Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T01:45:04.788Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2010

James R. Lincoln  and
Michael L. Gerlach
James R. Lincoln
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Michael L. Gerlach
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Japan's Network Economy
Structure, Persistence, and Change
 , pp. 379 - 400
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abegglen, James C. 1958. The Japanese Factory: Aspects of Its Social Organization. Glencoe, IL: Free Press
Abegglen, James C. and George Stalk Jr. 1985. Kaisha: The Japanese Corporation. New York: Basic Books
Ahmadjian, Christina L. 1996. “Japanese Supply Networks and the Governance of Interfirm Exchange.” Presented at the Academy of Management, Cincinnati, August
Ahmadjian, Christina L. 1997. “Network Affiliation and Supplier Performance in the Japanese Automotive Industry.” Presented to the Academy of Management, Boston,; August
Ahmadjian, Christina L. 2003. “Changing Japanese Corporate Governance.” In Japan Changes: The New Political Economy of Structural Adjustment and Globalization, edited by Ulrike Schaede and William Grimes. New York: M.E. Sharpe
Ahmadjian, Christina L. and Lincoln, James R.. 2001. “Keiretsu, Governance, and Learning: Case Studies in Change from the Japanese Automotive Industry” Organization Science 12:683–701CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmadjian, Christina L. and Robinson, Patricia. 2001. “Safety in Numbers: Downsizing and the Deinstitutionalization of Permanent Employment in Japan” Administrative Science Quarterly 46:622–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akerlof, George A. 1982. “Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange” Quarterly Journal of Economics 97:543–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldrich, Howard. 1979. Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Aldrich, Howard 1999. Organizations Evolving. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Anchordoguy, Marie. 1989. Computers Inc: Japan's Challenge to IBM. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Aoki, Masahiko. 1984. “Risk-Sharing in the Corporate Group.” Pp. 259–64 in The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm, edited by Masahiko Aoki. Amsterdam: North-Holland
Aoki, Masahiko 1988. Information, Incentives, and Bargaining in the Japanese Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press
Aoki, Masahiko and Hugh T. Patrick. 1994. The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies. New York: Oxford University Press
Asahi Shimbun. 2003. Japan Almanac. Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun-sha
Asanuma, Banri. 1985. “Transactional structure of parts supply in the Japanese automobile and electrical machinery industries.” Technical Report No. 1, Socio-economic Systems Research Project, Kyoto University
Asanuma, Banri 1989. “Manufacturer-Supplier Relationships in Japan and the Concept of Relation-Specific Skill” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 3:1–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asanuma, Banri and , T. Kikutani. 1992. “Risk Absorption in Japanese Subcontracting — a Microeconometric Study of the Automobile-Industry” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 6:1–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Associated Press. 2001. “Nissan Returns to Profitability.” May 17
Bacon, Jeremy and James K. Brown. 1978. The Board of Directors: Perspectives and Practices in Nine Countries. New York: Conference Board
Baker, Wayne E. 1990. “Market Networks and Corporate Behavior” American Journal of Sociology 96:589–625CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballon, Robert J. and Iwao Tomita. 1976. The Financial Behavior of Japanese Corporations. Tokyo: Kodansha
Baron, James N., Dobbin, Frank R., and Jennings, P. D.. 1986. “War and Peace: The Evolution of Modern Personnel Administration in U.S. Industry” American Journal of Sociology 92:350–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beer, Michael and B. A. Spector. 1981. “Matsushita Electric.” Harvard Business School Case 9-481-146. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Berglof, Eric and Perotti, Enrico. 1994. “The Governance Structure of the Japanese Financial Keiretsu” Journal of Financial Economics 36:259–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berle, Adolf A. and Gardiner Means. 1932. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. New York: Macmillan
Bertrand, Marianne, Mehta, Paras, and Mullainathan, Sendhil. 2002. “Ferreting out Tunneling: An Application to Indian Business Groups” Quarterly Journal of Economics 117:121–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blau, Peter M. 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley
Blinder, Alan S. 1991. “A Japanese Buddy System That Could Benefit U.S. Business” Business Week, October 14, p. 32Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. P. and Everett, M. G.. 1992. “Notions of position in social network analysis” Sociological Methodology, 22:1–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branstetter, Lee. 2000. “Vertical Keiretsu and Knowledge Spillovers in Japanese Manufacturing: An Empirical Assessment” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 14:73–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brauchli, Marcus W. 1991. “Ousted Executive in Japan Accuses Nissan of Meddling” Wall Street Journal, May 15Google Scholar
Bremner, Brian. 2002. “Misreading the Enron Scandal” Business Week, April 24Google Scholar
Bremner, Brian and Emily, Thornton. 1999. “Mitsubishi: Fall of a Keiretsu” Business Week International Edition, March 15Google Scholar
Broadbridge, S. 1966. Industrial Dualism in Japan: A Problem of Economic Growth and Structural Change. London: Frank Cass & Co
Burt, Ronald S. 1980. “Models of Network Structure” Annual Review of Sociology 6:79–141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1983. Corporate Profits and Cooptation. New York: Academic Press
Burt, Ronald S. 1987. “Social Contagion and Innovation — Cohesion Versus Structural Equivalence” American Journal of Sociology 92:1287–1335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural Holes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Burt, R. S., , K. P. Christman, and , H. C. Kilburn. 1980. “Testing a Structural Theory of Corporate Cooptation” American Sociological Review 45:821–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cable, John. 1983. “Hierarchies and Markets: An Empirical Test of the Multidivisional Hypothesis in West Germany” International Journal of Industrial Organization 1:43–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cable, John and Yasuki, Hirohiko. 1985. “Internal Organisation, Business Groups, and Corporate Performance: An Empirical Test of the Multidivisional Hypothesis in Japan” International Journal of Industrial Organization 3:401–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, Kent E. 1993. Strategic Capitalism: Private Business and Public Purpose in Japanese Industrial Finance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Career Development Center (Kyarya Deberopmento Senta). 2002. Kigyo gurupu to gyokai chizu (Enterprise Groups and the Map of the Business World). Tokyo: Takabashi Shoten
Cargill, Thomas F., Michael M. Hutchison, and Takatoshi Ito. 1997. The Political Economy of Japanese Monetary Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Caves, Richard and Masu Uekusa. 1976. Industrial Organization in Japan. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution
Chesbrough, Henry W. and Teece, David J.. 1996. “When Is Virtual Virtuous? Organizing for Innovation” Harvard Business Review 74:65–73Google Scholar
Clark, Rodney 1979. The Japanese Company. New Haven: Yale University Press
Cole, Robert E. 1971. Japanese Blue Collar: The Changing Tradition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Cole, Robert E. 1989. Strategies for Learning. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Coleman, James S. 1986. “Social Theory, Social Research, and a Theory of Action” American Journal of Sociology 16:1309–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colignon, R. and Usui, C.. 2001. “The Resilience of Japan's Iron Triangle — Amakudari” Asian Survey 41:865–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cusumano, Michael A. 1985. The Japanese Automobile Industry: Technology and Management at Nissan and Toyota. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Cusumano, Michael A. 1991. Japan's Software Factories: A Challenge to U.S. Management. New York: Oxford University Press
Davis, Gerald F. and Mizruchi, Mark S.. 1999. “The Money Center Cannot Hold: Commercial Banks in the US System of Corporate Governance” Administrative Science Quarterly 44:215–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., and Sweeney, A. P.. 1995. “Detecting Earnings Management” Accounting Review 70:193–225Google Scholar
Dedrick, Jason and Kenneth L. Kraemer. 1998. Asia's Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States & the World? New York: Oxford University Press
Dewatripont, M. and Gerard Roland. 1997. “Transition as a Process of Large Scale Institutional Change.” Pp. 240–78 in Advances in Economic Theory, edited by D. Kreps and K. Wallis. New York: Cambridge University Press, vol. II
DiMaggio, P. and , W. W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields” American Sociological Review 48:147–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodwell Marketing Consultants. Various years. Industrial Groupings in Japan. Tokyo: Dodwell
Dore, Ronald P. 1973. British Factory, Japanese Factory. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Dore, Ronald P. 1983. “Goodwill and the Spirit of Market Capitalism” British Journal of Sociology 34:459–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dore, Ronald P. 1986. Flexible Rigidities: Industrial Policy and Structural Adjustment in the Japanese Economy 1970–80. London: Athlone
Dore, Ronald P. 1987. Taking Japan Seriously: A Confucian Perspective on Leading Economic Issues. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Dore, Ronald P. 2000. Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
Dvorak, Phred, Guth, Robert A., Singer, Jason, and Zaun, Todd. 2001. “Recession Frays Japan Inc.'s Tradition of Loyal, Long-Term Corporate Alliances” Wall Street Journal, March 2Google Scholar
Dyer, Jeffrey H. 1996a. “Does Governance Matter? Keiretsu Alliances and Asset Specificity as Sources of Japanese Competitive Advantage” Organization Science 7:649–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, Jeffrey H. 1996b. “Specialized Supplier Networks as a Source of Competitive Advantage: Evidence from the Auto Industry” Strategic Management Journal 17:271–913.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, Jeffrey H. and Ouchi, William G.. 1993. “Japanese-Style Partnerships — Giving Companies a Competitive Edge” Sloan Management Review 35:51–63Google Scholar
Economist. 2002. “Star Turn: What Distinguishes Companies That Have Bucked Japan's Corporate Downturn?” November 7
Fair Trade Commission (Kosei torihiki iinkai). 1987. Long-Term Relationships among Japanese Companies: A Report by the Study Group on Trade Frictions and Market Structure. Tokyo: Fair Trade Commission. April
Fair Trade Commission (Kosei torihiki iinkai). 1992. The Outline of the Report on the Actual Conditions of the Six Major Corporate Groups. Tokyo: Executive Office, Fair Trade Commission
Faust, Karen and Romney, A. K.. 1985. “Does Structure Find Structure? A Critique of Burt's Use of Distance as a Measure of Equivalence” Social Networks 7:77–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feenstra, Robert C., Deng-Shing Huang, and Gary G. Hamilton. 1997. “Business Groups and Trade in East Asia: Part 1, Networked Equilibria.” Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. January
Financial Times. 2002. “Japanese Delight as Scandals Rock the ‘American Model’: But Reform May Be Hit by a New Belief in the Old Way.” August 15,; p. 12
Flaherty, M. Therese and Hiroyuki Itami. 1984. “Finance.” Pp. 134–76 in The Competitive Edge, edited by Daniel I. Okimoto, Takuo Sugano, and Franklin B. Weinstein. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Flath, David. 1993. “Shareholding in the Keiretsu, Japan's Financial Groups” Review of Economics and Statistics 75:249–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fligstein, Neil. 1990. The Transformation of Corporate Control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Fransman, Martin. 1990. Beyond the Market: Cooperation and Competition in the Creation of Advanced Computing and Electronics Technologies in the Japanese System. New York: Cambridge University Press
Freeland, Robert F. 2001. The Struggle for Control of the Modern Corporation: Organizational Change at General Motors, 1924–1970. New York: Cambridge University Press
Freeman, John, Carroll, Glenn R., and Hannan, Michael T.. 1983. “The Liability of Newness: Age Dependence in Organizational Death Rates” American Sociological Review 48:692–710CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, Howard. 2001. “In Stagnant Japan, Economic and Social Ills Match” New York Times, February 6Google Scholar
Friedman, David. 1988. The Misunderstood Miracle: Industrial Development and Political Change in Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Fruin, W. Mark. 1983. Kikkoman: Company, Clan, and Community. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Fruin, W. Mark 1992. The Japanese Enterprise System. New York: Oxford University Press
Fruin, W. Mark 1997. Knowledge Works: Managing Intellectual Capital at Toshiba. New York: Oxford University Press
Fruin, W. Mark and Toshihiro Nishiguchi. 1992. “Supplying the Toyota Production System: How to Make a Molehill out of a Mountain.” In Country Competitiveness, edited by Bruce Kogut. New York: Oxford University; Press
Fuji Electric Co. 1973. Fuji Electric History. Tokyo: Fuji Electric
Fujitsu. 1964. Company History. Tokyo: Fujitsu Limited
Fujitsu. 1976. Company History II: 1961–1975. Tokyo: Fujitsu Limited
Fukuda, Masako. 1997. “Group Ties Get Builder Out of Fiscal Bind” Nikkei Weekly, August 8Google Scholar
Gao, Bai. 2001. Japan's Economic Dilemma: The Institutional Origins of Prosperity and Stagnation. New York: Cambridge University Press
Geertz, Clifford, Hildred Geertz, and Lawrence Rosen. 1979. Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Gerlach, Michael L. 1991. “Twilight of the Keiretsu? A Critical Assessment” Journal of Japanese Studies 8:79–118Google Scholar
Gerlach, Michael L. 1992a. Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Gerlach, Michael L. 1992b. “The Japanese Corporate Network: A Blockmodel Analysis” Administrative Science Quarterly 37:105–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerlach, Michael L. 1997. “Organizational Logic of Business Groups: Evidence from the Zaibatsu.” In Beyond the Firm, edited by T. Shiba and M. Shimotani. New York: Oxford University Press
Gerlach, Michael L. and James R. Lincoln. 1992. “The Organization of Business Networks in the U.S. and Japan.” Pp. 491–520 in Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action, edited by N. Nohria and R. Eccles. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Gerlach, Michael L. and James R. Lincoln 1998. “The Structural Analysis of Japanese Economic Organization: A Conceptual Framework.” In W. Mark Fruin (ed.): Networks and Markets: Pacific Rim Strategies. New York: Oxford University Press
Gerlach, Michael L. and James R. Lincoln 2001. “Economic Organization and Innovation in Japan: Networks, Spinoffs, and the Creation of Enterprise.” Pp. 151–98 in Knowledge Creation: A New Source of Value, edited by Ikujiro Nonaka, Georg von Krogh, and Toshihiro Nishiguchi. London: Macmillan
Ghemawat, Pankaj and Khanna, Tarun. 1998. “The Nature of Diversified Business Groups: A Research Design and Two Case Studies” Journal of Industrial Economics 46:35–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Andrew. 1985. The Evolution of Labor Relations in Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Goto, Akira. 1981. “Statistical Evidence on the Diversification of Japanese Large Firms” Journal of Industrial Economics 29:271–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goto, Akira 1982. “Business Groups in a Market Economy” European Economic Review 19:53–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, Roger V. and Fernandez, Roberto M.. 1989. “Structures of Mediation: A Formal Approach to Brokerage in Transaction Networks” Sociological Methodology 19:89–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouldner, Alvin W. 1960. “The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement” American Sociological Review 25:161–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties” American Journal of Sociology 78:1360–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, Mark 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness” American Journal of Sociology 91:481–510CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, Mark 2003. “Business Groups and Social Organization.” In Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by N. Smelser and R. Swedberg. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2nd edition
Greene, William H. 1997. Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
Greve, H. R. and , A. Taylor. 2000. “Innovations as Catalysts for Organizational Change” Administrative Science Quarterly 45:54–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guetzkow, Harold. 1965. “Communication in Organizations.” Pp. 534–72 in Handbook of Organizations, edited by James G. March. Chicago: Rand; McNally
Guillen, Mauro F. 2000. “Business Groups in Emerging Economies: A Resource-Based View” Academy of Management Journal 43:362–80Google Scholar
Guillen, Mauro F. 2001. The Limits of Convergence: Globalization and Organizational Change in Argentina, South Korea, and Spain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Guillot, Dider and James R. Lincoln. 2001. “The Permeability of Network Boundaries: Strategic Alliances in the Japanese Electronics Industry in the 1990s.” Presented to the American Sociological Association, Anaheim, CA, August
Guillot, Dider and James R. Lincoln 2003. “Dyad and Network: Models of Manufacturer-Supplier Collaboration in the Japanese TV Manufacturing Industry.” In Advances in International Management: Special Issue on Changing Japan, edited by Allan Bird and Thomas Roehl. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
Guillot, Didier, David Mowery, and William Spencer. 2000. “The Changing Structure of Government-Industry Research Partnerships in Japan.” Presented to the Administrative Science Association of Canada, Montreal, July 7–11
Gulati, Ranjay. 1995. “Social Structure and Alliance Formation Patterns: A Longitudinal Analysis” Administrative Science Quarterly 40:619–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulati, Ranjay and , M. Gargiulo. 1999. “Where Do Interorganizational Networks Come From?” American Journal of Sociology 104:1439–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadley, Eleanor. 1970. Antitrust in Japan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Hadley, Eleanor 1984. “Counterpoint on Business Groupings and Government-Industry Relations in Automobiles.” Pp. 227–58 in The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm, edited by M. Aoki. Amsterdam: North-Holland
Hamilton, Gary and Biggart, Nicole. 1988. “Market, Culture, and Authority: A Comparative Analysis of Management and Organization in the Far East” American Journal of Sociology 94 (supplement):S52–S94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamao, Yasushi, Jianping Mei, and Yexiao Xu. 2002. “Idiosyncratic Risk and Creative Destruction in Japan.” NBER Working paper 9642, Cambridge, MA. April
Hannan, Michael and John Freeman. 1989. Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Harary, Frank, Dorwin Cartwright, and Robert Zane Norman. 1965. Structural Models. New York: Wiley
Harrison, Bennett 1994. Lean and Mean: The Changing Landscape of Corporate Power in the Age of Flexibility. New York: Basic Books
Haunschild, P. R. and , C. M. Beckman. 1998. “When Do Interlocks Matter? Alternate Sources of Information and Interlock Influence” Administrative Science Quarterly 43:815–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauser, Robert M. 1970. “Context and Consex: A Cautionary Tale” American Journal of Sociology 75:645–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausman, Jerry A. 1978. “Specification Tests in Econometrics” Econometrica 46:1251–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausman, Jerry A. and Taylor, William E.. 1981. “Panel Data and Unobservable Individual Effects” Econometrica 49:1377–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heimer, Carol A. 1992. “Doing Your Job and Helping Your Friends: Universalistic Norms About Obligations to Particular Others in Networks.” In Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action, edited by Nitin Nohria and Robert G. Eccles. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Helper, Susan R. and Sako, Mari. 1995. “Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States: Are They Converging?” Sloan Management Review 36:77–84Google Scholar
Hirsch, Paul M. 1975. “Organizational Effectiveness and the Institutional Environment” Administrative Science Quarterly 20:327–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschmeier, Johannes and Tsunehiko Yui. 1975. The Development of Japanese Business, 1600–1973. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Holland, Paul W. and Leinhardt, Samuel. 1981. “An Exponential Family of Probability Distributions for Directed Graphs” Journal of the American Statistical Association 76:33–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horiuchi, Akiyoshi, Packer, Frank, and Fukuda, Shin'ichi. 1988. “What Role Has the ‘Main Bank’ Played in Japan” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 2:159–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoshi, Takeo. 2002. “The Convoy System for Insolvent Banks: How It Originally Worked and Why It Failed in the 1990s” Japan and the World Economy 14:155–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoshi, Takeo and Takatoshi Ito. 1992. “Kigyo grupu kessokudo no bunseki” (Analysis of Coherence of Firm Groups).” Pp. 73–96 in Gendai nihon no kin-yu bunseki (Financial Analysis of Contemporary Japan), edited by Akiyoshi Horiuchi and Naoyuki Yoshino. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press
Hoshi, Takeo and Kashyap, Anil. 2000. “The Japanese Banking Crisis: Where Did It Come from and How Will It End?” Pp. 129–201 in NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1999, volume 14Google Scholar
Hoshi, Takeo and Anil Kashyap 2001. Corporate Financing and Governance in Japan. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Hoshi, Takeo, A. K. Kashyap, and G. Loveman. 1994. “Lessons from the Japanese Main Bank System for Financial System Reform in Poland.” In The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies, edited by M. Aoki and H. Patrich. New York: Oxford University Press
Hoshi, Takeo, Kashyap, Anil, and Scharfstein, David. 1991a. “The Role of Banks in Reducing the Costs of Financial Distress in Japan” Journal of Financial Economics 27:67–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoshi, Takeo, Kashyap, Anil, and Scharfstein, David 1991b. “Corporate Structure, Liquidity, and Investment: Evidence from Japanese Industrial Groups” Quarterly Journal of Economics 106:33–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ibison, David. 2003a. “Banks Tire of Waiting for Sun to Rise on Japan” Financial Times. February 15Google Scholar
Ibison, David 2003b. “Business Links Make a Return in Japan” Financial Times, January 21.;Google Scholar
Imai, Ken-ichi. 1990. “Japanese Business Groups and the Structural Impediments Initiative.” In Japan's Economic Structure: Should It Change? Edited by Kozo Yamamura. Seattle: Society for Japanese Studies
Imai, Kenichi and Itami, Hiroyuki. 1984. “Interpenetration of Organization and Market: Japan's Firm and Market in Comparison with the U.S.” International Journal of Industrial Organization 2:285–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imai, Ken-ichi, Ikujiro Nonaka, and Hirotaka Takeuchi. 1985. “Managing the New Product Development Process: How Japanese Companies Learn and Unlearn.” Pp. 337–76 in The Uneasy Alliance: Managing the Productivity-Technology Dilemma, edited by Kim B. Clark and Christopher Lorenz. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Inkeles, Alex and David Horton Smith. 1974. Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press
Itami, Hiroyuki and Thomas W. Roehl. 1987. Mobilizing Invisible Assets. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Ito, Kiyohiko. 1995. “Japanese Spinoffs: Unexplored Survival Strategies,” Strategic Management Journal 16:431–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, Takatoshi. 1992. The Japanese Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Itoh, Hideshi. 2003. “Corporate Restructuring in Japan, Part I: Can M-Form; Organization Manage Diverse Businesses?” Japanese Economic Review; 54:49–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, Sanford M. 1985. Employing Bureaucracy. New York: Columbia University Press
Japan Development Bank. 2000. Corporate Finance Data Bank. Tokyo: Development Bank of Japan
Japan Small Business Research Institute. 1999. “A Study of the Present Conditions and the Future Outlook of Industrial Districts in Japan.” Tokyo: METI Japan Small Business Research Institute. March
Jensen, Michael C. and Meckling, William H.. 1976. “Theory of the Firm” Journal of Financial Economics 3:305–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jinji koshin roku (Personnel Inquiry Record). Various years. Tokyo: Jinji Koshin Roku-Sho
Johnson, Chalmers A. 1982. MITI and the Japanese Miracle. Stanford, CA:; Stanford University Press
Judd, Charles M. and David A. Kenny. 1981. Estimating the Effects of Social Interventions. New York: Cambridge University Press
Kageyama, Yuri. 2003. “Shinsei Experience: Lattes in the Lobby, Free ATM Transactions” Japan Times, January 31Google Scholar
Kaisha nenkan (Company Annual). Various years. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun-sha
Kang, J. K. and , A. Shivdasani. 1995. “Firm Performance, Corporate Governance, and Top Executive Turnover in Japan” Journal of Financial Economics 38:29–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Steven N. and Minton, Bernadette A.. 1994. “Appointment of Outsiders to Japanese Boards: Determinants and Implications for Managers” Journal of Financial Economics 36:225–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Richard. 1998. Japan: The System That Soured. New York: M. E.; Sharpe
Kawasaki, S. and McMillan, John. 1987. “The Design of Contracts: Evidence from Japanese Subcontracting” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 1:327–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawashima, Takeyoshi. 1963. “Dispute Resolution in Contemporary Japan,” in Law in Japan: The Legal Order in a Changing Society, edited by A. T. von Mehren. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Keiretsu no kenkyu (Keiretsu Research). Various years. Tokyo: Keizai Chosa Kyokai
Keister, Lisa A. 2001. “Exchange Structures in Transition: Lending and Trade; Relations in Chinese Business Groups” American Sociological Review; 66:336–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keizai Kikakucho (Economic Planning Agency). 1997. Keizai hakusho (White Paper on the Economy). Tokyo: Keizai Kikakucho
Kelley, Maryellen R. and Brooks, Harvey. 1991. “External Learning Opportunities and the Diffusion of Process Innovations to Small Firms: The Case of Programmable Automation” Technological Forecasting and Economic Change 39:103–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, Alex. 2001. Dogs and Demons: Tales from the Dark Side of Japan. New York: Hill and Wang
Kerr, Clark. 1960. Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problems of Labor and Management in Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Kester, W. Carl. 1991. Japanese Takeovers: The Global Contest for Corporate Control. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Kester, W. Carl. 1997. “Governance, Contracting, and Investment Horizons: A Look at Japan and Germany.” Pp. 227–42 in Studies in International Corporate Finance and Governance Systems: A Comparison of the U.S., Japan, and Europe, edited by Donald H. Chew. New York: Oxford University; Press
Khanna, Tarun and , K. Pelepu. 2000. “Is Group Affiliation Profitable in Emerging Markets? An Analysis of Diversified Indian Business Groups” Journal of Finance 55:867–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khanna, Tarun and Rivkin, Jane W.. 2001. “Estimating the Performance Effects of Business Groups in Emerging Markets” Strategic Management Journal 22:45–743.0.CO;2-F>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knoke, David and James H. Kuklinski. 1982. Network Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications
Knoke, David, F. U. Pappi, J. Broadbent, and Y. Tsujinaka. 1996. Comparing Policy Networks: Labor Politics in the U.S.Germany, and Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press
Kobayashi, Hiroshi, Endo, Yukihiko, and Seiji, Ogishima. 1993. “New Directions in Japanese Banking Relationships” Nomura Research Institute Quarterly 11:2–27Google Scholar
Kogut, Bruce. 1989. “The Stability of Joint Ventures — Reciprocity and Competitive Rivalry” Journal of Industrial Economics 38:183–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kogut, Bruce 2000. “The Network as Knowledge: Generative Rules and the Emergence of Structure” Strategic Management Journal 21:405–253.0.CO;2-5>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komiya, Ryutaro, Masahiro Okuno, and Kotaro Suzumura. 1988. Industrial Policy in Japan. Tokyo: Academic Press Japan
Kondo, Dorinne K. 1990. Crafting Selves: Power, Gender, and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Kono, Clifford, Palmer, Donald, Friedland, Roger, and Zafonte, Matthew. 1998. “Lost in Space: The Geography of Corporate Interlocking Directorates” American Journal of Sociology 103:863–911CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krackhardt, David. 1988. “Predicting with Networks: Nonparametric Multiple Regression Analysis of Dyadic Data” Social Networks 10:359–;81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristof, Nicholas D. 1998. “Hubris and Humility as U.S. Waxes and Asia Wanes” New York Times, March 22Google Scholar
Kuroki, Fumiaki. 2001. The Present Status of Unwinding of Cross-Shareholding: The Fiscal 2000 Survey of Cross-Shareholding. Tokyo: NLI (Nippon Life Insurance) Research Institute Financial Research Group
Landers, Peter. 2000a. “Asian News: Shoei Faces a Hostile Bid in a Milestone for Japan” Wall Street Journal Europe, January 25, p. 13Google Scholar
Landers, Peter 2000b. ”A Hostile Takeover Bid Elbows Its Way into Usually Polite Japan” Wall Street Journal, January 25, p. A13Google Scholar
Landers, Peter 2000c. “Murakami Expects Bid for Shoei to Fall Short” Wall Street Journal, February 11Google Scholar
Landers, Peter 2002. “Reformer Takes on Japan's System, Seeking Respect for Shareholders” Wall Street Journal Interactive Edition, May 12Google Scholar
Lawrence, Robert Z. 1991. “Efficient or Exclusionist? The Import Behavior of Japanese Corporate Groups.” Pp. 311–30 in Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, edited by W. C. Brainard and G. L. Perry. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
Lawrence, Robert Z. 1993. “Japan's Different Trade Regime: An Analysis with Particular Reference to Keiretsu” Journal of Economic Perspectives 7:3–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazear, E. P. 1979. “Why Is There Mandatory Retirement” Journal of Political Economy 87:1261–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leff, Nathaniel H. 1978. “Industrial Organization and Entrepreneurship in the Developing Countries” Economic Development and Cultural Change 26:661–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leifer, Eric and Harrison White. 1987. “A Structural Approach to Markets.” In Intercorporate Relations: The Structural Analysis of Business, edited by Mark S. Mizruchi and Michael Schwartz. New York: Cambridge University Press
Levine, Joel H. 1972. “The Sphere of Influence” American Sociological Review 37:14–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Light, Ivan H. 1972. Ethnic Enterprise in America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Liker, J. K., , R. R. Kamath, Wasti, S. N., and , M. Nagamachi. 1996. “Supplier Involvement in Automotive Component Design: Are There Really Large US Japan Differences?” Research Policy 25:59–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, Edward J. 1990. Japan's Unequal Trade. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
Lincoln, James R. 1978. “Urban Distribution of Headquarters and Branch Plants in Manufacturing — Mechanisms of Metropolitan Dominance” Demography 15:213–22CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lincoln, James R. 1982. “Intra- (and Inter-) Organizational Networks.” Pp. 1–39 in Research in the Sociology of Organizations, edited by S. B. Bacharach. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, volume 1
Lincoln, James R. 1984. “Analyzing Relations in Dyads — Problems, Models, and an Application to Interorganizational Research” Sociological Methods & Research 13:45–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, James R. 1990. “Japanese Organization and Organization Theory.” Pp. 255–94 in Research in Organizational Behavior, Volume 12, edited by Barry M. Staw and L. L. Cummings. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
Lincoln, James R. and Christina Ahmadjian. 2001. “Shukko (Employee Transfers) and Tacit Knowledge Exchange in Japanese Supply Networks: The Electronics Industry Case.” Pp. 151–98 in Knowledge Emergence: Social, Technical, and Evolutionary Dimensions of Knowledge Creation, edited by I. Nonaka and T. Nishiguchi. New York: Oxford University Press
Lincoln, James R., Ahmadjian, Christina L., and Mason, Eliot. 1998. “Organizational Learning and Purchase-Supply Relations in Japan: Hitachi, Matsushita, and Toyota Compared” California Management Review: Special Issue on Knowledge and the Firm 24:241–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, James R., Gerlach, Michael L., and Ahmadjian, Christina L.. 1996. “Keiretsu Networks and Corporate Performance in Japan” American Sociological Review 61:67–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, James R., Michael L. Gerlach, and Christina L. Ahmadjian 1998. “Evolving Patterns of Keiretsu Organization and Action in Japan.” Pp. 307–43 in Research in Organizational Behavior, Volume 20, edited by B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
Lincoln, J. R., , M. L. Gerlach, and , P. Takahashi. 1992. “Keiretsu Networks in the Japanese Economy — a Dyad Analysis of Intercorporate Ties” American Sociological Review 57:561–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, James R. and Arne L. Kalleberg. 1990. Culture, Control, and Commitment: A Study of Work Organization and Work Attitudes in the United States and Japan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Lincoln, James R. and McBride, Kerry. 1985. “Resources, Homophily, and Dependence — Organizational Attributes and Asymmetric Ties in Human-Service Networks” Social Science Research 14:1–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, James R. and Nakata, Yoshifumi. 1997. “The Transformation of the Japanese Employment System: Nature, Depth, and Origins” Work and Occupations 24:33–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, James R., Olson, Jon, and Hanada, Mitsuyo. 1978. “Cultural Effects on Organizational Structure: The Case of Japanese Firms in the United States” American Sociological Review 43:829–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loasby, Brian J. 1976. Choice, Complexity and Ignorance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Lockwood, William W. 1968. The Economic Development of Japan: Growth and Structural Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Mace, Myles L. 1971. Directors: Myth and Reality. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Marsh, Robert M. and Hiroshi Mannari. 1976. Modernization and the Japanese Factory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Mason, Mark. 1992. American Multinationals and Japan: The Political Economy of Japanese Capital Controls, 1899–1980. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
McCabe, Kevin A., Rigdon, Mary L., and Smith, Vernon L.. 2003. “Positive Reciprocity and Intentions in Trust Games” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 52:267–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miles, Raymond E. and Snow, Charles C.. 1987. “Organizations: New Concepts for New Forms” California Management Review 28:62–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintz, Beth, and Michael Schwartz. 1985. The Power Structure of American Business. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Mitchell, J. Clyde. 1974. “Social Networks” Annual Review of Anthropology 3:279–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MITI. 1999. White Paper on Small and Medium Enterprises in Japan: Into an Age of Business Innovation and New Start-Ups. Tokyo: Small and Medium Enterprise Agency, Ministry of International Trade and Industry
Miwa, Yoshiro. 1996. Firms and Industrial Organization in Japan. London: MacMillan
Miwa, Yoshiro and , J. Mark Ramseyer. 2000. “Rethinking Relationship-Specific Investments: Subcontracting in the Japanese Automobile Industry” Michigan Law Review 98:2636–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miwa, Yoshiro and , J. Mark Ramseyer 2002. “The Fable of the Keiretsu” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 11:169–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyajima, Hideaki. 1994. “The Transformation of Zaibatsu to Postwar Corporate Groups — from Hierarchically Integrated Groups to Horizontally Integrated Groups” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 8:293–328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyajima, Hideaki 1998. “The Impact of Deregulation on Corporate Governance and Finance.” In Is Japan Really Changing Its Ways? Regulatory Reform and the Japanese Economy, edited by Lonny E. Carlyle and Mark C. Tilton. Washington: Brookings Institution Press
Miyamoto, Mataji and Yotaro Sakudo. 1979. Sumitomo no keieishiteki kenkyu (Historical Research on Sumitomo). Tokyo: Jikkyo Shuppan
Miyamoto, Mataji and Keiichino Nakagawa. 1976. Nihon keieishi koza. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha
Miyashita, Kenichi and David Russell. 1994. Keiretsu: Inside the Hidden Japanese Conglomerates. New York: McGraw-Hill
Mizruchi, Mark S. 1993. “Cohesion, Equivalence, and Similarity of Social Behavior: A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment” Social Networks 15:275–307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizruchi, Mark S. 1996. “What Do Interlocks Do? An Analysis, Critique, and Assessment of Research on Interlocking Directorates” Annual Review of Sociology 22:271–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moerke, Andreas. 1999. “Performance and Corporate Governance Structures of Japanese Keiretsu Groups.” In Information Processing as a Competitive Advantage of Japanese Firms, edited by Horst Albach, Ulrike Goertzen, and Rita Zobel. Berlin: Sigma
Morck, Randall and Nakamura, Masao. 1999. “Banks and Corporate Control in Japan” Journal of Finance 54:319–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morck, Randall, Nakamura, Masao, and , A. Shivdasani. 2000. “Banks, Ownership Structure, and Firm Value in Japan” Journal of Business 73:539–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morikawa, Hidemasa. 1980. Zaibatsu no keieishiteki kenkyu. Tokyo: Keizai Shinposha
Morikawa, Hidemasa 1993. Zaibatsu: The Rise and Fall of Family Enterprise Groups in Japan. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press
Murphy, R. Taggart. 1996. The Weight of the Yen. New York: W. W. Norton
Murray, Alan. 1997. “New Economic Models Are Failing while America Inc. Keeps Rolling” Wall Street Journal, December 8Google Scholar
Murray, Matt. 2001. “As Huge Firms Keep Growing, CEOs Struggle to Keep Pace” Wall Street Journal, February 8Google Scholar
Nakamura, Takafusa. 1983. Economic Growth in Prewar Japan. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Nakane, Chie. 1970. Japanese Society. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
Nakatani, Iwao. 1984. “The Economic Role of Financial Corporate Grouping.” Pp. 227–8 in The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm, edited by Masahiko Aoki. Amsterdam: North-Holland
NEC (Nippon Electric Company). 1958a. NEC 60 Year History. Tokyo: NEC Limited
NEC (Nippon Electric Company). 1958b. NEC 40th Edition. Tokyo: NEC Limited
NEC (Nippon Electric Company). 1969. NEC 70 Year History (1899–1969). Tokyo: NEC Limited
Nelson, Richard R. 1995. “Recent Evolutionary Theorizing About Economic Change” Journal of Economic Literature 33:48–90Google Scholar
Nikkei Databank Bureau. 1989. NEEDS — Corporate Data. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun
Nishiguchi, Toshihiro. 1994. Strategic Industrial Sourcing: The Japanese Advantage. New York: Oxford University Press
Nishiguchi, Toshihiro and Beaudet, Alexandre. 1998. “Case Study — the Toyota Group and the Aisin Fire” Sloan Management Review 40:49–60Google Scholar
Noguchi, Y. 1998. “The 1940 System: Japan under the Wartime Economy” American Economic Review 88:404–7Google Scholar
Norville, Elizabeth. 1998. “The Illiberal Roots of Japanese Financial Regulatory Reform,” Pp. 111–41 in Is Japan Really Changing Its Ways? Edited by Lonny Carlile and Mark Tilton. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
Odagiri, Hiroyuki. 1975. “Kigyo-shudan no riron” (The Theory of Corporate Groups)Kikan riron keizaigaku (Economics Studies Quarterly), volume 26Google Scholar
Odagiri, Hiroyuki 1992. Growth through Competition, Competition through Growth: A Study of Japanese Management. New York: Clarendon Press
Odaka, Konosuke, Keinosuke Ono, and Fumihiko Adachi. 1988. The Automobile Industry in Japan: A Study of Ancillary Firm Development. Tokyo:; Kinokuniya
Ogawa, Joshua. 1995. “Corporations Embrace Company System: Structure Emulates Outlawed Holding Firms, Improves Agility” Nikkei Weekly, May 1Google Scholar
Ohkawa, Kazushi and Henry Rosovsky. 1973. Japanese Economic Growth: Trend Acceleration in the Twentieth Century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Okazaki, Tetsuji. 1993. “The Japanese Firm under the Wartime Planned-Economy” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 7:175–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okimoto, Daniel I. 1989. Between MITI and the Market: Japanese Industrial Policy for High Technology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Okumura, Hiroshi. 1982. “Interfirm Relations in an Enterprise Group — the Case of Mitsubishi” Japanese Economic Studies 10:53–82Google Scholar
Okumura, Hiroshi 1983. Shin nihon no rokudai kigyo shudan (A New Look at Japan's Six Major Enterprise Groups). Tokyo: Daiyamondo-sha
Okuno-Fujiwara, Masahiro. 1991. “Industrial Policy in Japan: A Political Economy View.” In The U.S. And Japan: Trade and Investment, edited by Paul R. Krugman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Olson, Mancur. 1982. The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Ord, Keith. 1975. “Estimation Methods for Models of Spatial Interaction” Journal of the American Statistical Association 70:120–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ornstein, Michael D. 1984. “Interlocking Directorates in Canada: Intercorporate or Class Allliance?” Administrative Science Quarterly 29:210–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orru, Marco, Nicole Woolsey Biggart, and Gary G. Hamilton. 1997. The Economic Organization of East Asian Capitalism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Orru, Marco, Hamilton, Gary G., and Suzuki, Mariko. 1989. “Patterns of Inter-Firm Control in Japanese Business” Organization Studies 10:549–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouchi, William G. 1981. Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Ouchi, William G. 1986. The M-Form Society. New York: Avon
Ozawa, Ichiro. 1994. Blueprint for a New Japan: The Rethinking of a Nation. Tokyo: Kodansha
Palmer, Donald. 1983. “Broken Ties: Interlocking Directorates and Intercorporate Coordination” Administrative Science Quarterly 28:40–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, Donald T., Friedland, Roger, and Singh, Jitendra V.. 1986. “The Ties That Bind: Organizational and Class Bases of Stability in a Corporate Interlock Network” American Sociological Review 51:781–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascale, Richard T. and Rohlen, Thomas. 1983. “The Mazda Turnaround” Journal of Japanese Studies 9:219–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pempel, T. J. 1998. Regime Shift: Comparative Dynamics of the Japanese Political Economy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Pennings, Johannes. 1980. Interlocking Directorates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Perrow, Charles. 1992. “Small Firm Networks.” Pp. 445–70 in Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action, edited by Nitin Nohria and Rorbert G. Eccles. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Pesek, William. 2003. “Commentary: Japan Relies on the ‘Bank of Toyota’ Model” International Herald Tribune, January 22Google Scholar
Pfeffer, Jeffrey and Gerald R. Salancik. 1978. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper and Row
Pilling, David. 2002. “Nonperforming Loans: Piles of Debt with Nowhere to Go” Financial Times, November 14Google Scholar
Piore, Michael J. and Charles F. Sabel. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books
Podolny, Joel M. 1993. “A Status-Based Model of Market Competition” American Journal of Sociology 98:829–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podolny, Joel M. and Page, Karen L.. 1998. “Network Forms of Organization” Annual Review of Sociology 24:57–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation. New York: Farrar & Rinehart
Porter, Michael E. 1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press
Powell, W. W. 1990. “Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization.” Pp. 295–336 in Research in Organizational Behavior, volume 12, edited by Barry M. Staw and L. L. Cummings. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
Pred, Alan. 1977. City Systems in Advanced Economies. London: Hutchison
Prestowitz, Clyde V. 1989. Trading Places: How We Are Giving Our Future to Japan and How to Reclaim It. New York: Basic Books
Ramseyer, J. Mark. 1994. “Explicit Reasons for Implicit Contracts: the Legal Logic to the Japanese Main Bank System.” Pp. 231–57 in The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies, edited by M. Aoki and H. Patrick. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press
Richardson, G. B. 1972. “The Organization of Industry” Economic Journal 82:883–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, Mark J. 1994. Strong Managers, Weak Owners. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Roehl, Thomas W. 1983a. An Economic Analysis of Industrial Groupings in Post-War Japan. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington
Roehl, Thomas W. 1983b. “A Transactions Cost Approach to International Trading Structures: The Case of the Japanese General Trading Companies” Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics 24:119–35Google Scholar
Rohlen, Thomas P. 1974. For Harmony and Strength: Japanese White-Collar Organization in Anthropological Perspective. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Rosenbluth, Frances McCall. 1989. Financial Politics in Contemporary Japan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press
Rtischev, Dmitry and Robert E. Cole. 2003. “The Role of Organizational Discontinuity in High Technology: Insights from a U.S.-Japan Comparison.” In Roadblocks on the Information Highway, edited by Jane Bachnik. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield
Rumelt, Richard P. 1974. Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School
Sakakibara, Kiyonori. 1993. “R&D Cooperation among Competitors: A Case Study of the VLSI Semiconductor Research Project in Japan” Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 10:393–407CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakakibara, Kiyonori and Kouji Miki. 1999. “The International Comparative Study of Companies' Procurement Activities Supported by Information Technology.” Tokyo: National Institute of Science and Technology Policy; (NISTEP)
Sakamoto, Kazuichi. 1991. “Enterprise Groups in Contemporary Japan” Japanese Economic Studies 19:56–88Google Scholar
Sako, Mari 1992. Prices, Quality, and Trust: Inter-Firm Relations in Britain and Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press
Sako, Mari 1996. “Suppliers' Associations in the Japanese Automobile Industry: Collective Action for Technology Diffusion” Cambridge Journal of Economics 20:651–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sako, Mari 2004. Shifting Boundaries of the Firm: Japanese Management — Japanese Labour. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
Sako, Mari and Helper, Susan. 1998. “Determinants of Trust in Supplier Relations: Evidence from the Automotive Industry in Japan and the United States” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 34:387–417CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels, Richard J. 1987. The Business of the Japanese State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Sanger, David E. 2003. “The Global Cost of Crony Capitalism” New York Times, July 21Google Scholar
SAS Institute. 1990. SAS/Stat User's Guide, Version 6. Cary, NC: SAS Institute
Sato, Makoto. 1999a. “Sanwa Bank Scrambles to Keep Up as Three-Bank Deal Reshuffles Industry” Nikkei Net Interactive, September 6Google Scholar
Sato, Makoto 1999b. “Bank Merger to Blur Old Zaibatsu Lines.” Nikkei Weekly, October 18
Saxenian, AnnaLee. 1996. Regional Advantage. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Saxenian, AnnaLee 1991. “The Origins and Dynamics of Production Networks in Silicon Valley” Research Policy 20:423–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaede, Ulrike. 1995. “The Old-Boy Network and Government-Business Relationships in Japan” Journal of Japanese Studies 21:293–317CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaede, Ulrike 1996. “The 1995 Financial Crisis in Japan.” Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy. February
Schaede, Ulrike 2000. Cooperative Capitalism: Self-Regulation, Trade Associations, and the Antimonopoly Law in Japan. New York: Oxford University Press
Schaede, Ulrike 2001. “The Japanese Financial System: From Postwar to the New Millennium.” Harvard Business School HBS Case 9-700-049
Schelling, Thomas C. 1978. Micromotives and Macrobehavior. New York:; Norton
Scher, Mark J. 1997. Japanese Interfirm Networks and their Main Banks. New York: St. Martin's Press
Schleifer, Andre and Vishy, Robert W.. 1986. “Large Shareholders and Corporate Control” Journal of Political Economy 94:461–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1955. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper & Row
Scott, John. 1986. Capitalist Property and Financial Power. Brighton, England: Wheatsheaf Books
Scott, W. Richard and John W. Meyer. 1994. Institutional Environments and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Selznick, Philip. 1949. TVA and the Grass Roots. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Sevastopulo, Demetri. 2002. “US View: Great Ideas but No Timetable for Delivery” Financial Times, November 14Google Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1986a. “Main Banks and Internal Capital Markets in Japan” Shoken keizai 157:255–85Google Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1986b. “General Trading Companies and Structural Adjustment in Japan.” Research Paper No. 132, Australia-Japan Research Centre, February 1986
Sheard, Paul 1989a. “The Main Bank System and Corporate Monitoring and Control in Japan” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 11:399–422CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1989b. “The Japanese General Trading Company as an Aspect of Interfirm Risk-Sharing” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 3:308–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1991a. “The Economics of Japanese Corporate Organization and the Structural Impediments Debate — a Critical Review” Japanese Economic Studies 19:30–78Google Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1991b. “The Role of Firm Organization in the Adjustment of a Declining Industry in Japan — the Case of Aluminum” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 5:14–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1994a. “Main Banks and the Governance of Financial Distress.” In The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevancy for Developing and Transforming Economies, edited by Masahiko Aoki and Hugh Patrick. New York: Oxford University Press
Sheard, Paul 1994b. “Reciprocal Delegated Monitoring in the Japanese Main Bank System” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 8:1–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1997. “Keiretsu, Competition, and Market Access.” Pp. 501–46 in Global Competition Policy, edited by Edward M. Graham and J. David Richardson.; Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics
Shimotani, Masahiro. 1996. Mochikabu-gaisha kaikin (The Lifting of the Holding Company Ban). Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha
Shimotani, Masahiro 1998. Matsushita gurupu no rekishi to kozo (The History and Structure of the Matsushita Group). Tokyo: Yūhikaku
Shioji, Hiromi. 1995. “‘Itaku’ Automotive Production: An Aspect of the Development of Full-Line and Wide-Selection Production by Toyota in the 1960's” Kyoto University Economic Review, vol. 66Google Scholar
Shirai, Taishiro. 1983. Contemporary Industrial Relations in Japan. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press
Shirouzu, Norhiko. 1999a. “Toyota Is Tightening Control of Key Suppliers in Bid to Block Encroachment by Foreign Firms” Wall Street Journal, August 3,; p. A18Google Scholar
Shirouzu, Norhiko 1999b. “Nissan's Revival Relies on Operating Chief's Agility: Ghosn Must Lead Tough Revamping Despite Obstacles” Wall Street Journal, October 18Google Scholar
Shirouzu, Norhiko 1999c. “Nissan Overhaul May Entice Foreign Corporate Raids without Keiretsu Tie-Ins, Suppliers Become Vulnerable” Wall Street Journal, October 20, p. A20Google Scholar
Shirouzu, Norhiko 2000. “Founding Clan Vies with Outsider for a Place at the Top of Toyota” Wall Street Journal, May 15Google Scholar
Smith, Randall, Lipin, Steven, and Kumar, Amal. 1994. “Managing Profits; How General Electric Damps Fluctuations in Its Annual Earnings” Wall Street Journal, October 3Google Scholar
Smitka, Michael J. 1991. Competitive Ties: Subcontracting in the Japanese Automotive Industry. New York: Columbia University Press
Spiegel, Mark M. 2000. “Bank Charter Value and the Viability of the Japanese Convoy System” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies; 14:149–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spindle, Bill. 1998. “Sakura Bank Seeks Infusion of 2 Billion from Big Holders” Wall Street Journal, August 31Google Scholar
Stata Corporation. 1999. Stata User's Guide: Release 6. College Station, TX: Stata Press
Stinchcombe, Arthur M. 1965. “Social Structure and Organizations.” In Handbook of Organizations, edited by James G. March. Chicago: Rand; McNally
Strom, S. 1999. “Toyota Picks Aide to Founding Family as President” New York Times, April 14Google Scholar
Sugawara, Sandra. 1998. “In Japan Ties Meant to Bind Now Strangle: Powerful Keiretsu System Stalls Nation's Recovery” Washington Post, October 16Google Scholar
Sugiyama, Yoshikuni. 2003. “Other Firms Should Copy Toyota's Largesse” Daily Yomiuri Online, January 23Google Scholar
Sumitomo Bank. 1926. 30 Year History. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
Sumitomo Bank. 1955a. Sumitomo Bank Short History. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
Sumitomo Bank. 1955b. Sumitomo Bank History. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
Sumitomo Bank. 1955c. History of 60 Years: 1859–1955. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
Sumitomo Bank. 1965. Sumitomo Bank History (Continued). Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
Sumitomo Bank. 1979. History of 80 Years. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
Suzuki, Yoshio. 1987. The Japanese Financial System. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press
Suzuki, Yumiko. 2001. “Last of Six Failed Insurers Find Firms to Bail Them Out” Nikkei Weekly, February 26Google Scholar
Taira, Koji and Solomon Levine. 1985. “Japan's Industrial Relations: A Social Compact Emerges.” Pp. 247–300 in Industrial Relations in a Decade of Economic Change, edited by Harvey Juris, Mark Thompson, and Wilbur Daniels. Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association Series
Takahashi, Kamekichi. 1930. Nihon zaibatsu no kaibo. Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha
Takahashi, Peggy K. 1995. Strategic Spin-offs and Organizational Change in the Japanese Electric and Electronic Equipment Industry. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
Teece, David J. 1986. “Transactions Cost Economics and the Multinational-Enterprise — an Assessment” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 7:21–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teece, David J. and Winter, Sidney 1984. “The Limits of Neoclassical Theory in Management Education” American Economic Review 74:116–21Google Scholar
Teikoku Databank America. 2003. Bankruptcy Report. Tokyo: Teikoku; Databank
Teranishi, J. 1986. “Economic-Growth and Regulation of Financial-Markets — Japanese Experience during Postwar High Growth Period” Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics 27:149–65Google Scholar
Tett, Gillian. 1997. “Fuji Bank: A Commitment Problem” Financial Times, November 22Google Scholar
Thompson, James D. 1967. Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill
Thornton, Emily. 1999. “Mystery at Toyota's Top: An Executive Shuffle Doesn't Clear Anything Up” Business Week Online, April 26Google Scholar
Thurow, Lester C. 1993. Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle among Japan, Europe, and America. New York: Warner Books
Tokyo Stock Exchange. 2002. Shareownership Survey of the National Conference of Stock Exchanges. Tokyo: Tokyo Stock Exchange
Toyo Keizai. Various years. Kigyo keiretsu soran (Enterprise Keiretsu Survey). Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Ltd
Treece, James B. 1998. “When Times Get Tough, Toyota Goes Shopping” Automotive News, November 30Google Scholar
Tushman, Michael and Anderson, Philip. 1986. “Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments” Administrative Science Quarterly 31:439–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Useem, Michael. 1984. The Inner Circle. New York: Oxford University Press
Useem, Michael 1996. Investor Capitalism: How Money Managers Are Changing the Face of Corporate America. New York: Basic Books/ HarperCollins
Uzzi, Brian. 1996. “The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect” American Sociological Review 61:674–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uzzi, Brian and Gillespie, James J.. 2002. “Knowledge Spillover in Corporate Financing Networks: Embeddedness and the Firm's Debt Performance” Strategic Management Journal 23:595–618CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Wolferen, Karel. 1989. The Enigma of Japanese Power. London: MacMillan
von Mehren, Arthur T. 1963. Law in Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Walker, Gordon B., Kogut, Bruce, and , W. J. Shan. 1997. “Social Capital, Structural Holes and the Formation of an Industry Network” Organization Science 8:109–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallich, Henry C. and Mable I. Wallich. 1976. “Banking and Finance.” In Asia's New Giant: How the Japanese Economy Works, edited by Hugh Patrick and Henry Rosovsky. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
Wasserman, Stanley and Joseph Galaskiewicz. 1994. Advances in Social Network Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Weinstein, David E and Yafeh, Yishay. 1995. “Japan's Corporate Groups: Collusive or Competitive? An Empirical Investigation of Keiretsu Behavior” Journal of Industrial Economics 43:359–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellman, Barry and S. D. Berkowitz. 1987. Social Structures: A Network Approach, edited by Barry Wellman and S. D. Berkowitz. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press
Westney, D. Eleanor. 1987. Imitation and Innovation: The Transfer of Western Organizational Patterns to Meiji Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
White, Harrison C. 1992. Identity and Control: A Structural Theory of Social Action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
White, Harrison C., Boorman, S. A., and Breiger, R. L.. 1976. “Social-Structure from Multiple Networks. 1. Blockmodels of Roles and Positions” American Journal of Sociology 81:730–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittaker, D. H. 1997. Small Firms in the Japanese Economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Williamson, O. E. 1970. Corporate Control and Business Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies. New York: Free Press
Williamson, O. E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press
Williamson, O. E. 1991. “Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives” Administrative Science Quarterly 36:269–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, O. E. 1994. “Transaction Cost Economics and Organizational Theory.” Pp. 77–107 in Handbook of Organizational Sociology, edited by Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Wolff, Kurt H. 1950. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Glencoe, IL: Free Press
Womack, J. P, D. T. Jones, and D. Roos. 1990. The Machine That Changed the World. New York: Rawson Associates
Wray, William D. 1984. Mitsubishi and the N.Y.K. 1870–1914: Business Strategy in the Japanese Shipping Industry. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Yasui, Takahiro. 1999. “Corporate Governance in Japan.” In Corporate Governance in Asia: A Comparative Perspective. Paris: OECD
Yokei, Tatsuya and Kanno, Kennichi. 1999. “Young Mazda President Comes with Strings Attached: Former Boss Wallace Likely to Call Shots from Ford Head Office” Nikkei Weekly, December 20Google Scholar
Yoshihara, Hideki, Akimatsu Sakuma, Hiryoyuki Itami, and Tadao Kagono. 1981. Nihon kigyo no takaku-ka senryaku (The Diversification Strategy of Japanese Firms: A Managerial Resource Approach). Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha
Yoshihara, Hideki and Shin-ichi Yonekawa. 1987. Business History of General Trading Companies: Proceedings of the Fuji Conference. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press
Yoshino, M. Y. and Thomas B. Lifson. 1986. The Invisible Link: Japan's Sogo Shosha and the Organization of Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Zajac, Edward J. 1988. “Interlocking Directorates as an Organizational Strategy: A Test of Critical Assumptions” Academy of Management Journal 31:428–38Google Scholar
Zielinski, Robert and Nigel Holloway. 1992. Unequal Equities: Power and Risk in Japan's Stock Market. New York: McGraw-Hill
Abegglen, James C. 1958. The Japanese Factory: Aspects of Its Social Organization. Glencoe, IL: Free Press
Abegglen, James C. and George Stalk Jr. 1985. Kaisha: The Japanese Corporation. New York: Basic Books
Ahmadjian, Christina L. 1996. “Japanese Supply Networks and the Governance of Interfirm Exchange.” Presented at the Academy of Management, Cincinnati, August
Ahmadjian, Christina L. 1997. “Network Affiliation and Supplier Performance in the Japanese Automotive Industry.” Presented to the Academy of Management, Boston,; August
Ahmadjian, Christina L. 2003. “Changing Japanese Corporate Governance.” In Japan Changes: The New Political Economy of Structural Adjustment and Globalization, edited by Ulrike Schaede and William Grimes. New York: M.E. Sharpe
Ahmadjian, Christina L. and Lincoln, James R.. 2001. “Keiretsu, Governance, and Learning: Case Studies in Change from the Japanese Automotive Industry” Organization Science 12:683–701CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmadjian, Christina L. and Robinson, Patricia. 2001. “Safety in Numbers: Downsizing and the Deinstitutionalization of Permanent Employment in Japan” Administrative Science Quarterly 46:622–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akerlof, George A. 1982. “Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange” Quarterly Journal of Economics 97:543–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldrich, Howard. 1979. Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Aldrich, Howard 1999. Organizations Evolving. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Anchordoguy, Marie. 1989. Computers Inc: Japan's Challenge to IBM. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Aoki, Masahiko. 1984. “Risk-Sharing in the Corporate Group.” Pp. 259–64 in The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm, edited by Masahiko Aoki. Amsterdam: North-Holland
Aoki, Masahiko 1988. Information, Incentives, and Bargaining in the Japanese Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press
Aoki, Masahiko and Hugh T. Patrick. 1994. The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies. New York: Oxford University Press
Asahi Shimbun. 2003. Japan Almanac. Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun-sha
Asanuma, Banri. 1985. “Transactional structure of parts supply in the Japanese automobile and electrical machinery industries.” Technical Report No. 1, Socio-economic Systems Research Project, Kyoto University
Asanuma, Banri 1989. “Manufacturer-Supplier Relationships in Japan and the Concept of Relation-Specific Skill” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 3:1–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asanuma, Banri and , T. Kikutani. 1992. “Risk Absorption in Japanese Subcontracting — a Microeconometric Study of the Automobile-Industry” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 6:1–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Associated Press. 2001. “Nissan Returns to Profitability.” May 17
Bacon, Jeremy and James K. Brown. 1978. The Board of Directors: Perspectives and Practices in Nine Countries. New York: Conference Board
Baker, Wayne E. 1990. “Market Networks and Corporate Behavior” American Journal of Sociology 96:589–625CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballon, Robert J. and Iwao Tomita. 1976. The Financial Behavior of Japanese Corporations. Tokyo: Kodansha
Baron, James N., Dobbin, Frank R., and Jennings, P. D.. 1986. “War and Peace: The Evolution of Modern Personnel Administration in U.S. Industry” American Journal of Sociology 92:350–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beer, Michael and B. A. Spector. 1981. “Matsushita Electric.” Harvard Business School Case 9-481-146. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Berglof, Eric and Perotti, Enrico. 1994. “The Governance Structure of the Japanese Financial Keiretsu” Journal of Financial Economics 36:259–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berle, Adolf A. and Gardiner Means. 1932. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. New York: Macmillan
Bertrand, Marianne, Mehta, Paras, and Mullainathan, Sendhil. 2002. “Ferreting out Tunneling: An Application to Indian Business Groups” Quarterly Journal of Economics 117:121–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blau, Peter M. 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley
Blinder, Alan S. 1991. “A Japanese Buddy System That Could Benefit U.S. Business” Business Week, October 14, p. 32Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. P. and Everett, M. G.. 1992. “Notions of position in social network analysis” Sociological Methodology, 22:1–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branstetter, Lee. 2000. “Vertical Keiretsu and Knowledge Spillovers in Japanese Manufacturing: An Empirical Assessment” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 14:73–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brauchli, Marcus W. 1991. “Ousted Executive in Japan Accuses Nissan of Meddling” Wall Street Journal, May 15Google Scholar
Bremner, Brian. 2002. “Misreading the Enron Scandal” Business Week, April 24Google Scholar
Bremner, Brian and Emily, Thornton. 1999. “Mitsubishi: Fall of a Keiretsu” Business Week International Edition, March 15Google Scholar
Broadbridge, S. 1966. Industrial Dualism in Japan: A Problem of Economic Growth and Structural Change. London: Frank Cass & Co
Burt, Ronald S. 1980. “Models of Network Structure” Annual Review of Sociology 6:79–141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1983. Corporate Profits and Cooptation. New York: Academic Press
Burt, Ronald S. 1987. “Social Contagion and Innovation — Cohesion Versus Structural Equivalence” American Journal of Sociology 92:1287–1335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural Holes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Burt, R. S., , K. P. Christman, and , H. C. Kilburn. 1980. “Testing a Structural Theory of Corporate Cooptation” American Sociological Review 45:821–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cable, John. 1983. “Hierarchies and Markets: An Empirical Test of the Multidivisional Hypothesis in West Germany” International Journal of Industrial Organization 1:43–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cable, John and Yasuki, Hirohiko. 1985. “Internal Organisation, Business Groups, and Corporate Performance: An Empirical Test of the Multidivisional Hypothesis in Japan” International Journal of Industrial Organization 3:401–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, Kent E. 1993. Strategic Capitalism: Private Business and Public Purpose in Japanese Industrial Finance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Career Development Center (Kyarya Deberopmento Senta). 2002. Kigyo gurupu to gyokai chizu (Enterprise Groups and the Map of the Business World). Tokyo: Takabashi Shoten
Cargill, Thomas F., Michael M. Hutchison, and Takatoshi Ito. 1997. The Political Economy of Japanese Monetary Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Caves, Richard and Masu Uekusa. 1976. Industrial Organization in Japan. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution
Chesbrough, Henry W. and Teece, David J.. 1996. “When Is Virtual Virtuous? Organizing for Innovation” Harvard Business Review 74:65–73Google Scholar
Clark, Rodney 1979. The Japanese Company. New Haven: Yale University Press
Cole, Robert E. 1971. Japanese Blue Collar: The Changing Tradition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Cole, Robert E. 1989. Strategies for Learning. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Coleman, James S. 1986. “Social Theory, Social Research, and a Theory of Action” American Journal of Sociology 16:1309–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colignon, R. and Usui, C.. 2001. “The Resilience of Japan's Iron Triangle — Amakudari” Asian Survey 41:865–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cusumano, Michael A. 1985. The Japanese Automobile Industry: Technology and Management at Nissan and Toyota. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Cusumano, Michael A. 1991. Japan's Software Factories: A Challenge to U.S. Management. New York: Oxford University Press
Davis, Gerald F. and Mizruchi, Mark S.. 1999. “The Money Center Cannot Hold: Commercial Banks in the US System of Corporate Governance” Administrative Science Quarterly 44:215–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., and Sweeney, A. P.. 1995. “Detecting Earnings Management” Accounting Review 70:193–225Google Scholar
Dedrick, Jason and Kenneth L. Kraemer. 1998. Asia's Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States & the World? New York: Oxford University Press
Dewatripont, M. and Gerard Roland. 1997. “Transition as a Process of Large Scale Institutional Change.” Pp. 240–78 in Advances in Economic Theory, edited by D. Kreps and K. Wallis. New York: Cambridge University Press, vol. II
DiMaggio, P. and , W. W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields” American Sociological Review 48:147–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodwell Marketing Consultants. Various years. Industrial Groupings in Japan. Tokyo: Dodwell
Dore, Ronald P. 1973. British Factory, Japanese Factory. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Dore, Ronald P. 1983. “Goodwill and the Spirit of Market Capitalism” British Journal of Sociology 34:459–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dore, Ronald P. 1986. Flexible Rigidities: Industrial Policy and Structural Adjustment in the Japanese Economy 1970–80. London: Athlone
Dore, Ronald P. 1987. Taking Japan Seriously: A Confucian Perspective on Leading Economic Issues. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Dore, Ronald P. 2000. Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
Dvorak, Phred, Guth, Robert A., Singer, Jason, and Zaun, Todd. 2001. “Recession Frays Japan Inc.'s Tradition of Loyal, Long-Term Corporate Alliances” Wall Street Journal, March 2Google Scholar
Dyer, Jeffrey H. 1996a. “Does Governance Matter? Keiretsu Alliances and Asset Specificity as Sources of Japanese Competitive Advantage” Organization Science 7:649–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, Jeffrey H. 1996b. “Specialized Supplier Networks as a Source of Competitive Advantage: Evidence from the Auto Industry” Strategic Management Journal 17:271–913.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, Jeffrey H. and Ouchi, William G.. 1993. “Japanese-Style Partnerships — Giving Companies a Competitive Edge” Sloan Management Review 35:51–63Google Scholar
Economist. 2002. “Star Turn: What Distinguishes Companies That Have Bucked Japan's Corporate Downturn?” November 7
Fair Trade Commission (Kosei torihiki iinkai). 1987. Long-Term Relationships among Japanese Companies: A Report by the Study Group on Trade Frictions and Market Structure. Tokyo: Fair Trade Commission. April
Fair Trade Commission (Kosei torihiki iinkai). 1992. The Outline of the Report on the Actual Conditions of the Six Major Corporate Groups. Tokyo: Executive Office, Fair Trade Commission
Faust, Karen and Romney, A. K.. 1985. “Does Structure Find Structure? A Critique of Burt's Use of Distance as a Measure of Equivalence” Social Networks 7:77–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feenstra, Robert C., Deng-Shing Huang, and Gary G. Hamilton. 1997. “Business Groups and Trade in East Asia: Part 1, Networked Equilibria.” Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. January
Financial Times. 2002. “Japanese Delight as Scandals Rock the ‘American Model’: But Reform May Be Hit by a New Belief in the Old Way.” August 15,; p. 12
Flaherty, M. Therese and Hiroyuki Itami. 1984. “Finance.” Pp. 134–76 in The Competitive Edge, edited by Daniel I. Okimoto, Takuo Sugano, and Franklin B. Weinstein. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Flath, David. 1993. “Shareholding in the Keiretsu, Japan's Financial Groups” Review of Economics and Statistics 75:249–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fligstein, Neil. 1990. The Transformation of Corporate Control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Fransman, Martin. 1990. Beyond the Market: Cooperation and Competition in the Creation of Advanced Computing and Electronics Technologies in the Japanese System. New York: Cambridge University Press
Freeland, Robert F. 2001. The Struggle for Control of the Modern Corporation: Organizational Change at General Motors, 1924–1970. New York: Cambridge University Press
Freeman, John, Carroll, Glenn R., and Hannan, Michael T.. 1983. “The Liability of Newness: Age Dependence in Organizational Death Rates” American Sociological Review 48:692–710CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, Howard. 2001. “In Stagnant Japan, Economic and Social Ills Match” New York Times, February 6Google Scholar
Friedman, David. 1988. The Misunderstood Miracle: Industrial Development and Political Change in Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Fruin, W. Mark. 1983. Kikkoman: Company, Clan, and Community. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Fruin, W. Mark 1992. The Japanese Enterprise System. New York: Oxford University Press
Fruin, W. Mark 1997. Knowledge Works: Managing Intellectual Capital at Toshiba. New York: Oxford University Press
Fruin, W. Mark and Toshihiro Nishiguchi. 1992. “Supplying the Toyota Production System: How to Make a Molehill out of a Mountain.” In Country Competitiveness, edited by Bruce Kogut. New York: Oxford University; Press
Fuji Electric Co. 1973. Fuji Electric History. Tokyo: Fuji Electric
Fujitsu. 1964. Company History. Tokyo: Fujitsu Limited
Fujitsu. 1976. Company History II: 1961–1975. Tokyo: Fujitsu Limited
Fukuda, Masako. 1997. “Group Ties Get Builder Out of Fiscal Bind” Nikkei Weekly, August 8Google Scholar
Gao, Bai. 2001. Japan's Economic Dilemma: The Institutional Origins of Prosperity and Stagnation. New York: Cambridge University Press
Geertz, Clifford, Hildred Geertz, and Lawrence Rosen. 1979. Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Gerlach, Michael L. 1991. “Twilight of the Keiretsu? A Critical Assessment” Journal of Japanese Studies 8:79–118Google Scholar
Gerlach, Michael L. 1992a. Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Gerlach, Michael L. 1992b. “The Japanese Corporate Network: A Blockmodel Analysis” Administrative Science Quarterly 37:105–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerlach, Michael L. 1997. “Organizational Logic of Business Groups: Evidence from the Zaibatsu.” In Beyond the Firm, edited by T. Shiba and M. Shimotani. New York: Oxford University Press
Gerlach, Michael L. and James R. Lincoln. 1992. “The Organization of Business Networks in the U.S. and Japan.” Pp. 491–520 in Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action, edited by N. Nohria and R. Eccles. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Gerlach, Michael L. and James R. Lincoln 1998. “The Structural Analysis of Japanese Economic Organization: A Conceptual Framework.” In W. Mark Fruin (ed.): Networks and Markets: Pacific Rim Strategies. New York: Oxford University Press
Gerlach, Michael L. and James R. Lincoln 2001. “Economic Organization and Innovation in Japan: Networks, Spinoffs, and the Creation of Enterprise.” Pp. 151–98 in Knowledge Creation: A New Source of Value, edited by Ikujiro Nonaka, Georg von Krogh, and Toshihiro Nishiguchi. London: Macmillan
Ghemawat, Pankaj and Khanna, Tarun. 1998. “The Nature of Diversified Business Groups: A Research Design and Two Case Studies” Journal of Industrial Economics 46:35–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Andrew. 1985. The Evolution of Labor Relations in Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Goto, Akira. 1981. “Statistical Evidence on the Diversification of Japanese Large Firms” Journal of Industrial Economics 29:271–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goto, Akira 1982. “Business Groups in a Market Economy” European Economic Review 19:53–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, Roger V. and Fernandez, Roberto M.. 1989. “Structures of Mediation: A Formal Approach to Brokerage in Transaction Networks” Sociological Methodology 19:89–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouldner, Alvin W. 1960. “The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement” American Sociological Review 25:161–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties” American Journal of Sociology 78:1360–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, Mark 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness” American Journal of Sociology 91:481–510CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, Mark 2003. “Business Groups and Social Organization.” In Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by N. Smelser and R. Swedberg. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2nd edition
Greene, William H. 1997. Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
Greve, H. R. and , A. Taylor. 2000. “Innovations as Catalysts for Organizational Change” Administrative Science Quarterly 45:54–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guetzkow, Harold. 1965. “Communication in Organizations.” Pp. 534–72 in Handbook of Organizations, edited by James G. March. Chicago: Rand; McNally
Guillen, Mauro F. 2000. “Business Groups in Emerging Economies: A Resource-Based View” Academy of Management Journal 43:362–80Google Scholar
Guillen, Mauro F. 2001. The Limits of Convergence: Globalization and Organizational Change in Argentina, South Korea, and Spain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Guillot, Dider and James R. Lincoln. 2001. “The Permeability of Network Boundaries: Strategic Alliances in the Japanese Electronics Industry in the 1990s.” Presented to the American Sociological Association, Anaheim, CA, August
Guillot, Dider and James R. Lincoln 2003. “Dyad and Network: Models of Manufacturer-Supplier Collaboration in the Japanese TV Manufacturing Industry.” In Advances in International Management: Special Issue on Changing Japan, edited by Allan Bird and Thomas Roehl. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
Guillot, Didier, David Mowery, and William Spencer. 2000. “The Changing Structure of Government-Industry Research Partnerships in Japan.” Presented to the Administrative Science Association of Canada, Montreal, July 7–11
Gulati, Ranjay. 1995. “Social Structure and Alliance Formation Patterns: A Longitudinal Analysis” Administrative Science Quarterly 40:619–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulati, Ranjay and , M. Gargiulo. 1999. “Where Do Interorganizational Networks Come From?” American Journal of Sociology 104:1439–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadley, Eleanor. 1970. Antitrust in Japan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Hadley, Eleanor 1984. “Counterpoint on Business Groupings and Government-Industry Relations in Automobiles.” Pp. 227–58 in The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm, edited by M. Aoki. Amsterdam: North-Holland
Hamilton, Gary and Biggart, Nicole. 1988. “Market, Culture, and Authority: A Comparative Analysis of Management and Organization in the Far East” American Journal of Sociology 94 (supplement):S52–S94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamao, Yasushi, Jianping Mei, and Yexiao Xu. 2002. “Idiosyncratic Risk and Creative Destruction in Japan.” NBER Working paper 9642, Cambridge, MA. April
Hannan, Michael and John Freeman. 1989. Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Harary, Frank, Dorwin Cartwright, and Robert Zane Norman. 1965. Structural Models. New York: Wiley
Harrison, Bennett 1994. Lean and Mean: The Changing Landscape of Corporate Power in the Age of Flexibility. New York: Basic Books
Haunschild, P. R. and , C. M. Beckman. 1998. “When Do Interlocks Matter? Alternate Sources of Information and Interlock Influence” Administrative Science Quarterly 43:815–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauser, Robert M. 1970. “Context and Consex: A Cautionary Tale” American Journal of Sociology 75:645–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausman, Jerry A. 1978. “Specification Tests in Econometrics” Econometrica 46:1251–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausman, Jerry A. and Taylor, William E.. 1981. “Panel Data and Unobservable Individual Effects” Econometrica 49:1377–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heimer, Carol A. 1992. “Doing Your Job and Helping Your Friends: Universalistic Norms About Obligations to Particular Others in Networks.” In Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action, edited by Nitin Nohria and Robert G. Eccles. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Helper, Susan R. and Sako, Mari. 1995. “Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States: Are They Converging?” Sloan Management Review 36:77–84Google Scholar
Hirsch, Paul M. 1975. “Organizational Effectiveness and the Institutional Environment” Administrative Science Quarterly 20:327–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschmeier, Johannes and Tsunehiko Yui. 1975. The Development of Japanese Business, 1600–1973. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Holland, Paul W. and Leinhardt, Samuel. 1981. “An Exponential Family of Probability Distributions for Directed Graphs” Journal of the American Statistical Association 76:33–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horiuchi, Akiyoshi, Packer, Frank, and Fukuda, Shin'ichi. 1988. “What Role Has the ‘Main Bank’ Played in Japan” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 2:159–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoshi, Takeo. 2002. “The Convoy System for Insolvent Banks: How It Originally Worked and Why It Failed in the 1990s” Japan and the World Economy 14:155–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoshi, Takeo and Takatoshi Ito. 1992. “Kigyo grupu kessokudo no bunseki” (Analysis of Coherence of Firm Groups).” Pp. 73–96 in Gendai nihon no kin-yu bunseki (Financial Analysis of Contemporary Japan), edited by Akiyoshi Horiuchi and Naoyuki Yoshino. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press
Hoshi, Takeo and Kashyap, Anil. 2000. “The Japanese Banking Crisis: Where Did It Come from and How Will It End?” Pp. 129–201 in NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1999, volume 14Google Scholar
Hoshi, Takeo and Anil Kashyap 2001. Corporate Financing and Governance in Japan. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Hoshi, Takeo, A. K. Kashyap, and G. Loveman. 1994. “Lessons from the Japanese Main Bank System for Financial System Reform in Poland.” In The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies, edited by M. Aoki and H. Patrich. New York: Oxford University Press
Hoshi, Takeo, Kashyap, Anil, and Scharfstein, David. 1991a. “The Role of Banks in Reducing the Costs of Financial Distress in Japan” Journal of Financial Economics 27:67–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoshi, Takeo, Kashyap, Anil, and Scharfstein, David 1991b. “Corporate Structure, Liquidity, and Investment: Evidence from Japanese Industrial Groups” Quarterly Journal of Economics 106:33–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ibison, David. 2003a. “Banks Tire of Waiting for Sun to Rise on Japan” Financial Times. February 15Google Scholar
Ibison, David 2003b. “Business Links Make a Return in Japan” Financial Times, January 21.;Google Scholar
Imai, Ken-ichi. 1990. “Japanese Business Groups and the Structural Impediments Initiative.” In Japan's Economic Structure: Should It Change? Edited by Kozo Yamamura. Seattle: Society for Japanese Studies
Imai, Kenichi and Itami, Hiroyuki. 1984. “Interpenetration of Organization and Market: Japan's Firm and Market in Comparison with the U.S.” International Journal of Industrial Organization 2:285–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imai, Ken-ichi, Ikujiro Nonaka, and Hirotaka Takeuchi. 1985. “Managing the New Product Development Process: How Japanese Companies Learn and Unlearn.” Pp. 337–76 in The Uneasy Alliance: Managing the Productivity-Technology Dilemma, edited by Kim B. Clark and Christopher Lorenz. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Inkeles, Alex and David Horton Smith. 1974. Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press
Itami, Hiroyuki and Thomas W. Roehl. 1987. Mobilizing Invisible Assets. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Ito, Kiyohiko. 1995. “Japanese Spinoffs: Unexplored Survival Strategies,” Strategic Management Journal 16:431–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, Takatoshi. 1992. The Japanese Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Itoh, Hideshi. 2003. “Corporate Restructuring in Japan, Part I: Can M-Form; Organization Manage Diverse Businesses?” Japanese Economic Review; 54:49–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, Sanford M. 1985. Employing Bureaucracy. New York: Columbia University Press
Japan Development Bank. 2000. Corporate Finance Data Bank. Tokyo: Development Bank of Japan
Japan Small Business Research Institute. 1999. “A Study of the Present Conditions and the Future Outlook of Industrial Districts in Japan.” Tokyo: METI Japan Small Business Research Institute. March
Jensen, Michael C. and Meckling, William H.. 1976. “Theory of the Firm” Journal of Financial Economics 3:305–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jinji koshin roku (Personnel Inquiry Record). Various years. Tokyo: Jinji Koshin Roku-Sho
Johnson, Chalmers A. 1982. MITI and the Japanese Miracle. Stanford, CA:; Stanford University Press
Judd, Charles M. and David A. Kenny. 1981. Estimating the Effects of Social Interventions. New York: Cambridge University Press
Kageyama, Yuri. 2003. “Shinsei Experience: Lattes in the Lobby, Free ATM Transactions” Japan Times, January 31Google Scholar
Kaisha nenkan (Company Annual). Various years. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun-sha
Kang, J. K. and , A. Shivdasani. 1995. “Firm Performance, Corporate Governance, and Top Executive Turnover in Japan” Journal of Financial Economics 38:29–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Steven N. and Minton, Bernadette A.. 1994. “Appointment of Outsiders to Japanese Boards: Determinants and Implications for Managers” Journal of Financial Economics 36:225–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Richard. 1998. Japan: The System That Soured. New York: M. E.; Sharpe
Kawasaki, S. and McMillan, John. 1987. “The Design of Contracts: Evidence from Japanese Subcontracting” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 1:327–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawashima, Takeyoshi. 1963. “Dispute Resolution in Contemporary Japan,” in Law in Japan: The Legal Order in a Changing Society, edited by A. T. von Mehren. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Keiretsu no kenkyu (Keiretsu Research). Various years. Tokyo: Keizai Chosa Kyokai
Keister, Lisa A. 2001. “Exchange Structures in Transition: Lending and Trade; Relations in Chinese Business Groups” American Sociological Review; 66:336–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keizai Kikakucho (Economic Planning Agency). 1997. Keizai hakusho (White Paper on the Economy). Tokyo: Keizai Kikakucho
Kelley, Maryellen R. and Brooks, Harvey. 1991. “External Learning Opportunities and the Diffusion of Process Innovations to Small Firms: The Case of Programmable Automation” Technological Forecasting and Economic Change 39:103–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, Alex. 2001. Dogs and Demons: Tales from the Dark Side of Japan. New York: Hill and Wang
Kerr, Clark. 1960. Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problems of Labor and Management in Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Kester, W. Carl. 1991. Japanese Takeovers: The Global Contest for Corporate Control. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Kester, W. Carl. 1997. “Governance, Contracting, and Investment Horizons: A Look at Japan and Germany.” Pp. 227–42 in Studies in International Corporate Finance and Governance Systems: A Comparison of the U.S., Japan, and Europe, edited by Donald H. Chew. New York: Oxford University; Press
Khanna, Tarun and , K. Pelepu. 2000. “Is Group Affiliation Profitable in Emerging Markets? An Analysis of Diversified Indian Business Groups” Journal of Finance 55:867–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khanna, Tarun and Rivkin, Jane W.. 2001. “Estimating the Performance Effects of Business Groups in Emerging Markets” Strategic Management Journal 22:45–743.0.CO;2-F>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knoke, David and James H. Kuklinski. 1982. Network Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications
Knoke, David, F. U. Pappi, J. Broadbent, and Y. Tsujinaka. 1996. Comparing Policy Networks: Labor Politics in the U.S.Germany, and Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press
Kobayashi, Hiroshi, Endo, Yukihiko, and Seiji, Ogishima. 1993. “New Directions in Japanese Banking Relationships” Nomura Research Institute Quarterly 11:2–27Google Scholar
Kogut, Bruce. 1989. “The Stability of Joint Ventures — Reciprocity and Competitive Rivalry” Journal of Industrial Economics 38:183–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kogut, Bruce 2000. “The Network as Knowledge: Generative Rules and the Emergence of Structure” Strategic Management Journal 21:405–253.0.CO;2-5>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komiya, Ryutaro, Masahiro Okuno, and Kotaro Suzumura. 1988. Industrial Policy in Japan. Tokyo: Academic Press Japan
Kondo, Dorinne K. 1990. Crafting Selves: Power, Gender, and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Kono, Clifford, Palmer, Donald, Friedland, Roger, and Zafonte, Matthew. 1998. “Lost in Space: The Geography of Corporate Interlocking Directorates” American Journal of Sociology 103:863–911CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krackhardt, David. 1988. “Predicting with Networks: Nonparametric Multiple Regression Analysis of Dyadic Data” Social Networks 10:359–;81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristof, Nicholas D. 1998. “Hubris and Humility as U.S. Waxes and Asia Wanes” New York Times, March 22Google Scholar
Kuroki, Fumiaki. 2001. The Present Status of Unwinding of Cross-Shareholding: The Fiscal 2000 Survey of Cross-Shareholding. Tokyo: NLI (Nippon Life Insurance) Research Institute Financial Research Group
Landers, Peter. 2000a. “Asian News: Shoei Faces a Hostile Bid in a Milestone for Japan” Wall Street Journal Europe, January 25, p. 13Google Scholar
Landers, Peter 2000b. ”A Hostile Takeover Bid Elbows Its Way into Usually Polite Japan” Wall Street Journal, January 25, p. A13Google Scholar
Landers, Peter 2000c. “Murakami Expects Bid for Shoei to Fall Short” Wall Street Journal, February 11Google Scholar
Landers, Peter 2002. “Reformer Takes on Japan's System, Seeking Respect for Shareholders” Wall Street Journal Interactive Edition, May 12Google Scholar
Lawrence, Robert Z. 1991. “Efficient or Exclusionist? The Import Behavior of Japanese Corporate Groups.” Pp. 311–30 in Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, edited by W. C. Brainard and G. L. Perry. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
Lawrence, Robert Z. 1993. “Japan's Different Trade Regime: An Analysis with Particular Reference to Keiretsu” Journal of Economic Perspectives 7:3–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazear, E. P. 1979. “Why Is There Mandatory Retirement” Journal of Political Economy 87:1261–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leff, Nathaniel H. 1978. “Industrial Organization and Entrepreneurship in the Developing Countries” Economic Development and Cultural Change 26:661–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leifer, Eric and Harrison White. 1987. “A Structural Approach to Markets.” In Intercorporate Relations: The Structural Analysis of Business, edited by Mark S. Mizruchi and Michael Schwartz. New York: Cambridge University Press
Levine, Joel H. 1972. “The Sphere of Influence” American Sociological Review 37:14–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Light, Ivan H. 1972. Ethnic Enterprise in America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Liker, J. K., , R. R. Kamath, Wasti, S. N., and , M. Nagamachi. 1996. “Supplier Involvement in Automotive Component Design: Are There Really Large US Japan Differences?” Research Policy 25:59–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, Edward J. 1990. Japan's Unequal Trade. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
Lincoln, James R. 1978. “Urban Distribution of Headquarters and Branch Plants in Manufacturing — Mechanisms of Metropolitan Dominance” Demography 15:213–22CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lincoln, James R. 1982. “Intra- (and Inter-) Organizational Networks.” Pp. 1–39 in Research in the Sociology of Organizations, edited by S. B. Bacharach. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, volume 1
Lincoln, James R. 1984. “Analyzing Relations in Dyads — Problems, Models, and an Application to Interorganizational Research” Sociological Methods & Research 13:45–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, James R. 1990. “Japanese Organization and Organization Theory.” Pp. 255–94 in Research in Organizational Behavior, Volume 12, edited by Barry M. Staw and L. L. Cummings. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
Lincoln, James R. and Christina Ahmadjian. 2001. “Shukko (Employee Transfers) and Tacit Knowledge Exchange in Japanese Supply Networks: The Electronics Industry Case.” Pp. 151–98 in Knowledge Emergence: Social, Technical, and Evolutionary Dimensions of Knowledge Creation, edited by I. Nonaka and T. Nishiguchi. New York: Oxford University Press
Lincoln, James R., Ahmadjian, Christina L., and Mason, Eliot. 1998. “Organizational Learning and Purchase-Supply Relations in Japan: Hitachi, Matsushita, and Toyota Compared” California Management Review: Special Issue on Knowledge and the Firm 24:241–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, James R., Gerlach, Michael L., and Ahmadjian, Christina L.. 1996. “Keiretsu Networks and Corporate Performance in Japan” American Sociological Review 61:67–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, James R., Michael L. Gerlach, and Christina L. Ahmadjian 1998. “Evolving Patterns of Keiretsu Organization and Action in Japan.” Pp. 307–43 in Research in Organizational Behavior, Volume 20, edited by B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
Lincoln, J. R., , M. L. Gerlach, and , P. Takahashi. 1992. “Keiretsu Networks in the Japanese Economy — a Dyad Analysis of Intercorporate Ties” American Sociological Review 57:561–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, James R. and Arne L. Kalleberg. 1990. Culture, Control, and Commitment: A Study of Work Organization and Work Attitudes in the United States and Japan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Lincoln, James R. and McBride, Kerry. 1985. “Resources, Homophily, and Dependence — Organizational Attributes and Asymmetric Ties in Human-Service Networks” Social Science Research 14:1–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, James R. and Nakata, Yoshifumi. 1997. “The Transformation of the Japanese Employment System: Nature, Depth, and Origins” Work and Occupations 24:33–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, James R., Olson, Jon, and Hanada, Mitsuyo. 1978. “Cultural Effects on Organizational Structure: The Case of Japanese Firms in the United States” American Sociological Review 43:829–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loasby, Brian J. 1976. Choice, Complexity and Ignorance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Lockwood, William W. 1968. The Economic Development of Japan: Growth and Structural Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Mace, Myles L. 1971. Directors: Myth and Reality. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Marsh, Robert M. and Hiroshi Mannari. 1976. Modernization and the Japanese Factory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Mason, Mark. 1992. American Multinationals and Japan: The Political Economy of Japanese Capital Controls, 1899–1980. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
McCabe, Kevin A., Rigdon, Mary L., and Smith, Vernon L.. 2003. “Positive Reciprocity and Intentions in Trust Games” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 52:267–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miles, Raymond E. and Snow, Charles C.. 1987. “Organizations: New Concepts for New Forms” California Management Review 28:62–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintz, Beth, and Michael Schwartz. 1985. The Power Structure of American Business. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Mitchell, J. Clyde. 1974. “Social Networks” Annual Review of Anthropology 3:279–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MITI. 1999. White Paper on Small and Medium Enterprises in Japan: Into an Age of Business Innovation and New Start-Ups. Tokyo: Small and Medium Enterprise Agency, Ministry of International Trade and Industry
Miwa, Yoshiro. 1996. Firms and Industrial Organization in Japan. London: MacMillan
Miwa, Yoshiro and , J. Mark Ramseyer. 2000. “Rethinking Relationship-Specific Investments: Subcontracting in the Japanese Automobile Industry” Michigan Law Review 98:2636–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miwa, Yoshiro and , J. Mark Ramseyer 2002. “The Fable of the Keiretsu” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 11:169–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyajima, Hideaki. 1994. “The Transformation of Zaibatsu to Postwar Corporate Groups — from Hierarchically Integrated Groups to Horizontally Integrated Groups” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 8:293–328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyajima, Hideaki 1998. “The Impact of Deregulation on Corporate Governance and Finance.” In Is Japan Really Changing Its Ways? Regulatory Reform and the Japanese Economy, edited by Lonny E. Carlyle and Mark C. Tilton. Washington: Brookings Institution Press
Miyamoto, Mataji and Yotaro Sakudo. 1979. Sumitomo no keieishiteki kenkyu (Historical Research on Sumitomo). Tokyo: Jikkyo Shuppan
Miyamoto, Mataji and Keiichino Nakagawa. 1976. Nihon keieishi koza. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha
Miyashita, Kenichi and David Russell. 1994. Keiretsu: Inside the Hidden Japanese Conglomerates. New York: McGraw-Hill
Mizruchi, Mark S. 1993. “Cohesion, Equivalence, and Similarity of Social Behavior: A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment” Social Networks 15:275–307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizruchi, Mark S. 1996. “What Do Interlocks Do? An Analysis, Critique, and Assessment of Research on Interlocking Directorates” Annual Review of Sociology 22:271–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moerke, Andreas. 1999. “Performance and Corporate Governance Structures of Japanese Keiretsu Groups.” In Information Processing as a Competitive Advantage of Japanese Firms, edited by Horst Albach, Ulrike Goertzen, and Rita Zobel. Berlin: Sigma
Morck, Randall and Nakamura, Masao. 1999. “Banks and Corporate Control in Japan” Journal of Finance 54:319–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morck, Randall, Nakamura, Masao, and , A. Shivdasani. 2000. “Banks, Ownership Structure, and Firm Value in Japan” Journal of Business 73:539–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morikawa, Hidemasa. 1980. Zaibatsu no keieishiteki kenkyu. Tokyo: Keizai Shinposha
Morikawa, Hidemasa 1993. Zaibatsu: The Rise and Fall of Family Enterprise Groups in Japan. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press
Murphy, R. Taggart. 1996. The Weight of the Yen. New York: W. W. Norton
Murray, Alan. 1997. “New Economic Models Are Failing while America Inc. Keeps Rolling” Wall Street Journal, December 8Google Scholar
Murray, Matt. 2001. “As Huge Firms Keep Growing, CEOs Struggle to Keep Pace” Wall Street Journal, February 8Google Scholar
Nakamura, Takafusa. 1983. Economic Growth in Prewar Japan. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Nakane, Chie. 1970. Japanese Society. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
Nakatani, Iwao. 1984. “The Economic Role of Financial Corporate Grouping.” Pp. 227–8 in The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm, edited by Masahiko Aoki. Amsterdam: North-Holland
NEC (Nippon Electric Company). 1958a. NEC 60 Year History. Tokyo: NEC Limited
NEC (Nippon Electric Company). 1958b. NEC 40th Edition. Tokyo: NEC Limited
NEC (Nippon Electric Company). 1969. NEC 70 Year History (1899–1969). Tokyo: NEC Limited
Nelson, Richard R. 1995. “Recent Evolutionary Theorizing About Economic Change” Journal of Economic Literature 33:48–90Google Scholar
Nikkei Databank Bureau. 1989. NEEDS — Corporate Data. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun
Nishiguchi, Toshihiro. 1994. Strategic Industrial Sourcing: The Japanese Advantage. New York: Oxford University Press
Nishiguchi, Toshihiro and Beaudet, Alexandre. 1998. “Case Study — the Toyota Group and the Aisin Fire” Sloan Management Review 40:49–60Google Scholar
Noguchi, Y. 1998. “The 1940 System: Japan under the Wartime Economy” American Economic Review 88:404–7Google Scholar
Norville, Elizabeth. 1998. “The Illiberal Roots of Japanese Financial Regulatory Reform,” Pp. 111–41 in Is Japan Really Changing Its Ways? Edited by Lonny Carlile and Mark Tilton. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
Odagiri, Hiroyuki. 1975. “Kigyo-shudan no riron” (The Theory of Corporate Groups)Kikan riron keizaigaku (Economics Studies Quarterly), volume 26Google Scholar
Odagiri, Hiroyuki 1992. Growth through Competition, Competition through Growth: A Study of Japanese Management. New York: Clarendon Press
Odaka, Konosuke, Keinosuke Ono, and Fumihiko Adachi. 1988. The Automobile Industry in Japan: A Study of Ancillary Firm Development. Tokyo:; Kinokuniya
Ogawa, Joshua. 1995. “Corporations Embrace Company System: Structure Emulates Outlawed Holding Firms, Improves Agility” Nikkei Weekly, May 1Google Scholar
Ohkawa, Kazushi and Henry Rosovsky. 1973. Japanese Economic Growth: Trend Acceleration in the Twentieth Century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Okazaki, Tetsuji. 1993. “The Japanese Firm under the Wartime Planned-Economy” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 7:175–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okimoto, Daniel I. 1989. Between MITI and the Market: Japanese Industrial Policy for High Technology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Okumura, Hiroshi. 1982. “Interfirm Relations in an Enterprise Group — the Case of Mitsubishi” Japanese Economic Studies 10:53–82Google Scholar
Okumura, Hiroshi 1983. Shin nihon no rokudai kigyo shudan (A New Look at Japan's Six Major Enterprise Groups). Tokyo: Daiyamondo-sha
Okuno-Fujiwara, Masahiro. 1991. “Industrial Policy in Japan: A Political Economy View.” In The U.S. And Japan: Trade and Investment, edited by Paul R. Krugman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Olson, Mancur. 1982. The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Ord, Keith. 1975. “Estimation Methods for Models of Spatial Interaction” Journal of the American Statistical Association 70:120–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ornstein, Michael D. 1984. “Interlocking Directorates in Canada: Intercorporate or Class Allliance?” Administrative Science Quarterly 29:210–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orru, Marco, Nicole Woolsey Biggart, and Gary G. Hamilton. 1997. The Economic Organization of East Asian Capitalism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Orru, Marco, Hamilton, Gary G., and Suzuki, Mariko. 1989. “Patterns of Inter-Firm Control in Japanese Business” Organization Studies 10:549–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouchi, William G. 1981. Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Ouchi, William G. 1986. The M-Form Society. New York: Avon
Ozawa, Ichiro. 1994. Blueprint for a New Japan: The Rethinking of a Nation. Tokyo: Kodansha
Palmer, Donald. 1983. “Broken Ties: Interlocking Directorates and Intercorporate Coordination” Administrative Science Quarterly 28:40–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, Donald T., Friedland, Roger, and Singh, Jitendra V.. 1986. “The Ties That Bind: Organizational and Class Bases of Stability in a Corporate Interlock Network” American Sociological Review 51:781–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascale, Richard T. and Rohlen, Thomas. 1983. “The Mazda Turnaround” Journal of Japanese Studies 9:219–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pempel, T. J. 1998. Regime Shift: Comparative Dynamics of the Japanese Political Economy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Pennings, Johannes. 1980. Interlocking Directorates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Perrow, Charles. 1992. “Small Firm Networks.” Pp. 445–70 in Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action, edited by Nitin Nohria and Rorbert G. Eccles. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Pesek, William. 2003. “Commentary: Japan Relies on the ‘Bank of Toyota’ Model” International Herald Tribune, January 22Google Scholar
Pfeffer, Jeffrey and Gerald R. Salancik. 1978. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper and Row
Pilling, David. 2002. “Nonperforming Loans: Piles of Debt with Nowhere to Go” Financial Times, November 14Google Scholar
Piore, Michael J. and Charles F. Sabel. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books
Podolny, Joel M. 1993. “A Status-Based Model of Market Competition” American Journal of Sociology 98:829–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podolny, Joel M. and Page, Karen L.. 1998. “Network Forms of Organization” Annual Review of Sociology 24:57–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation. New York: Farrar & Rinehart
Porter, Michael E. 1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press
Powell, W. W. 1990. “Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization.” Pp. 295–336 in Research in Organizational Behavior, volume 12, edited by Barry M. Staw and L. L. Cummings. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
Pred, Alan. 1977. City Systems in Advanced Economies. London: Hutchison
Prestowitz, Clyde V. 1989. Trading Places: How We Are Giving Our Future to Japan and How to Reclaim It. New York: Basic Books
Ramseyer, J. Mark. 1994. “Explicit Reasons for Implicit Contracts: the Legal Logic to the Japanese Main Bank System.” Pp. 231–57 in The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies, edited by M. Aoki and H. Patrick. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press
Richardson, G. B. 1972. “The Organization of Industry” Economic Journal 82:883–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, Mark J. 1994. Strong Managers, Weak Owners. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Roehl, Thomas W. 1983a. An Economic Analysis of Industrial Groupings in Post-War Japan. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington
Roehl, Thomas W. 1983b. “A Transactions Cost Approach to International Trading Structures: The Case of the Japanese General Trading Companies” Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics 24:119–35Google Scholar
Rohlen, Thomas P. 1974. For Harmony and Strength: Japanese White-Collar Organization in Anthropological Perspective. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Rosenbluth, Frances McCall. 1989. Financial Politics in Contemporary Japan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press
Rtischev, Dmitry and Robert E. Cole. 2003. “The Role of Organizational Discontinuity in High Technology: Insights from a U.S.-Japan Comparison.” In Roadblocks on the Information Highway, edited by Jane Bachnik. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield
Rumelt, Richard P. 1974. Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School
Sakakibara, Kiyonori. 1993. “R&D Cooperation among Competitors: A Case Study of the VLSI Semiconductor Research Project in Japan” Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 10:393–407CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakakibara, Kiyonori and Kouji Miki. 1999. “The International Comparative Study of Companies' Procurement Activities Supported by Information Technology.” Tokyo: National Institute of Science and Technology Policy; (NISTEP)
Sakamoto, Kazuichi. 1991. “Enterprise Groups in Contemporary Japan” Japanese Economic Studies 19:56–88Google Scholar
Sako, Mari 1992. Prices, Quality, and Trust: Inter-Firm Relations in Britain and Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press
Sako, Mari 1996. “Suppliers' Associations in the Japanese Automobile Industry: Collective Action for Technology Diffusion” Cambridge Journal of Economics 20:651–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sako, Mari 2004. Shifting Boundaries of the Firm: Japanese Management — Japanese Labour. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
Sako, Mari and Helper, Susan. 1998. “Determinants of Trust in Supplier Relations: Evidence from the Automotive Industry in Japan and the United States” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 34:387–417CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels, Richard J. 1987. The Business of the Japanese State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Sanger, David E. 2003. “The Global Cost of Crony Capitalism” New York Times, July 21Google Scholar
SAS Institute. 1990. SAS/Stat User's Guide, Version 6. Cary, NC: SAS Institute
Sato, Makoto. 1999a. “Sanwa Bank Scrambles to Keep Up as Three-Bank Deal Reshuffles Industry” Nikkei Net Interactive, September 6Google Scholar
Sato, Makoto 1999b. “Bank Merger to Blur Old Zaibatsu Lines.” Nikkei Weekly, October 18
Saxenian, AnnaLee. 1996. Regional Advantage. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Saxenian, AnnaLee 1991. “The Origins and Dynamics of Production Networks in Silicon Valley” Research Policy 20:423–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaede, Ulrike. 1995. “The Old-Boy Network and Government-Business Relationships in Japan” Journal of Japanese Studies 21:293–317CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaede, Ulrike 1996. “The 1995 Financial Crisis in Japan.” Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy. February
Schaede, Ulrike 2000. Cooperative Capitalism: Self-Regulation, Trade Associations, and the Antimonopoly Law in Japan. New York: Oxford University Press
Schaede, Ulrike 2001. “The Japanese Financial System: From Postwar to the New Millennium.” Harvard Business School HBS Case 9-700-049
Schelling, Thomas C. 1978. Micromotives and Macrobehavior. New York:; Norton
Scher, Mark J. 1997. Japanese Interfirm Networks and their Main Banks. New York: St. Martin's Press
Schleifer, Andre and Vishy, Robert W.. 1986. “Large Shareholders and Corporate Control” Journal of Political Economy 94:461–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1955. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper & Row
Scott, John. 1986. Capitalist Property and Financial Power. Brighton, England: Wheatsheaf Books
Scott, W. Richard and John W. Meyer. 1994. Institutional Environments and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Selznick, Philip. 1949. TVA and the Grass Roots. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Sevastopulo, Demetri. 2002. “US View: Great Ideas but No Timetable for Delivery” Financial Times, November 14Google Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1986a. “Main Banks and Internal Capital Markets in Japan” Shoken keizai 157:255–85Google Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1986b. “General Trading Companies and Structural Adjustment in Japan.” Research Paper No. 132, Australia-Japan Research Centre, February 1986
Sheard, Paul 1989a. “The Main Bank System and Corporate Monitoring and Control in Japan” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 11:399–422CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1989b. “The Japanese General Trading Company as an Aspect of Interfirm Risk-Sharing” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 3:308–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1991a. “The Economics of Japanese Corporate Organization and the Structural Impediments Debate — a Critical Review” Japanese Economic Studies 19:30–78Google Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1991b. “The Role of Firm Organization in the Adjustment of a Declining Industry in Japan — the Case of Aluminum” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 5:14–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1994a. “Main Banks and the Governance of Financial Distress.” In The Japanese Main Bank System: Its Relevancy for Developing and Transforming Economies, edited by Masahiko Aoki and Hugh Patrick. New York: Oxford University Press
Sheard, Paul 1994b. “Reciprocal Delegated Monitoring in the Japanese Main Bank System” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 8:1–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheard, Paul 1997. “Keiretsu, Competition, and Market Access.” Pp. 501–46 in Global Competition Policy, edited by Edward M. Graham and J. David Richardson.; Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics
Shimotani, Masahiro. 1996. Mochikabu-gaisha kaikin (The Lifting of the Holding Company Ban). Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha
Shimotani, Masahiro 1998. Matsushita gurupu no rekishi to kozo (The History and Structure of the Matsushita Group). Tokyo: Yūhikaku
Shioji, Hiromi. 1995. “‘Itaku’ Automotive Production: An Aspect of the Development of Full-Line and Wide-Selection Production by Toyota in the 1960's” Kyoto University Economic Review, vol. 66Google Scholar
Shirai, Taishiro. 1983. Contemporary Industrial Relations in Japan. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press
Shirouzu, Norhiko. 1999a. “Toyota Is Tightening Control of Key Suppliers in Bid to Block Encroachment by Foreign Firms” Wall Street Journal, August 3,; p. A18Google Scholar
Shirouzu, Norhiko 1999b. “Nissan's Revival Relies on Operating Chief's Agility: Ghosn Must Lead Tough Revamping Despite Obstacles” Wall Street Journal, October 18Google Scholar
Shirouzu, Norhiko 1999c. “Nissan Overhaul May Entice Foreign Corporate Raids without Keiretsu Tie-Ins, Suppliers Become Vulnerable” Wall Street Journal, October 20, p. A20Google Scholar
Shirouzu, Norhiko 2000. “Founding Clan Vies with Outsider for a Place at the Top of Toyota” Wall Street Journal, May 15Google Scholar
Smith, Randall, Lipin, Steven, and Kumar, Amal. 1994. “Managing Profits; How General Electric Damps Fluctuations in Its Annual Earnings” Wall Street Journal, October 3Google Scholar
Smitka, Michael J. 1991. Competitive Ties: Subcontracting in the Japanese Automotive Industry. New York: Columbia University Press
Spiegel, Mark M. 2000. “Bank Charter Value and the Viability of the Japanese Convoy System” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies; 14:149–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spindle, Bill. 1998. “Sakura Bank Seeks Infusion of 2 Billion from Big Holders” Wall Street Journal, August 31Google Scholar
Stata Corporation. 1999. Stata User's Guide: Release 6. College Station, TX: Stata Press
Stinchcombe, Arthur M. 1965. “Social Structure and Organizations.” In Handbook of Organizations, edited by James G. March. Chicago: Rand; McNally
Strom, S. 1999. “Toyota Picks Aide to Founding Family as President” New York Times, April 14Google Scholar
Sugawara, Sandra. 1998. “In Japan Ties Meant to Bind Now Strangle: Powerful Keiretsu System Stalls Nation's Recovery” Washington Post, October 16Google Scholar
Sugiyama, Yoshikuni. 2003. “Other Firms Should Copy Toyota's Largesse” Daily Yomiuri Online, January 23Google Scholar
Sumitomo Bank. 1926. 30 Year History. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
Sumitomo Bank. 1955a. Sumitomo Bank Short History. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
Sumitomo Bank. 1955b. Sumitomo Bank History. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
Sumitomo Bank. 1955c. History of 60 Years: 1859–1955. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
Sumitomo Bank. 1965. Sumitomo Bank History (Continued). Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
Sumitomo Bank. 1979. History of 80 Years. Osaka: Sumitomo Bank Limited
Suzuki, Yoshio. 1987. The Japanese Financial System. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press
Suzuki, Yumiko. 2001. “Last of Six Failed Insurers Find Firms to Bail Them Out” Nikkei Weekly, February 26Google Scholar
Taira, Koji and Solomon Levine. 1985. “Japan's Industrial Relations: A Social Compact Emerges.” Pp. 247–300 in Industrial Relations in a Decade of Economic Change, edited by Harvey Juris, Mark Thompson, and Wilbur Daniels. Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association Series
Takahashi, Kamekichi. 1930. Nihon zaibatsu no kaibo. Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha
Takahashi, Peggy K. 1995. Strategic Spin-offs and Organizational Change in the Japanese Electric and Electronic Equipment Industry. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
Teece, David J. 1986. “Transactions Cost Economics and the Multinational-Enterprise — an Assessment” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 7:21–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teece, David J. and Winter, Sidney 1984. “The Limits of Neoclassical Theory in Management Education” American Economic Review 74:116–21Google Scholar
Teikoku Databank America. 2003. Bankruptcy Report. Tokyo: Teikoku; Databank
Teranishi, J. 1986. “Economic-Growth and Regulation of Financial-Markets — Japanese Experience during Postwar High Growth Period” Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics 27:149–65Google Scholar
Tett, Gillian. 1997. “Fuji Bank: A Commitment Problem” Financial Times, November 22Google Scholar
Thompson, James D. 1967. Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill
Thornton, Emily. 1999. “Mystery at Toyota's Top: An Executive Shuffle Doesn't Clear Anything Up” Business Week Online, April 26Google Scholar
Thurow, Lester C. 1993. Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle among Japan, Europe, and America. New York: Warner Books
Tokyo Stock Exchange. 2002. Shareownership Survey of the National Conference of Stock Exchanges. Tokyo: Tokyo Stock Exchange
Toyo Keizai. Various years. Kigyo keiretsu soran (Enterprise Keiretsu Survey). Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Ltd
Treece, James B. 1998. “When Times Get Tough, Toyota Goes Shopping” Automotive News, November 30Google Scholar
Tushman, Michael and Anderson, Philip. 1986. “Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments” Administrative Science Quarterly 31:439–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Useem, Michael. 1984. The Inner Circle. New York: Oxford University Press
Useem, Michael 1996. Investor Capitalism: How Money Managers Are Changing the Face of Corporate America. New York: Basic Books/ HarperCollins
Uzzi, Brian. 1996. “The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect” American Sociological Review 61:674–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uzzi, Brian and Gillespie, James J.. 2002. “Knowledge Spillover in Corporate Financing Networks: Embeddedness and the Firm's Debt Performance” Strategic Management Journal 23:595–618CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Wolferen, Karel. 1989. The Enigma of Japanese Power. London: MacMillan
von Mehren, Arthur T. 1963. Law in Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Walker, Gordon B., Kogut, Bruce, and , W. J. Shan. 1997. “Social Capital, Structural Holes and the Formation of an Industry Network” Organization Science 8:109–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallich, Henry C. and Mable I. Wallich. 1976. “Banking and Finance.” In Asia's New Giant: How the Japanese Economy Works, edited by Hugh Patrick and Henry Rosovsky. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
Wasserman, Stanley and Joseph Galaskiewicz. 1994. Advances in Social Network Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Weinstein, David E and Yafeh, Yishay. 1995. “Japan's Corporate Groups: Collusive or Competitive? An Empirical Investigation of Keiretsu Behavior” Journal of Industrial Economics 43:359–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellman, Barry and S. D. Berkowitz. 1987. Social Structures: A Network Approach, edited by Barry Wellman and S. D. Berkowitz. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press
Westney, D. Eleanor. 1987. Imitation and Innovation: The Transfer of Western Organizational Patterns to Meiji Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
White, Harrison C. 1992. Identity and Control: A Structural Theory of Social Action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
White, Harrison C., Boorman, S. A., and Breiger, R. L.. 1976. “Social-Structure from Multiple Networks. 1. Blockmodels of Roles and Positions” American Journal of Sociology 81:730–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittaker, D. H. 1997. Small Firms in the Japanese Economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Williamson, O. E. 1970. Corporate Control and Business Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies. New York: Free Press
Williamson, O. E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press
Williamson, O. E. 1991. “Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives” Administrative Science Quarterly 36:269–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, O. E. 1994. “Transaction Cost Economics and Organizational Theory.” Pp. 77–107 in Handbook of Organizational Sociology, edited by Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Wolff, Kurt H. 1950. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Glencoe, IL: Free Press
Womack, J. P, D. T. Jones, and D. Roos. 1990. The Machine That Changed the World. New York: Rawson Associates
Wray, William D. 1984. Mitsubishi and the N.Y.K. 1870–1914: Business Strategy in the Japanese Shipping Industry. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Yasui, Takahiro. 1999. “Corporate Governance in Japan.” In Corporate Governance in Asia: A Comparative Perspective. Paris: OECD
Yokei, Tatsuya and Kanno, Kennichi. 1999. “Young Mazda President Comes with Strings Attached: Former Boss Wallace Likely to Call Shots from Ford Head Office” Nikkei Weekly, December 20Google Scholar
Yoshihara, Hideki, Akimatsu Sakuma, Hiryoyuki Itami, and Tadao Kagono. 1981. Nihon kigyo no takaku-ka senryaku (The Diversification Strategy of Japanese Firms: A Managerial Resource Approach). Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha
Yoshihara, Hideki and Shin-ichi Yonekawa. 1987. Business History of General Trading Companies: Proceedings of the Fuji Conference. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press
Yoshino, M. Y. and Thomas B. Lifson. 1986. The Invisible Link: Japan's Sogo Shosha and the Organization of Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Zajac, Edward J. 1988. “Interlocking Directorates as an Organizational Strategy: A Test of Critical Assumptions” Academy of Management Journal 31:428–38Google Scholar
Zielinski, Robert and Nigel Holloway. 1992. Unequal Equities: Power and Risk in Japan's Stock Market. New York: McGraw-Hill

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • James R. Lincoln, University of California, Berkeley, Michael L. Gerlach, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book: Japan's Network Economy
  • Online publication: 05 April 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511584442.008
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • James R. Lincoln, University of California, Berkeley, Michael L. Gerlach, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book: Japan's Network Economy
  • Online publication: 05 April 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511584442.008
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • James R. Lincoln, University of California, Berkeley, Michael L. Gerlach, University of California, Berkeley
  • Book: Japan's Network Economy
  • Online publication: 05 April 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511584442.008
Available formats
×