Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T21:23:26.041Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Nuclear molecular labeling

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2011

R. Nick Bryan
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
Get access

Summary

The tracer principle, articulated by the Hungarian chemist Georg de Hevesy (1885–1966) while in Rutherford's Manchester laboratory, remains the cornerstone of molecular imaging. de Hevesy discovered that a suitably marked small (“trace”) quantity of a compound could be used to observe the behavior of the compound in the living system. In other words, a small amount of glucose labeled with radioactive carbon can be administered to study the behavior of glucose in the body; a small amount of hyperpolarized carbon-labeled pyruvate can be administered to study pyruvate metabolism. An important feature of the principle is that the amount of tracer should be small enough not to perturb the milieu. For these insights, de Hevesy was awarded the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In this chapter, we will focus on radioactive tracers used for evaluating biochemical processes in vivo.

Molecular labeling fundamentals

Attachment of radioactive isotopes to compounds of interest has increasing applications in nuclear medicine and modern drug discovery. There are several challenges one faces in the attachment of isotopes to molecules, including the intended final diagnostic/therapeutic application of the molecule.

Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive compounds used for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, and utilized most often at very low molar concentrations that do not have pharmacologic effects on the body. Radioligand generally refers to any radiopharmaceutical that binds to a receptor on or in a cell. We will use the terms radiotracer and radioligand interchangeably to refer to radiopharmaceuticals without pharmacologic effects and used non-therapeutically.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Kobayashi, Y, Usui, Y, Shima, M.Evaluation of renal function after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with renal scintigraphy using 99 m-technetium-mercaptoacetyltriglycine. Int J Urol 2006; 13: 1371–4.Google Scholar
Tangari, A, Fernandes, GS, Cattani, CAM, et al. 99mTc-Sestamibi dipyridamole myocardial perfusion single-photon emission tomography and coronary computed tomography angiography scanning in detection of allograft coronary artery disease after heart transplantation. Circulation 2008; 118: E318–19.Google Scholar
Rajkovaca, Z, Vuleta, G, Matavulj, A, Kovacevic, P, Ponorac, N.99 m Tc-sestamibi scintimammography in detection of recurrent breast cancer. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2007; 7: 256–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, NJ, Eustance, CN, Barrington, SF, O'Doherty, MJ, Coakley, AJ. Imaging of abdominal infection using 99 mTc stannous fluoride colloid labelled leukocytes. Nucl Med Commun 2002; 23: 153–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thakur, ML, Riba, AL, Gottschalk, A, et al. Canine and rabbit platelets labeled with In-111 oxine. J Nucl Med 1980; 21: 597–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Brusa, A, Claudiani, F, Meneghini, S, Mombelloni, P, Piccardo, A.Progressive supranuclear palsy and In111 DTPA cisternography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984; 47: 1238–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bai, J, Yokoyama, K, Kinuya, S, et al. Radionuclide cisternography in intracranial hypotension syndrome. Ann Nucl Med 2002; 16: 75–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Havekes, B, Lai, EW, Corssmit, EP, et al. Detection and treatment of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: current standing of MIBG scintigraphy and future role of PET imagingQ J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 52: 419–29.Google ScholarPubMed
DuBois, SG, Matthay, KK. Radiolabeled metaiodobenzylguanidine for the treatment of neuroblastoma. Nucl Med Biol 2008; 35: S35–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohkuma, H, Tanaka, M, Kondoh, I, Suzuki, S.Role of 123I-IMP SPET in the early diagnosis of borderline chronic hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Eur J Nucl Med 2000; 27: 559–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oyama, N, Ponde, , Dence, CS, et al. Monitoring of therapy in androgen-dependent prostate tumor model by measuring tumor proliferation. J Nucl Med 2004; 45: 519–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Ponde, , Dence, CS, Schuster, DP, Welch, MJ. Rapid and reproducible radiosynthesis of [F-18] FHBG. Nucl Med Biol 2004; 31: 133–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linden, HM, Stekhova, SA, Link, JM, et al. Quantitative fluoroestradiol positron emission tomography imaging predicts response to endocrine treatment in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 2793–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zanzonico, PB, Finn, R, Pentlow, KS, et al. PET-based radiation dosimetry in man of 18F-fluorodihydrotestosterone, a new radiotracer for imaging prostate cancer. J Nucl Med 2004; 45: 1966–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Jewett, DM, Kilbourn, MR. In vivo evaluation of new carfentanil based radioligands for the mu opiate receptorNucl Med Biol 2004; 31: 321–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parks, NJ, Krohn, KA. The synthesis of 13N labeled ammonia, dinitrogen, nitrite and nitrate using a single cyclotron target system. Int J Appl Radicat lsot 1978; 29: 754–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Padhani, A.PET imaging of tumour hypoxia. Cancer Imaging 2006; 6: S117–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×