Medieval Celtic Sound Change. Maynooth: Dept. of Old and Middle Irish, St. Patrick’s College (Maynooth Studies in Celtic Linguistics I).Google Scholar
McCone, K. R., McManus, D., Ó Háinle, C., Willams, N. and Breatnach, L. (eds.) (1994). Stair na Gaeilge in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta. Maynooth: Dept. of Old and Middle Irish, St. Patrick’s College.Google Scholar
McManus, D. (1991). A Guide to Ogam. Maynooth: An Sagart (Maynooth Monographs).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullen, A. (2007). Evidence for written Celtic from Roman Britain: A linguistic analysis of Tabellae Sulis 14 and 18. Studia Celtica 41: 31–45.Google Scholar
Murray, K. (2005). Dialect in medieval Irish? Evidence from placenames. Studia Celtica Fennica 2: 97–109.Google Scholar
Padel, O. J. (1985). Cornish Place-Name Elements. Nottingham: English Place Name Society.Google Scholar
Parsons, D. N. (2011). Sabrina in the thorns: Place-names as evidence for British and Latin in Roman Britain. Transactions of the Philological Society 109: 113–37.Google Scholar
Parsons, D. N. (2023). The Romance of early Britain: Latin, British, and English, c. 400–600. In Mullen, A. and Woudhuysen, G. (eds.), Languages and Communities in the Late-Roman and Post-Imperial Western Provinces. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 236–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, D. N. and Sims-Williams, P. (eds.) (2000). Ptolemy: Towards a Linguistic Atlas of the Earliest Celtic Place-Names of Europe. Aberystwyth: Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies.Google Scholar
Pedersen, H. (1909–13). Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen. 2 vols. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Price, G. (2000). Cumbric. In Price, G. (ed.), Languages in Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 120–6.Google Scholar
Rodway, S. (2020). The Ogham inscriptions of Scotland and Brittonic Pictish. Journal of Celtic Linguistics 21: 173–234.Google Scholar
Russell, P. (1995). An Introduction to the Celtic Languages. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Russell, P. (2005). ‘What was best of every language’: The early history of the Irish language. In Cróinín, D. Ó (ed.), The New History of Ireland, Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 433–78.Google Scholar
Russell, P. (2011). Latin and British in Roman and sub-Roman Britain: Methodology and morphology. Transactions of the Philological Society 109: 138–57.Google Scholar
Russell, P. (2017). The evolution of Celtic. In Klein et al. (eds.), II, pp. 1274–97.Google Scholar
Russell, P. (2019). Bilingualisms and multilingualisms in medieval Wales: Evidence and inference. Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmorodorion 25: 7–22.Google Scholar
Salmons, J. (1992). Accentual Change and Language Contact. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schrijver, P. C. H. (1995). Studies in British Celtic Historical Phonology. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Schrijver, P. C. H. (2002). The rise and fall of British Latin: Evidence from English and Brittonic. In Filppula, M., Klemola, J. and Pitkänen, H. (eds.), The Celtic Roots of English. Joensuu: University of Joensuu, Faculty of Humanities, pp. 87–110.Google Scholar
Schrijver, P. C. H. (2006). Early Celtic diphthongization and the Celtic–Latin interface. In de Hoz, J. and Luján, E. R. (eds.), New Approaches to Celtic Place-Names in Ptolemy’s Geography. Salamanca: Ediciones clásicas, pp. 55–67.Google Scholar
Schrijver, P. C. H. (2011). Old British. In Ternes (ed.), pp. 1–84.Google Scholar
Schumacher, S. (2011). Mittel- und Frühneukymrisch. In Ternes (ed.), pp. 85–235.Google Scholar
Sims-Williams, P. (1984). The double system of verbal inflexion in Old Irish. Transactions of the Philological Society 82: 138–201.Google Scholar
Sims-Williams, P. (2003). The Celtic Inscriptions of Britain. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Stifter, D. (2017). The phonology of Celtic. In Klein et al. (eds.), II, pp. 1188–202.Google Scholar
Stüber, K. (2017). The morphology of Celtic. In Klein et al. (eds.), II, pp. 1203–18.Google Scholar
Ternes, E. (ed.) (2011). Brythonic Celtic – Britannisches Keltisch. From Medieval British to Modern Breton. Bremen: Hempen Verlag.Google Scholar
Thomas, P. W. (1989). In search of Middle Welsh dialects. In Byrne, C. J., Henry, M. and Ó Siadhail, P. (eds.), Celtic Languages and Celtic Peoples. Proceedings of the Second North American Congress of Celtic Studies. Halifax: St Mary’s University, pp. 287–303.Google Scholar
Thomas, P. W. (1993). Middle Welsh dialects: Problems and perspectives. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 40: 17–50.Google Scholar
Thurneysen, R. (1946). A Grammar of Old Irish, 2nd ed., revised and translated by Binchy, D. A. and Bergin, O. J.. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.Google Scholar
Tomlin, R. S. O. (1987). Was ancient British Celtic ever a written language? Two texts from Roman Bath. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 34: 18–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomlin, R. S. O. (1988). Tabellae Sulis: Roman inscribed tablets on tin and lead from the Sacred Spring at Bath. In Cunliffe, B. (ed.), The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath, Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology.Google Scholar
Tristram, H. L. C. (ed.) (1997–2006). The Celtic Englishes, 3 vols. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Tristram, H. L. C. (ed.) (2006). The Celtic Englishes IV. Potsdam: Potsdam University Press.Google Scholar
Tristram, H. L. C. (ed.) (2007). The Celtic Languages in Contact. Papers from the Workshop within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies, Bonn, 26–27 July 2007, Potsdam: Potsdam University Press.Google Scholar
Vath, B. and Ziegler, S. (2017). The documentation of Celtic. In Klein et al. (eds.), II, pp. 1168–88.Google Scholar
Williams, N. J. A. (1994). An Mhanainnis. In McCone et al. (eds.), pp. 703–44.Google Scholar
Williams, N. J. A. (2011). Middle and Late Cornish. In Ternes (ed.), pp. 237–357.Google Scholar
Wodtko, D. S. (2017). The lexicon of Celtic. In Klein et al. (eds.), II, pp. 1250–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmer, S. (1990). Handbuch des Mittelkornischen. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; translation of Lewis 1946).Google Scholar

References

Birnie, I. (2018). ‘Gàidhlig Ga Bruidhinn an Seo?’ – Linguistic Practices and Gaelic Language Management Initiatives in Stornoway, the Western Isles of Scotland. PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen.Google Scholar
Bòrd na Gàidhlig. (2023). National Plan for Gaelic 2023–2028. Inverness: Bòrd na Gàidhlig.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgstrøm, C. (1940). The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides, Vol. 1. Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosch, A. (1998). The syllable in Scottish Gaelic dialect studies. Scottish Gaelic Studies 18: 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosch, A. and De Jong, K. (1997). The prosody of Barra Gaelic epenthetic vowels. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 27(1): 1–16.Google Scholar
Byrne, M. (2002). Gràmar na Gàidhlig. Edinburgh: Storlann.Google Scholar
Campbell, E. (2001). Were the Scots Irish? Antiquity 75: 285–91.Google Scholar
Carty, N. (2015). Slighean gu Fìleantas: An Exploratory Study of the Nature of Proficiency in Adult L2 Scottish Gaelic. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carty, N. (2018). New speakers, potential new speakers, and their experiences and abilities in Scottish Gaelic. In Smith-Christmas, C., Murchadha, N. Ó, Hornsby, M. and Moriarty, M. (eds.), New Speakers of Minority Languages: Linguistic Ideologies and Practices. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 253–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalmers, D. and Danson, M. (2006). Language and economic development: Complementary or antagonistic? In McLeod, W. (ed.), Revitalising Gaelic in Scotland: Policy, Planning and Public Discourse. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, pp. 239–57.Google Scholar
Clements, G. (1986). Syllabification and epenthesis in the Barra dialect of Gaelic. In Bogers, K. and Van der Hulst, H. (eds.), The Phonological Representation of Suprasegmentals. Dordrecht: Foris, pp. 317–36.Google Scholar
Cole, B. (2013). Grammatical change in a not so dying dialect: Genitive mutation in Uist Gaelic. In After the Storm: Papers from the Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland and Ulster triennial meeting, 2012. Aberdeen: Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland and Ireland, pp. 117–41.Google Scholar
Cole, B. (2015). Morphosyntactic Variation in Uist Gaelic: A Case of Language Shift? PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, L. (2004). Scottish nationalism and the colonial vision of Scotland. International Journal of Postcolonial Studies 6(2): 252–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cormack, M. (1993). Problems of minority language broadcasting: Gaelic in Scotland. European Journal of Communication 8: 101–17.Google Scholar
Cox, R. (2017). Geàrr-ghràmar na Gàidhlig. Brig o’ Turk: Clann Tuirc.Google Scholar
Dorian, N. (1978). East Sutherland Gaelic: The Dialect of the Brora, Golspie, and Embo Fishing Communities. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.Google Scholar
Dorian, N. (1981). Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Dorian, N. (ed.) (1989). Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dorian, N. (2010). Investigating Variation: The Effects of Social Organisation and Social Setting. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dumville, D. (2002). Ireland and North Britain in the earlier Middle Ages: Contexts for Míniugud Senchusa Fher nAlban. In Baoill, C. Ó and McGuire, N. (eds.), Rannsachadh na Gáidhlig 2000. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, pp. 185–211.Google Scholar
Dunmore, S. (2015). Bilingual Life after School? Language Use, Ideologies and Attitudes among Gaelic-Medium Educated Adults. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Dunmore, S. (2019). Language Revitalisation in Gaelic Scotland: Linguistic Practice and Ideology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Dunmore, S. (2021a). Emic and essentialist perspectives on Gaelic heritage: New speakers, language policy, and cultural identity in Nova Scotia and Scotland. Language in Society 50(2): 259–81.Google Scholar
Dunmore, S. (2021b). Language policy and prospects: Metalinguistic discourses on social disruption and language maintenance in a transatlantic, minority community. Language and Communication 76: 69–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duolingo. (2023). Scottish Gaelic. www.duolingo.com/enroll/gd/en/Learn-Scottish%20Gaelic.Google Scholar
Gillies, W. (2009). Scottish Gaelic. In Ball, M. and Müller, N. (eds.), The Celtic Languages, 2nd ed. London: Routledge, pp. 230–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glasgow City Council. (2010). Gaelic Language Plan. Glasgow: Glasgow City Council.Google Scholar
Hall, N. (2006). Cross-linguistic patterns of vowel intrusion. Phonology 23: 387–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, M., Warner, N., Davis, A., Carnie, A., Archangeli, D. and Fisher, M. (2014). Vowel insertion in Scottish Gaelic. Phonology 31(1): 123–53.Google Scholar
Hechter, M. (1999). Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 2nd ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Holmer, N. (1938). Studies on Argyllshire Gaelic. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Horsburgh, D. (2002). When was Gaelic Scottish? The origins, emergence and development of a Scottish Gaelic identity, 1400–1750. In Baoill, C. Ó and McGuire, N. (eds.), Rannsachadh na Gáidhlig 2000. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, pp. 221–31.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. (2010). The Making of the Crofting Community, 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, R. (2005). A Waxing Moon: The Modern Gaelic Revival. Edinburgh: Mainstream.Google Scholar
Iosad, P. (2015). ‘Pitch accent’ and prosodic structure in Scottish Gaelic: Reassessing the role of contact. In Hilpert, M., Duke, J., Mertzlufft, C., Östman, J.-O. and Rießler, M. (eds.), Advances in Nordic Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 28–54.Google Scholar
Iosad, P. (2021). The phonology of Gaelic tonal accent. In McLeod, W., Gunderloch, A. and Dunbar, R. (eds.), Cànan & cultar / Language & Culture, Rannsachadh na Gàidhlig 10. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, pp. 185–203.Google Scholar
Johnstone, R., Harlen, W., MacNeil, M., Stradling, B. and Thorpe, G. (1999). The Attainment of Pupils Receiving Gaelic-Medium Primary Education in Scotland. Stirling: Scottish Centre for Information on Language Teaching and Research.Google Scholar
Jones, G. (2000). Beagan mu’n stad ghlotasach ann an Gàidhlig Ceann a Deas Earraghaidheil [A little bit about the glottal stop in South Argyll]. Scottish Gaelic Studies 20: 201–11.Google Scholar
Kennedy, M. (2002). Gaelic Nova Scotia: An Economic, Cultural, and Social Impact Study. Report for Nova Scotia Government. Halifax, NS: Nova Scotia Museum.Google Scholar
Kerswill, P. and Williams, A. (2000). Creating a new town koine: Children and language change in Milton Keynes. Language in Society 29(1): 65–115.Google Scholar
Kidd, S. (2007). Introduction. In Kidd, S. (ed.), Glasgow: Baile mòr nan Gàidheal, City of the Gaels. Glasgow: Department of Celtic and Gaelic.Google Scholar
Kirkham, S. and Nance, C. (2022). Diachronic phonological asymmetries and the variable stability of synchronic contrast. Journal of Phonetics 94: 101–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, P., Ladefoged, J., Turk, A., Hind, K. and Skilton, S. J. (1998). Phonetic structures of Scottish Gaelic. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28(1): 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, W. (1999). A diachronic account of Gaelic News-speak: The development and expansion of a register. Scottish Gaelic Studies 19: 141–71.Google Scholar
Lamb, W. (2002). Scottish Gaelic, 2nd ed. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Lamb, W. (2008). Scottish Gaelic Speech and Writing: Register Variation in an Endangered Language. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.Google Scholar
Lamb, W. (2011). Is there a future for regional dialects in Scottish Gaelic? Oral paper presented at the FRLSU Colloquium 3 December 2011.Google Scholar
Lyster, R. and Genesee, F. (2019). Immersion education. In Chapelle, C. A. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacAulay, D. (1979). Some functional and distributional aspects of intonation in Scottish Gaelic: A preliminary study of tones. In Ó Baoill, D. (ed.), Papers in Celtic Phonology Coleraine: New University of Ulster, pp. 27–38.Google Scholar
MacCaluim, A. (2007). Reversing Language Shift: The Social Identity and Role of Adult Learners of Scottish Gaelic. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.Google Scholar
Macdonald, S. (1997). Reimagining Culture: Histories, Identities and the Gaelic Renaissance. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
MacInnes, J. (1989). The Gaelic perceptions of the Lowlands. In Gillies, W. (ed.), Gaelic and Scotland Alba agus a’ Ghàidhlig. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 89–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKinnon, K. (1974). The Lion’s Tongue. Inverness: Club Leabhar Limited.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKinnon, K. (1991). Gaelic: A Past and Future Prospect. Edinburgh: Saltire.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKinnon, K. (2001). Gaelic in Canada: Haki and Hekja’s inheritance in ‘the land of promise’. In Ureland, P. S. (ed.), Global Eurolinguistics: European Languages in North America – Migration, Maintenance and Death. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, pp. 19–47.Google Scholar
MacLeod, D. (2003). An historical overview. In Nicolson, M. and MacIver, M. (eds.), Gaelic Medium Education. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, pp. 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, M. and MacLeod, M. (2019). Young speakers: A pilot study of Gaelic bilinguals’ language practices. Studia Celtica Posnaniensia 3(1): 63–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandić, D. (2021). Glottalisation in Scottish Gaelic. MRes thesis, University of Glasgow.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayr, R., Morris, J., Mennen, I. and Williams, D. (2017). Disentangling the effects of long-term language contact and individual bilingualism: The case of monophthongs in Welsh and English. International Journal of Bilingualism 21(3): 245–67.Google Scholar
McIntyre, M. (2009). The Revival of Scottish Gaelic through Education. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, W. (2017). Dialectal diversity in contemporary Gaelic: Perceptions, discourses and responses. In Cruickshank, J. and McColl-Millar, R. (eds.), Before the Storm: Papers from the Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland and Ulster Triennial Meeting, Ayr 2015. Aberdeen: Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland and Ireland, pp. 183–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, W. (2020). Gaelic in Scotland: Policies, Movements and Ideologies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, W., O’Rourke, B. and Dunmore, S. (2014). ‘New Speakers’ of Gaelic in Edinburgh and Glasgow. A report for Soillse. www.soillse.ac.uk/en/publications/communities/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, D. (2019). Metrical structure in Scottish Gaelic: Tonal accent, glottalisation and overlength. Phonology 36(3): 391–432.Google Scholar
Munro, G., Taylor, I. and Armstrong, T. (2011). The State of Gaelic in Shawbost: Language Attitudes and Abilities in Shawbost. Inverness: Bòrd na Gàidhlig.Google Scholar
Nance, C. (2011). High back vowels in Scottish Gaelic. In Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of the Phonetic Sciences. Hong Kong: City University Hong Kong, pp. 1446–50.Google Scholar
Nance, C. (2013). Phonetic Variation, Sound Change, and Identity in Scottish Gaelic. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Nance, C. (2014). Phonetic variation in Scottish Gaelic laterals. Journal of Phonetics 47: 1–17.Google Scholar
Nance, C. (2015a). ‘New’ Scottish Gaelic speakers in Glasgow: A phonetic study of language revitalisation. Language in Society 44(4): 553–79.Google Scholar
Nance, C. (2015b). Intonational variation and change in Scottish Gaelic. Lingua 160: 1–19.Google Scholar
Nance, C. (2018). Linguistic innovation among Glasgow Gaelic new speakers. In Smith-Christmas, C., Murchadha, N. Ó, Hornsby, M. and Moriarty, M. (eds.), New Speakers of Minority Languages: Linguistic Ideologies and Practices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 213–30.Google Scholar
Nance, C. (2020). Bilingual language exposure and the peer group: Acquiring phonetics and phonology in Gaelic Medium Education. International Journal of Bilingualism 24(2): 360–75.Google Scholar
Nance, C. (2022). Sound change or community change? The speech community in sound change studies: A case study of Scottish Gaelic. Linguistics Vanguard 8(s5): 677–89.Google Scholar
Nance, C. and Kirkham, S. (2020). The acoustics of three-way lateral and nasal palatalisation contrasts in Scottish Gaelic. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147(4): 2858–72.Google Scholar
Nance, C. and Kirkham, S. (2022). Phonetic typology and articulatory constraints: The realisation of secondary articulations in Scottish Gaelic rhotics. Language 98(3), 419–60.Google Scholar
Nance, C. and Moran, D. (2022). Place identity and authenticity in minority language revitalisation: Scottish Gaelic in Glasgow. International Journal of Bilingualism 26(5): 542–63.Google Scholar
Nance, C. and Ó Maolalaigh, R. (2021). Scottish Gaelic. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 51(2): 261–75.Google Scholar
Nance, C. and Stuart-Smith, J. (2013). Pre-aspiration and post-aspiration in Scottish Gaelic stop consonants. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43(2): 129–52.Google Scholar
Nance, C., McLeod, W., O’Rourke, B. and Dunmore, S. (2016). Identity, accent aim, and motivation in second language users: New Scottish Gaelic speakers’ use of phonetic variation. Journal of Sociolinguistics 20(2): 164–91.Google Scholar
NicLeòid, S. (2015). A’ Ghàidhlig agus Beachdan nan Sgoilearan: Cothroman leasachaidh ann am Foghlam tro Mheadhan na Gàidhlig. Slèite: Clò Ostaig.Google Scholar
Ó Giollagáin, C., Camshron, G., Moireach, P., … Péterváry, T. (2020). The Gaelic Crisis in the Vernacular Community: A Comprehensive Sociolinguistic Survey of Scottish Gaelic. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.Google Scholar
Ó Maolalaigh, R. (1996). The development of eclipsis in Gaelic. Scottish Language 14: 158–73.Google Scholar
Ó Maolalaigh, R. (2008a). Scottish Gaelic in 12 Weeks, 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Birlinn.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ó Maolalaigh, R. (2008b). The Scottishisation of Gaelic: A reassessment of the language and orthography of the Gaelic notes in the Book of Deer. In Forsyth, K. (ed.), Studies on the Book of Deer. Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 179–275.Google Scholar
Ó Murchú, M. (1985). Devoicing and pre-aspiration in varieties of Scots Gaelic. Ériu 36: 195–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ó Néill, D. (2005). Scottish Gaelic (in Scotland). In Néill, D. Ó (ed.), Rebuilding the Celtic Languages: Reversing Language Shift in Celtic Countries. Talybont: Y Lolfa Cyf, pp. 338–66.Google Scholar
Oftedal, M. (1956). A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland. Vol. III: the Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis. Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap.Google Scholar
O’Hanlon, F. (2010). Gaelic-medium primary education in Scotland: Towards a new taxonomy? In Munro, G. and Mac an Tàilleir, I. (eds.), Coimhearsnachd na Gàidhlig an-diugh / Gaelic Communities Today. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press, pp. 99–115.Google Scholar
Oliver, J. (2002). Young People and Gaelic in Scotland: Identity Dynamics in a European Region. PhD thesis, University of Sheffield.Google Scholar
Richards, E. (2012). The Highland Clearances. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd.Google Scholar
Scottish Government. (2015a). Scotland’s Census 2011: Gaelic Report (Part 1). Edinburgh: National Records of Scotland.Google Scholar
Scottish Government. (2015b). Scotland’s Census 2011: Gaelic Report (Part 2). Edinburgh: National Records of Scotland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scottish Government. (2022). Pupil Census 2022. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.Google Scholar
Scottish Parliament. (2005). Gaelic Language Act. Edinburgh: Scottish Parliament Parlamaid na h-Alba.Google Scholar
Scottish Parliament. (2016). Education (Scotland) Act. Edinburgh: Scottish Parliament Parlamaid na h-Alba.Google Scholar
Scouller, A. (2018). The Gaelic Dialect of Colonsay. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellers, D., Borge Consulting and Carty, N. (2019). Inbhich a tha ag ionnsachadh Gàidhlig – 2019, Inverness: Bòrd na Gàidhlig. www.gaidhlig.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Gàidhlig-do-dhInbhich-AM-FOLLAIS-2019-PUBLIC-Gaelic-for-Adults.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, N. (1999). A preliminary account of some aspects of Leurbost Gaelic syllable structure. In Van der Hulst, H. and Ritter, E. (eds.), The Syllable: Views and Facts. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 577–630.Google Scholar
Smith-Christmas, C. (2014). Being socialised into language shift: The impact of extended family members on family language policy. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35(5): 511–26.Google Scholar
Smith-Christmas, C. (2016). Family Language Policy: Maintaining an Endangered Language in the Home. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Smith-Christmas, C. (2017). ‘Is it really for talking?’: The implications of associating a minority language with the school. Language, Culture and Curriculum 30(1): 32–47.Google Scholar
Smith-Christmas, C. (2019). When X doesn’t mark the spot: The intersection of language shift, identity and family language policy. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 255: 133–58.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. (2016). Proportion of Mother Tongue Responses for Various Regions in Canada, 2016 Census. Ottawa: Government of Canada/Gouvernement du Canada. www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dv-vd/lang/index-eng.cfm.Google Scholar
Stockdale, A., MacGregor, B. and Munro, G. (2003). Migration, Gaelic-Medium Education and Language Use. Sleat, Isle of Skye: Ionad Nàiseanta na h-Imrich Sabhal Mòr Ostaig.Google Scholar
Ternes, E. (2006). The Phonemic Analysis of Scottish Gaelic, 3rd ed. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.Google Scholar
Thurneysen, R. (1946). A Grammar of Old Irish. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. (2004). New Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Watson, M. and MacLeod, M. (eds.) (2010). The Edinburgh Companion to the Gaelic Language. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press.Google Scholar
Withers, C. (1984). Gaelic in Scotland 1698–1981: The Geographical History of a Language. Edinburgh: John Donald.Google Scholar
Withers, C. (1998). Urban Highlanders: Highland–Lowland Migration and Urban Gaelic Culture, 1700–1900. East Linton: Tuckwell.Google Scholar
Woolf, A. (2007). From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

References

Caball, M. (2018). Language, print and literature in Irish, 1550–1630. In Ohlmeyer (ed.), pp. 411–33.Google Scholar
Cunningham, B. (2018). Language, literature and print in Irish, 1630–1730. In Ohlmeyer (ed.), pp. 434–57.Google Scholar
de Bhaldraithe, T. (1959). English–Irish Dictionary. Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.Google Scholar
de Brún, P. (2009). Scriptural Instruction in the Vernacular: The Irish Society and Its Teachers, 1818–27. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, A. (2001). Irish. Munich: Lincom.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, A. (2015). A History of the Irish Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Doyle, A. (2018). Language and literacy 1730–1880. In Kelly, J. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Ireland III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 353–79.Google Scholar
Greene, D. (1969). Irish as a vernacular before the Norman invasion. In Cuív, B. Ó (ed.), A View of the Irish Language. Dublin: The Stationery Office, pp. 1–21.Google Scholar
Kelly, A. (2002). Compulsory Irish: Language and Education in Ireland, 1870s–1970s. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, J. and Mac Murchaidh, C. (eds.) (2012). Irish and English: Essays on the Irish and English Cultural Frontier, 1600–1900. Dublin: Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Mac Giolla Chríost, D. (2005). The Irish Language in Ireland. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McManus, D. (1994). An Nua-Ghaeilge Chlasaiceach. In McCone, K., McManus, D., Ó Háinle, C., Williams, N. and Breatnach, L. (eds.), Stair na Gaeilge: Maigh Nuad: Roinn na Sean-Ghaeilge. Coláiste Phádraig, pp. 335–446.Google Scholar
Mac Mathúna, L. (2007). Béarla sa Ghaeilge – cabhair choigríche: an códmheascadh Gaeilge / Béarla 1600–1900. Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar.Google Scholar
Mac Mathúna, L. (2008). Linguistic change and standardization. In C. Nic Pháidín and S. Ó Cearnaigh (eds.), pp. 76–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mac Mathúna, L. (2012). Verisimilitude or subversion? Probing the interaction of English and Irish in selected warrants and macaronic verse in the eighteenth century. In J. Kelly and C. Mac Murchaidh (eds.), pp. 116–40.Google Scholar
Mac Murchaidh, C. (2012). The Catholic church and the Irish language. In J. Kelly and C. Mac Murchaidh (eds.), pp. 162–88.Google Scholar
Nic Pháidín, C. (2003). Cén fáth nach? Ó chanúint go críól. In Ni Mhianáin, R. (ed.), Idir lúibíní: aistí ar an litearthacht agus ar an léitheoireacht. Baile Átha Cliath: Coiscéim, pp. 102–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nic Pháidín, C. and Ó Cearnaigh, S. (eds.) (2008). A New View of the Irish Language. Dublin: Cois Life.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ó Béarra, F. (2007). Late Modern Irish and the dynamics of language change and language death. In Tristram, H. (ed.), The Celtic Languages in Contact. Potsdam: Potsdam University Press, pp. 260–9.Google Scholar
Ó Ciosáin, N. (1997). Print and Popular Culture in Ireland, 1750–1850. Dublin: Lilliput Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ó Conchubhair, B. (2018). The culture war: The Gaelic League and Irish Ireland. In Bartlett, T. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Ireland IV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 196–220.Google Scholar
Ó Cuív, B. (1951). Irish Dialects and Irish-Speaking Districts. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ó Cuív, B. (1986). Aspects of Irish personal names. Celtica 18: 151–84.Google Scholar
Ó Dochartaigh, C. (1992). The Irish language. In MacAulay, D. (ed.), The Celtic Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 11–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ó Dónaill, N. (1977). Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla. Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.Google Scholar
Ó Giollagáin, C. and Mac Donnacha, S. (2008). The Gaeltacht today. In C. Nic Pháidín and S. Ó Cearnaigh (eds.), pp. 108–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohlmeyer, J. (ed.) (2018). The Cambridge History of Ireland II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ó Huallacháin, C. (1994). The Irish and Irish. Dublin: Assisi Press.Google Scholar
Ó Murchadha, N. (2018). An Ghaeilge sa Nua-aoiseacht Dhéanach. An Spidéal, Gaillimh: Cló Iar-Chonnacht.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ó Siadhail, M. (1989). Modern Irish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Oifig an tSoláthair. (1945). Litriú na Gaeilge: Lámhleabhar an Chaighdeáin Oifigiúil. Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oifig an tSoláthair. (1953). Gramadach na Gaeilge: Caighdeán Rannóg an Aistriúcháin. Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Rourke, B. (2015). Language revitalization models in minority language contexts: Tensions between ideologies of authenticity and anonymity. Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 24(1): 63–82.Google Scholar
Sumner, N. and Doyle, A. (2020). North American Gaels: Speech, Story, and Song in the Diaspora. Montreal: McGill Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Walsh, J. (2002). Díchoimisiúnú teanga: Coimisiún na Gaeltachta 1926. Baile Átha Cliath: Cois Life.Google Scholar

References

Awbery, G. M. (1990). The geographical distribution of Pembrokeshire negatives. In Ball, M. J., Fife, J., Poppe, E. and Rowland, J. (eds.), Celtic Linguistics: Ieithyddiaeth Geltaidd. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 11–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borsley, R. D. and Tallerman, M. (1996). Phrases and soft mutation in Welsh. Journal of Celtic Linguistics 5: 1–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borsley, R. D., Tallerman, M. and Willis, D. (2007). The Syntax of Welsh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, P. (2010). Identifying Word-Order Convergence in the Speech of Welsh–English Bilinguals. PhD thesis, Bangor University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, P. (2016). Age variation and language change in Welsh: Auxiliary deletion and possessive constructions. In Durham, M. and Morris, J. (eds.), Sociolinguistics in Wales. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 31–60.Google Scholar
Greenberg, J. H. (1963). Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. In Greenberg, J. H. (ed.), Universals of Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 73–113.Google Scholar
Hannahs, S. J. (2013). The Phonology of Welsh. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, G. H., Suggett, R. and White, E. M. (1997). The Welsh language in early modern Wales. In Jenkins, G. H. (ed.), The Welsh Language before the Industrial Revolution. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 45–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, B. M. (1990a). Linguistic causes of change in pronominalization in children’s Welsh. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 37: 43–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, B. M. (1990b). Variation in the use of pronouns in verbnoun phrases and genitive noun phrases in child language. In Ball, M. J., Fife, J., Poppe, E. and Rowland, J. (eds.), Celtic Linguistics: Ieithyddiaeth Geltaidd. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 53–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, G. E. (1984). The distinctive vowels and consonants of Welsh. In Ball, M. J. and Jones, G. E. (eds.), Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 40–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, M. C. (1998). Language Obsolescence and Revitalization: Linguistic Change in Two Sociolinguistically Contrasting Welsh Communities. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, R. and Davies, H. (2011). A cross-dialectal acoustic study of the monophthongs and diphthongs of Welsh. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41: 1–25.Google Scholar
Morris, J., Mayr, R. and Mennen, I. (2016). The role of linguistic background on sound variation in Welsh and Welsh English. In Durham, M. and Morris, J. (eds.), Sociolinguistics in Wales. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 241–71.Google Scholar
Nurmio, S. (2019). Grammatical Number in Welsh: Diachrony and Typology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ravenstein, E. G. (1879). On the Celtic languages in the British Isles: A statistical survey. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 42: 579–643.Google Scholar
Rees, I. W. (2018). Length and quality in Welsh mid vowels: New evidence from mid Wales. Journal of Celtic Linguistics 19: 157–208.Google Scholar
Roberts, I. G. (2005). Principles and Parameters in a VSO Language: A Case Study in Welsh. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tallerman, M. (1998). The uniform case-licensing of subjects in Welsh. Linguistic Review 15: 69–133.Google Scholar
Thomas, A. R. (1987). A spoken standard for Welsh: Description and pedagogy. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 66: 99–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, C. H. (1982). Registers in Welsh. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 35: 87–115.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. (2011). Sociolinguistic Typology: Social Determinants of Linguistic Complexity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Watkins, T. A. (1977). The Welsh personal pronoun. Word 28: 146–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, D. (1998). Syntactic Change in Welsh: A Study of the Loss of Verb-Second. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Willis, D. (2013). The history of negation in the Brythonic Celtic languages. In Willis, D., Lucas, C. and Breitbarth, A. (eds.), The History of Negation in the Languages of Europe and the Mediterranean, Vol. 1: Case studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 239–98.Google Scholar
Willis, D. (2016). Cyfieithu iaith y caethweision yn Uncle Tom’s Cabin a darluniadau o siaradwyr ail iaith mewn llenyddiaeth Gymraeg [‘Translating the language of the slaves in Uncle Tom's Cabin and representations of second-language speakers in Welsh literature’]. Llên Cymru 39: 56–72. https://doi.org/10.16922/lc.39.5.Google Scholar
Willis, D. (2020). Using social-media data to investigate morphosyntactic variation and dialect syntax in a lesser-used language: Two case studies from Welsh. Glossa 5(1): 103.1–33. https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1073.Google Scholar

References

Belew, A. and Simpson, S. (2018). Language extinction then and now. In L. Campbell and A. Belew (eds.), Cataloguing the World’s Endangered Languages. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 49–65.Google Scholar
Biber, D. and Conrad, S. (2009). Register, Genre, and Style. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bock, A. and Bruch, B. (2008). An Outline of the Standard Written Form of Cornish. Truro: Cornish Language Partnership.Google Scholar
Broderick, G. (2010). Manx. In Ball, M. J. and Müller, N. (eds.), The Celtic Languages, 2nd ed. London: Routledge, pp. 305–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clague, M. (2009). Manx language revitalisation and immersion education. e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies 2: 165–98.Google Scholar
Cornwall Council. (2015). Strateji an yeth kernewek 2015–25. https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/media/c3npwb2l/cornish-language-strategy-2015-2025.pdf, accessed 8 September 2021.Google Scholar
Council of Europe. (1992). The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. www.coe.int/en/web/european-charter-regional-or-minority-languages/text-of-the-charter, accessed 15 October 2021.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. (2000). Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davies-Deacon, M. (2020). The orthography of revived Cornish as an attempt at pluricentricity, Language Problems and Language Planning 44(1): 66–86.Google Scholar
Deacon, B. (2006). Cornish or Klingon? The standardisation of the Cornish language. In Payton, P. (ed.), Cornish Studies: Fourteen. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, pp. 13–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deacon, B. (2007). Deconstructing Kernowek Kemyn: A critical review of Agan Yeth 4. In Everson, M. (ed.), Form and Content in Revived Cornish. Westport: Evertype, pp. 69–84.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, A. I. and Spinner-Halev, J. (2005). Minorities within Minorities: Equality, Rights and Diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, A. J. (1889). Existing Dialectal as Compared with West Saxon Pronunciation. Vol. V of On Early English Pronunciation. London: Trübner & Co.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, P. B. (1974). The Cornish Language and Its Literature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, D. (1969). The story of Cornish. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 58(231): 293–308.Google Scholar
Ferdinand, S. (2013). A brief history of the Cornish language, its revival and its current status. e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies 2: 199–227.Google Scholar
Ferdinand, S. (2018). Py lies kerneweger eus yn Kernow? In Bihan-Gallic, F., Lewin, C., Summers, S. and Wilson, C. (eds.), Proceedings of the Association of Celtic Students of Ireland and Britain, Vols. III–V. Edinburgh: Association of Celtic Students of Ireland and Britain, pp. 51–65.Google Scholar
George, K. and Broderick, G. (2009). The revived languages: Cornish and Manx. In Ball, M. J. and Müller, N. (eds.), The Celtic Languages, 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 753–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harasta, J. (2013). In Search of a Single Voice: the Politics of Form, Use and Belief in the Kernewek Language. PhD thesis, Syracuse University.Google Scholar
Hinton, L. (2001). Sleeping languages: Can they be awakened?. In Hinton, L. and Hale, K. (eds.), The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 413–8.Google Scholar
Hornsby, M. (2005). Néo-Breton and questions of authenticity. Estudios de Sociolingüística 6(2): 191–218.Google Scholar
Hornsby, M. (2015). The ‘new’ and ‘traditional’ speaker dichotomy: Bridging the gap. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 231: 107–25.Google Scholar
Jago, F. W. P. (1882). The Ancient Language, and the Dialect of Cornwall. Truro: Netherton & Worth.Google Scholar
Jenner, H. (1904). A Handbook of the Cornish Language: Chiefly in Its Latest Stages with Some Account of Its History and Literature. London: David Nutt.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, A. M. (2007). ‘Mozeying on down …’: The Cornish language in North America. In Tristram, H. L. C. (ed.), The Celtic Languages in Contact: Papers from the Workshop within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies. Potsdam: Universitatsverlag Potsdam, pp. 193–216.Google Scholar
Leslie, S., Winney, B., Hellenthal, G. et al. (2015). The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population. Nature 519: 309–14.Google Scholar
Lewin, C. (2015). Classical Manx, Revived Manx and English: Competing standards. In Sture Ureland, P. (ed.), Minority Languages in Europe and Beyond: Results and Prospects. Berlin: Logos, pp. 23–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewin, C. (2017a). Scholarship and language revival: Language ideologies in corpus development for revived Manx. Studia Celtica Posnaniensia 2: 97–118.Google Scholar
Lewin, C. (2017b). ‘Manx hardly deserved to live’: Perspectives on language contact and language shift. Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 64(1): 141–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewin, C. (2022). Continuity and hybridity in language revival: The case of Manx. Language in Society 51(4): 663–91.Google Scholar
Lhuyd, E. (1707). Glossography. Vol. 1 of Archaeologica Britannica. London: Bateman.Google Scholar
Lowenna, S. (2004). ‘Noscitur a sociis’: Jenner, Duncombe-Jewell and their milieu. In Payton, P. (ed.), Cornish Studies: Twelve. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, pp. 61–87.Google Scholar
McArdle, F. (2016). The Manx Gaelic Language in Education in the Isle of Man. Leeuwarden: Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning.Google Scholar
McEwan-Fujita, E. (2010). Ideology, affect, and socialization in language shift and revitalization: The experiences of adults learning Gaelic in the Western Isles of Scotland. Language in Society 39: 27–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, W. (2008). A new multilingual United Kingdom? The impact of the European Charter for regional or minority languages. In Pertot, S., Priestly, T. M. S. and Williams, C. H. (eds.), Rights, Promotion and Integration Issues for Minority Languages in Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 44–59.Google Scholar
Mills, J. (1999). Cornish lexicography in the twentieth century: Standardisation and divergence. Bulletin suisse de linguistique appliquée 69(1): 45–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, J. (2010). Genocide and ethnocide: The suppression of the Cornish language. In Partridge, J. (ed.), Interfaces in Language. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, pp. 189–206.Google Scholar
Nance, R. M. (1929). Cornish for All. St Ives: Federation of Old Cornwall Societies.Google Scholar
Norris, E. (1859). The Ancient Cornish Drama, 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ó hIfearnáin, T. (2015). Back to the future: Standard and language standards in contemporary Manx Gaelic. Sociolinguistica 29 (1): 99–120.Google Scholar
Ó hIfearnáin, T. and Ó Murchadha, N. (2011). The perception of Standard Irish as a prestige target variety. In Kristiansen, T. and Coupland, N. (eds.), Standard Languages and Language Standards in a Changing Europe. Oslo: Novus, pp. 97–104.Google Scholar
Ó Murchadha, N. P., Hornsby, M., Smith-Christmas, C. and Moriarty, M. (2018). New speakers, familiar concepts? In Smith-Christmas, C., Murchadha, N. P. Ó, Hornsby, M. and Moriarty, M. (eds.), New Speakers of Minority Languages: Linguistic Ideologies and Practices. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1–22.Google Scholar
Odugu, D. I. (2015). Antinomies of ideologies and situationality of education language politics in multilingual contexts. International Multilingual Research Journal 9(3): 137–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Office for National Statistics. (2022). Language, England and Wales: Census 2021. www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2205/fig1/, accessed 13 December 2022.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, B. and Walsh, J. (2015). New speakers of Irish: Shifting boundaries across time and space. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 231: 63–83.Google Scholar
Pool, P. A. S. (1982). The Death of Cornish. Penzance: Cornish Language Board.Google Scholar
Pounds, N. J. G. (1943). Population movement in Cornwall, and the rise of mining in the 18th century. Geography 28(2): 37–46.Google Scholar
Robert, E. (2009). Accommodating ‘new’ speakers? An attitudinal investigation of L2 speakers of Welsh in south-east Wales. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 195: 93–115.Google Scholar
Rose-Troup, F. (1913). The Western Rebellion of 1549: An Account of the Insurrections in Devonshire and Cornwall against Religious Innovations in the Reign of Edward VI. London: Smith, Elder & Co.Google Scholar
Sayers, D. (2012). Standardising Cornish: The politics of a new minority language. Language Problems and Language Planning 36(2): 99–119.Google Scholar
Sayers, D. (2017). Cornish language funding 2010–2016 as a political ‘bribe’. Unpublished paper, https://academia.edu/31944206, accessed 15 September 2021.Google Scholar
Sayers, D. and Renkó-Michelsén, Z. (2015). Phoenix from the ashes: Reconstructed Cornish in relation to Einar Haugen’s four-step model of language standardisation. Sociolinguistica 29(1): 17–38.Google Scholar
Sayers, D., Davies-Deacon, M. and Croome, S. (2019). The Cornish Language in Education in the UK, 2nd ed. Leeuwarden: Mercator.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M. (2003) Where Cornish was spoken and when: A provisional synthesis. In Payton, P. (ed.), Cornish Studies: Eleven. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, pp. 228–69.Google Scholar
Statistics Isle of Man. (2022). 2021 Isle of Man Census Report: Part I. https://gov.im/media/1375604/2021-01-27-census-report-part-i-final-2.pdf, accessed 19 June 2023.Google Scholar
Stowell, B. and Ó Bréasláin, D. (1996). A Short History of the Manx Language. Belfast: An Clochán.Google Scholar
Treenoodle, W. (1846). Specimens of Cornish Provincial Dialect. London: John Russell Smith.Google Scholar
Williams, R. (1865). Lexicon Cornu–Britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall. Llandovery: Roderic.Google Scholar
Wilson, G. N., Johnson, H. and Sallabank, J. (2015). ‘I’m not dead yet’: A comparative study of indigenous language revitalization in the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey. Current Issues in Language Planning 16(3): 259–78.Google Scholar
Wmffre, I. (1998). Late Cornish. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×