Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 November 2020
This study covers approximately 1,000 years, centering on two broad periods of pharaonic civilization referred to by scholars as kingdoms: the Old Kingdom and the earlier part of the Middle Kingdom, when the state is reunified and reformed. Later there would be changes in the New Kingdom that follows. These, in large part, were brought about by external forces and foreign peoples, but, for the most part, New Kingdom kingship, state administration, and, in the early New Kingdom, royal marriage patterns, were based on Middle Kingdom practice developed from that of the Old Kingdom. The Old Kingdom lasted roughly from 2686 to 2181 BCE, and the Middle Kingdom from 2055 to 1650 BCE (Shaw 2004, 184).
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