Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T15:59:33.572Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Nanocomposite fibers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2014

Frank K. Ko  and
Yuqin Wan
Frank K. Ko
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Yuqin Wan
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Get access

Summary

Introduction

A nanocomposite is a material in which the matrix contains reinforcement materials having at least one dimension in the nanoscale (<100 nm), wherein the small size offers some level of controllable performance that is expected to be better than in conventional composites. In another words, these nanocomposites should show great promise either in terms of superior mechanical properties, or in terms of superior thermal, electrical, optical and other properties, and in general, at relatively low-reinforcement volume fractions [1, 2]. The principal properties for such reinforcement effects are that (1) the properties of nano-reinforcements are considerably higher than the reinforcing materials in use and (2) the ratio of their surface area to volume is very high, which provides a greater interfacial interaction with the matrix [1]. Table 9.1 shows the geometries, types and surface-to-volume relations of reinforcements and their arrangement modes in fiber composites.

Table 9.2 lists the typical functional nanoparticles and matrices that have been used for the composites. Among all the nano-reinforcements, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanoclay, graphene and nanofibers are the most usually involved materials for the structural nanocomposites that are introduced in this chapter.

Type
Chapter
Information
Introduction to Nanofiber Materials , pp. 191 - 238
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Mallick, P. K., “Polymer Nanocomposites,” in Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design. London: CRC Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Gupta, R., Kennel, E., and Kim, K., Polymer Nanocomposites Handbook. CRC, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bethune, D., et al., “Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls,” Nature, vol. 363(643), pp. 605–607, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iijima, S., and Ichihashi, T., “Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter,” Nature, vol. 363(643), pp. 603-605, 1993.Google Scholar
Iijima, S., “Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon,” Nature, vol. 354(6348), pp. 56–58, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, Y., et al., “Superlong-oriented single-walled carbon nanotube arrays on substrate with low percentage of metallic structure,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 113(17), pp. 6983–6988, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wen, Q., et al., “Growing 20 cm long DWNTs/TWNTs at a rapid growth rate of 80−90 μm/s,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 22(4), pp. 1294–1296, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wen, Q., et al., “100 mm long, semiconducting triple-walled carbon nanotubes,” Advanced Materials, vol. 22(16), pp. 1867–1871, 2010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puretzky, A., et al., “In situ imaging and spectroscopy of single-wall carbon nanotube synthesis by laser vaporization,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 76, p. 182, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernadi, K., et al., “Catalytic synthesis of carbon nanotubes using zeolite support,” Zeolites, vol. 17(5–6), pp. 416–423, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Journet, C., et al., “Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique,” Nature, vol. 388(6644), pp. 756–757, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hafner, J. H., et al., “Catalytic growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes from metal particles,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 296(1–2), pp. 195–202, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikolaev, P., et al., “Gas-phase catalytic growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes from carbon monoxide,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 313(1–2), pp. 91–97, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, Q., Gan, Z., and Zhuang, Q., “Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanotubes,” Electroanalysis, vol. 14(23), pp. 1609–1613, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, T., and Liu, Y., “Large scale and high purity synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by arc discharge at controlled temperatures,” Carbon, vol. 42(12–13), pp. 2765–2768, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salvetat, J.-P., et al., “Elastic modulus of ordered and disordered multiwalled carbon nanotubes,” Advanced Materials, vol. 11(2), pp. 161–165, 1999.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thostenson, E. T., Ren, Z., and Chou, T.-W., “Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 61(13), pp. 1899–1912, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saito, Y., and Uemura, S., “Field emission from carbon nanotubes and its application to electron sources,” Carbon, vol. 38(2), pp. 169–182, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dresselhaus, M. S., Dresselhaus, G., and Eklund, P. C., Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes. London: Academic Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Popov, V., “Carbon nanotubes: properties and application,” Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, vol. 43(3), pp. 61–102, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamabe, T., “Recent development of carbon nanotube,” Synthetic Metals, vol. 70(1–3), pp. 1511–1518, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, E. W., Sheehan, P. E., and Lieber, C. M., “Nanobeam mechanics: elasticity, strength, and toughness of nanorods and nanotubes,” Science, vol. 277(5334), p. 1971, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yakobson, B. I., Brabec, C. J., and Bernholc, J., “Nanomechanics of carbon tubes: instabilities beyond linear response,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 76(14), pp. 2511–2514, 1996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iijima, S., et al., “Structural flexibility of carbon nanotubes,” The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 104(5), pp. 2089–2092, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buongiorno Nardelli, M., Yakobson, B. I., and Bernholc, J., “Mechanism of strain release in carbon nanotubes,” Physical Review B, vol. 57(8), pp. R4277–R4280, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernholc, J., et al., “Mechanical and elctrical properties of nanotubes,” Annual Review of Materials Research, vol. 32(1), pp. 347–375, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yakobson, B. I., et al., “High strain rate fracture and C-chain unraveling in carbon nanotubes,” Computational Materials Science, vol. 8(4), pp. 341–348, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, R. C., CVD process tames carbon nanotube growth. 2002 [cited 2010 July 19]; available from: .
Wei, B., Vajtai, R., and Ajayan, P., “Reliability and current carrying capacity of carbon nanotubes,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 79, p. 1172, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durkup, T., Kim, B., and Fuhrer, M., “Properties and applications of high-mobility semiconducting nanotubes,” Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, vol. 16(18), pp. 553–580, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, Z. K. et al., “Superconductivity in 4 angstrom single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Science, vol. 292(5526), pp. 2462–2465, 2001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, P. G., and Avouris, P., “Nanotubes for electronics,” Scientific American, vol. 283(6), pp. 62–69, 2000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dresselhaus, M., Dresselhaus, G., and Saito, R., “Physics of carbon nanotubes,” Carbon, vol. 33(7), pp. 883–891, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Che, J., Çagin, T., and Goddard, W., “Thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes,” Nanotechnology, vol. 11, pp. 65–69, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hone, J., et al., “Thermal properties of carbon nanotubes and nanotube-based materials,” Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, vol. 74(3), pp. 339–343, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebbesen, T. W., et al., “Purification of nanotubes,” Nature, vol. 367(6463), p. 519, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dujardin, E., et al., “Purification of single-shell nanotubes,” Advanced Materials, vol. 10(8), pp. 611–613, 1998.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelimov, K. B., et al., “Purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes by ultrasonically assisted filtration,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 282(5–6), pp. 429–434, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandow, S., et al., “Purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes by microfiltration,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 101(44), pp. 8839–8842, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, A., et al., “Application of centrifugation to the large-scale purification of electric arc-produced single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 128(30), pp. 9902–9908, 2006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiang, I. W., Brinson, B. E., and Huang, A. Y., “Purification and characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) obtained from the gas-phase decomposition of CO (HiPco Process),” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 105(35), p. 8297, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou, P.-X., Liu, C., and Cheng, H.-M., “Purification of carbon nanotubes,” Carbon, vol. 46(15), pp. 2003–2025, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiang, I. W., et al., “Purification and characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 105(6), pp. 1157–1161, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, J., et al., “Fullerene pipes,” Science, vol. 280(5367), pp. 1253–1256, 1998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krupke, R., et al., “Surface conductance induced dielectrophoresis of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Nano Letters, vol. 4(8), pp. 1395–1399, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunitoshi, Y., et al., “Orientation and purification of carbon nanotubes using ac electrophoresis,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 31(8), p. L34, 1998.Google Scholar
Suárez, B., et al., “Separation of carbon nanotubes in aqueous medium by capillary electrophoresis,” Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 1128(1–2), pp. 282–289, 2006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crum, L. A., and Fowlkes, J. B., “Acoustic cavitation generated by microsecond pulses of ultrasound,” Nature, vol. 319(6048), pp. 52–54, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sauter, C., et al., “Influence of hydrostatic pressure and sound amplitude on the ultrasound induced dispersion and de-agglomeration of nanoparticles,” Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, vol. 15(4), pp. 517–523, 2008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilding, J., et al., “Dispersion of carbon nanotubes in liquids,” Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, vol. 24(1), pp. 1–42, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, K. L., et al., “Mechanical damage of carbon nanotubes by ultrasound,” Carbon, vol. 34(6), pp. 814–816, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, J. W., and Paul, D. R., “Nylon 6 nanocomposites by melt compounding,” Polymer, vol. 42(3), pp. 1083–1094, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, J., et al., “Improving the dispersion and integration of single-walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy composites through functionalization,” Nano Letters, vol. 3(8), pp. 1107–1113, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Y. Y., Ahir, S. V., and Terentjev, E. M., “Dispersion rheology of carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix,” Physical Review B, vol. 73(12), p. 125 422, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isayev, A. I., Kumar, R., and Lewis, T. M., “Ultrasound assisted twin screw extrusion of polymer-nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes,” Polymer, vol. 50(1), pp. 250–260, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y., and Shimizu, H., “High-shear processing induced homogenous dispersion of pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes in a thermoplastic elastomer,” Polymer, vol. 48(8), pp. 2203–2207, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, Y., et al., “Dispersion and mechanical properties of polypropylene/multiwall carbon nanotubes composites obtained via dynamic packing injection molding,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 104(3), pp. 1880–1886, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silvera-Batista, C. A., et al., “Long-term improvements to photoluminescence and dispersion stability by flowing SDS-SWNT suspensions through microfluidic channels,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 131(35), pp. 12 721–12 728, 2009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, Y. A., et al., “Effect of ball milling on morphology of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 355(3–4), pp. 279–284, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jia, Z., et al., “Production of short multi-walled carbon nanotubes,” Carbon, vol. 37(6), pp. 903–906, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierard, N., et al., “Production of short carbon nanotubes with open tips by ball milling,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 335(1–2), pp. 1–8, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y. B., et al., “Transformation of carbon nanotubes to nanoparticles by ball milling process,” Carbon, vol. 37(3), pp. 493–497, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Wu, J., and Wei, F., “A treatment method to give separated multi-walled carbon nanotubes with high purity, high crystallization and a large aspect ratio,” Carbon, vol. 41(15), pp. 2939–2948, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, Y., and Taton, T. A., “Micelle-encapsulated carbon nanotubes: a route to nanotube composites,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125(19), pp. 5650–5651, 2003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, H.-I., et al., “Amphiphilic block copolymer micelles: new dispersant for single wall carbon nanotubes,” Macromolecular Rapid Communications, vol. 26(18), pp. 1451–1457, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lou, X., et al., “Synthesis of pyrene-containing polymers and noncovalent sidewall functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 16(21), pp. 4005–4011, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balavoine, F., et al., “Helical crystallization of proteins on carbon nanotubes: a first step towards the development of new biosensors,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 38(13–14), pp. 1912–1915, 1999.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azamian, B. R., et al., “Bioelectrochemical single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 124(43), pp. 12 664–12 665, 2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karajanagi, S. S., et al., “Structure and function of enzymes adsorbed onto single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Langmuir, vol. 20(26), pp. 11 594–11 599, 2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karajanagi, S. S., et al., “Protein-assisted solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Langmuir, vol. 22(4), pp. 1392–1395, 2006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, Y., Allard, L. F., and Sun, Y.-P., “Protein-affinity of single-walled carbon nanotubes in water,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108(12), pp. 3760–3764, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dieckmann, G. R., et al., “Controlled assembly of carbon nanotubes by designed amphiphilic peptide helices,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125(7), pp. 1770–1777, 2003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Star, A., et al., “Preparation and properties of polymer-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes 13,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 40(9), pp. 1721–1725, 2001.3.0.CO;2-F>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gong, X., et al., “Surfactant-assisted processing of carbon nanotube/polymer composites,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 12(4), pp. 1049–1052, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, O.-K., et al., “Solubilization of single-wall carbon nanotubes by supramolecular encapsulation of helical amylose,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125(15), pp. 4426–4427, 2003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satake, A., Miyajima, Y., and Kobuke, Y., “Porphyrin−carbon nanotube composites formed by noncovalent polymer wrapping,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 17(4), pp. 716–724, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandyopadhyaya, R., et al., “Stabilization of individual carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions,” Nano Letters, vol. 2(1), pp. 25–28, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connell, M. J., et al., “Reversible water-solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes by polymer wrapping,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 342(3–4), pp. 265–271, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, J., et al., “Noncovalent engineering of carbon nanotube surfaces by rigid, functional conjugated polymers,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 124(31), pp. 9034–9035, 2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakayama-Ratchford, N., et al., “Noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes by fluorescein−polyethylene glycol: supramolecular conjugates with pH-dependent absorbance and fluorescence,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 129(9), pp. 2448–2449, 2007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, R. J., et al., “Noncovalent sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for protein immobilization,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 123(16), pp. 3838–3839, 2001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Y., Gao, L., and Sun, J., “Noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes with sodium lignosulfonate and subsequent quantum dot decoration,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 111(3), pp. 1223–1229, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J. U., et al., “Aqueous suspension of carbon nanotubes via non-covalent functionalization with oligothiophene-terminated poly(ethylene glycol),” Carbon, vol. 45(5), pp. 1051–1057, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yangqiao, L., et al., “Debundling of single-walled carbon nanotubes by using natural polyelectrolytes,” Nanotechnology, vol. 18(36), p. 365 702, 2007.Google Scholar
Wise, K. E., et al., “Stable dispersion of single wall carbon nanotubes in polyimide: the role of noncovalent interactions,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 391(4–6), pp. 207–211, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, Y., Wilson, S. R., and Schuster, D. I., “High dissolution and strong light emission of carbon nanotubes in aromatic amine solvents,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 123(22), pp. 5348–5349, 2001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, A. M., Miao, W., and Raston, C. L., “Mercury(II) immobilized on carbon nanotubes: synthesis, characterization, and redox properties,” Langmuir, vol. 16(14), pp. 6004–6012, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiura, H., Ebbesen, T. W., and Tanigaki, K., “Opening and purification of carbon nanotubes in high yields,” Advanced Materials, vol. 7(3), pp. 275–276, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahr, J. L., and Tour, J. M., “Covalent chemistry of single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 12(7), pp. 1952–1958, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y., et al., “Chemical attachment of organic functional groups to single-walled carbon nanotube material,” Journal of Material Research, vol. 13(9), pp. 2423–2431, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, W., et al., “Structural characterization and diameter-dependent oxidative stability of single wall carbon nanotubes synthesized by the catalytic decomposition of CO,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 350(1–2), pp. 6–14, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rinzler, A. G., et al., “Large-scale purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes: process, product, and characterization,” Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, vol. 67(1), pp. 29–37, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamwi, A., et al., “Fluorination of carbon nanotubes,” Carbon, vol. 35(6), pp. 723–728, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawasaki, S., et al., “Fluorination of open- and closed-end single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 6(8), pp. 1769–1772, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Touhara, H., et al., “Property control of new forms of carbon materials by fluorination,” Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, vol. 114(2), pp. 181–188, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yudanov, N. F., et al., “Fluorination of arc-produced carbon material containing multiwall nanotubes,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 14(4), pp. 1472–1476, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Touhara, H., and Okino, F., “Property control of carbon materials by fluorination,” Carbon, vol. 38(2), pp. 241–267, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mickelson, E. T., et al., “Fluorination of single-wall carbon nanotubes,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 296(1–2), pp. 188–194, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gu, Z., et al., “Cutting single-wall carbon nanotubes through fluorination,” Nano Letters, vol. 2(9), pp. 1009–1013, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mickelson, E. T., et al., “Solvation of fluorinated single-wall carbon nanotubes in alcohol solvents,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 103(21), pp. 4318–4322, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saini, R. K., et al., “Covalent sidewall functionalization of single wall carbon nanotubes,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125(12), pp. 3617–3621, 2003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boul, P. J., et al., “Reversible sidewall functionalization of buckytubes,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 310(3–4), pp. 367–372, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khabashesku, V. N., Billups, W. E., and Margrave, J. L., “Fluorination of single-wall carbon nanotubes and subsequent derivatization reactions,” Accounts of Chemical Research, vol. 35(12), pp. 1087–1095, 2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, J. L., et al., “Sidewall amino-functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes through fluorination and subsequent reactions with terminal diamines,” Nano Letters, vol. 3(3), pp. 331–336, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, J., et al., “Sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes through CN bond forming substitution reactions of fluoronanotubes,” Nanotechnology, vol. 3, pp. 169–172, 2003.Google Scholar
Zhang, L., et al., “Sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with hydroxyl group-terminated moieties,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 16(11), pp. 2055–2061, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, H., et al., “Sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with organic peroxides,” Chemical Communications, vol. 2003(3), pp. 362–363, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, H., et al., “Oxidative properties and chemical stability of fluoronanotubes in matrixes of binary inorganic compounds,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 1(2), pp. 87–92, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, J., et al., “Solution properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Science, vol. 282(5386), pp. 95–98, 1998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamaras, K., et al., “Covalent bond formation to a carbon nanotube metal,” Science, vol. 301(5639), p. 1501, 2003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, H., et al., “Sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes by addition of dichlorocarbene,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125(48), pp. 14 893–14 900, 2003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holzinger, M., et al., “Sidewall functionalization of carbon nanotubes,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 40(21), pp. 4002–4005, 2001.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holzinger, M., et al., “[2+1] cycloaddition for cross-linking SWCNTs,” Carbon, vol. 42(5–6), pp. 941–947, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holzinger, M., et al., “Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with (R-)oxycarbonyl nitrenes,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125(28), pp. 8566–8580, 2003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, K., et al., “Protein immobilization on carbon nanotubes via a two-step process of diimide-activated amidation,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 14(1), pp. 37–39 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, S. E., et al., “Covalently bonded adducts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) oligonucleotides with single-wall carbon nanotubes: synthesis and hybridization,” Nano Letters, vol. 2(12), pp. 1413–1417, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, D. E., et al., “Functionalization of carbon nanotubes with polystyrene,” Macromolecules, vol. 35(25), pp. 9466–9471, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y., et al., “Polymeric carbon nanocomposites from carbon nanotubes functionalized with matrix polymer,” Macromolecules, vol. 36(19), pp. 7199–7204, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, S. S., et al., “Covalently functionalized nanotubes as nanometre-sized probes in chemistry and biology,” Nature, vol. 394(6688), pp. 52–55, 1998.Google ScholarPubMed
Philip, B., et al., “A novel nanocomposite from multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with a conducting polymer,” Smart Materials and Structures, vol. 13(2), p. 295, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskaran, D., et al., “Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 127(19), pp. 6916–6917, 2005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qu, L., et al., “Interactions of functionalized carbon nanotubes with tethered pyrenes in solution,” The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 117, p. 8089, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, Y.-P., et al., “Soluble dendron-functionalized carbon nanotubes: preparation, characterization, and properties,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 13(9), pp. 2864–2869, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riggs, J. E., et al., “Strong luminescence of solubilized carbon nanotubes,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122(24), pp. 5879–5880, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darron, E., Lin, Y., and Lawrence, F., “Solubilization of carbon nanotubes via polymer attachment,” International Journal of Nanoscience, vol. 1(3–4), pp. 213–221, 2002.Google Scholar
He, B., et al., “Preparation and characterization of a series of novel complexes by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) connected poly(amic acid) containing bithiazole ring,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 84(1), pp. 140–145, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riggs, J. E., et al., “Optical limiting properties of suspended and solubilized carbon nanotubess,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 104(30), pp. 7071–7076, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, W., et al., “Sonication-assisted functionalization and solubilization of carbon nanotubes,” Nano Letters, vol. 2(3), pp. 231–234, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y., et al., “Functionalizing multiple-walled carbon nanotubes with aminopolymers,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 106(6), pp. 1294–1298, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, B., Hu, H., and Haddon, R. C., “Synthesis and properties of a water-soluble single-walled carbon nanotube-poly(m-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) graft copolymer,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 14(1), pp. 71–76, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sano, M., et al., “Self-organization of PEO-graft-single-walled carbon nanotubes in solutions and Langmuir−Blodgett films,” Langmuir, vol. 17(17), pp. 5125–5128, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pompeo, F., and Resasco, D. E., “Water solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes by functionalization with glucosamine,” Nano Letters, vol. 2(4), pp. 369–373, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaffer, M., and Koziol, K., “Polystyrene grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes,” Chemical Communications, vol. 2002(18), pp. 2074–2075, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qin, S., et al., “Solubilization and purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes in water by in situ radical polymerization of sodium 4-styrenesulfonate,” Macromolecules, vol. 37(11), pp. 3965–3967, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qin, S., et al., “Grafting of poly(4-vinylpyridine) to single-walled carbon nanotubes and assembly of multilayer films,” Macromolecules, vol. 37(26), pp. 9963–9967, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, G., et al., “Constructing polymer brushes on multiwalled carbon nanotubes by in situ reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization,” Polymer, vol. 47(16), pp. 5909–5918, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, G., et al., “Functionalized carbon nanotubes with polystyrene-block-poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) by in situ RAFT polymerization,” Nanotechnology, vol. 18, p. 145606, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kong, H., Gao, C., and Yan, D., “Controlled functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by in situ atom transfer radical polymerization,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126(2), pp. 412–413, 2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Datsyuk, V., et al., “Double walled carbon nanotube/polymer composites via in-situ nitroxide mediated polymerisation of amphiphilic block copolymers,” Carbon, vol. 43(4), pp. 873–876, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujiwara, A., et al., Proc. of Super Carbon (IUMRS-ICA-97), Fujiwara, S., Ed. Tokyo, 1998.Google Scholar
Kimura, T., et al., “Polymer composites of carbon nanotubes aligned by a magnetic field,” Advanced Materials, vol. 14(19), pp. 1380–1383, 2002.3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, C., et al., “Electric field-induced aligned multi-wall carbon nanotube networks in epoxy composites,” Polymer, vol. 46(3), pp. 877–886, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dierking, I., Scalia, G., and Morales, P., “Liquid crystal–carbon nanotube dispersions,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 97, p. 044309, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, V. A., et al., “Phase behavior and rheology of SWNTs in superacids,” Macromolecules, vol. 37(1), pp. 154–160, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ajayan, P., et al., “Aligned carbon nanotube arrays formed by cutting a polymer resin–nanotube composite,” Science, vol. 265(5176), p. 1212, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Heer, W., et al., “Aligned carbon nanotube films: production and optical and electronic properties,” Science, vol. 268(5212), pp. 845–847, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, L., Bower, C., and Zhou, O., “Alignment of carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix by mechanical stretching,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 73, p. 1197, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggenmueller, R., et al., “Aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes in composites by melt processing methods,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 330(3–4), pp. 219–225, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ko, F., Han, W., and Zhou, O.. “Carbon nanotube reinforced nanocomposites by electrospinning,” in 16th Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites, Blacksburg, VA, 2001.Google Scholar
Ko, F. K., et al. “Structure and properties of carbon nanotube reinforced nanocomposites,” in Proceedings of American Institute of Aeronautics and Asbronautics, Denver, CO, AIAA-2002-1426, pp. 1779–1787, 2002.Google Scholar
El-Aufy, A., Nabet, B., and Ko, F., “Carbon nanotube reinforced (PEDT/PAN) nanocomposite for wearable electronics,” Polymer Preprints, vol. 44(2), pp. 134–135, 2003.Google Scholar
Ko, F., et al., “Electrospinning of continuous carbon nanotube-filled nanofiber yarns,” Advanced Materials, vol. 15(14), pp. 1161–1165, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wan, Y., and Ko, F., Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Yarns, in SAMPE 2009. Wichita, Kansas USA, 2009.Google Scholar
Wan, Y., et al., Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Fibers and Yarns, in SAMPE 2010. Seattle, WA, USA, 2010.Google Scholar
Koziol, K., et al., “High-performance carbon nanotube fiber,” Science, vol. 318(5858), pp. 1892–1895, 2007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Q. W., et al., “Sustained growth of ultralong carbon nanotube arrays for fiber spinning,” Advanced Materials, vol. 18(23), p. 3160, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, X., et al., “Strong carbon-nanotube fibers spun from long carbon-nanotube arrays,” Small, vol. 3(2), pp. 244–248, 2007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ericson, L. M., et al., Macroscopic, Neat, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fibers, American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 1447–1450, 2004.Google ScholarPubMed
Zhou, W., et al., “Single-walled carbon nanotubes in superacid: X-ray and calorimetric evidence for partly ordered H2SO4,” Physical Review B, vol. 72(4), p. 45 440, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drew, C., et al., “Electrospun photovoltaic cells,” Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A, vol. 39(10), pp. 1085–1094, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miaudet, P., et al., “Hot-drawing of single and multiwall carbon nanotube fibers for high toughness and alignment,” Nano Letters, vol. 5(11), pp. 2212–2215, 2005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalton, A. B., et al., “Continuous carbon nanotube composite fibers: properties, potential applications, and problems,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 14(1), p. 1–3, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalton, A. B., et al., “Super-tough carbon-nanotube fibres,” Nature, vol. 423(6941), pp. 703, 2003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mukhopadhyay, K., et al., “Double helical carbon microcoiled fibers synthesis by CCVD method,” Carbon, vol. 43(11), pp. 2400–2402, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, X. F., et al., “Self-organized arrays of carbon nanotube ropes,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 351, pp. 183–188, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, C., et al., “Synthesis of macroscopically long ropes of well-aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 72, p. 1835, 1998.Google Scholar
Zhu, H. W., et al., “Direct synthesis of long single-walled carbon nanotube strands,” Science, vol. 296(5569), pp. 884–886, 2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, C., Shaffer, M. S. P., and Windle, A. H., “Production of controlled architectures of aligned carbon nanotubes by an injection chemical vapour deposition method,” Carbon, vol. 41(2), pp. 359–368, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y. L., Kinloch, I. A., and Windle, A. H., Direct Spinning of Carbon Nanotube Fibers from Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis, American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 276–278, 2004.Google ScholarPubMed
Jiang, K., Li, Q., and Fan, S., “Nanotechnology: spinning continuous carbon nanotube yarns”, Nature, vol. 419(6909), p. 801, 2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, K. R., et al., “Multifunctional carbon nanotube yarns and transparent sheets: fabrication, properties, and applications,” Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 394(2), pp. 339–343, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gommans, H. H., et al., “Fibers of aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes: polarized Raman spectroscopy,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 88, p. 2509, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramesh, S., et al., “Dissolution of pristine single walled carbon nanotubes in superacids by direct protonation,” Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108(26), pp. 8794–8798, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vigolo, B., et al., “Macroscopic fibers and ribbons of oriented carbon nanotubes,” Science, vol. 290(5495), pp. 1331–1334, 2000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vigolo, B., et al., “Improved structure and properties of single-wall carbon nanotube spun fibers,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 81, p. 1210, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulin, P., Vigolo, B., and Launois, P., “Films and fibers of oriented single wall nanotubes,” Carbon, vol. 40(10), pp. 1741–1749, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, M., et al., “Alignment of carbon nanotubes in macroscopic fibers,” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 633, p. 579, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vigolo, B., et al., “Dispersions and fibers of carbon nanotubes,” Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol. 633, 2001.Google Scholar
Baughman, R. H., “Materials science: putting a new spin on carbon nanotubes,” Science, vol. 290(5495), p. 1310, 2000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vigolo, B., et al., “Fibers of carbon nanotubes,” Making Functional Materials with Nanotubes as held at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting, pp. 3–15, 2001.
Lobovsky, A., et al., Spinning, processing, and applications of carbon nanotube filaments, ribbons, and yarns, 2007, Google Patents.Google Scholar
Razal, J. M., et al., “Arbitrarily shaped fiber assemblies from spun carbon nanotube gel fibers,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 17(15), p. 2918, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dror, Y., et al., “Carbon nanotubes embedded in oriented polymer nanofibers by electrospinning,” Langmuir, vol. 19(17), pp. 7012–7020, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, T., Zhou, C. F., and Kumar, S., “Electrospun poly (acrylonitrile)/poly(acrylonitrile-co-styrene)/carbon nanotube fiber mat for electrochemical supercapacitors,” Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, vol. 229, pp. U1105–U1105, 2005.Google Scholar
Kim, G. M., Michler, G. H., and Puschke, P., “Deformation processes of ultrahigh porous multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polycarbonate composite fibers prepared by electrospinning,” Polymer, vol. 46(18), pp. 7346–7351, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeong, J. S., et al., “Fabrication of MWNTs/nylon conductive composite nanofibers by electrospinning,” Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 15(11–12), pp. 1839–1843, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundaray, B., et al., “Electrical conductivity of a single electrospun fiber of poly(methyl methacrylate) and multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 88(14), p. 143114, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ko, F., et al., “Electrospinning of continuous carbon nanotube-filled nanofiber yarns,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 124, p. 740, 2002.Google Scholar
Ayutsede, J., et al., “Carbon nanotube reinforced Bombyx mori silk nanofibers by the electrospinning process,” Biomacromolecules, vol. 7(1), pp. 208–214, 2006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Motta, A. M., Kinloch, I. A., and Windle, Alan H., “High performance fibres from ‘dog bone’ carbon nanotubes,” Advanced Materials, vol. 19(21), pp. 3721–3726, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y. L., Kinloch, I. A., and Windle, A. H., “Direct spinning of carbon nanotube fibers from chemical vapor deposition synthesis,” Science, vol. 304(5668), pp. 276–278, 2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhong, X.-H., et al., “Continuous multilayered carbon nanotube yarns,” Advanced Materials, vol. 22(6), pp. 692–696, 2010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
[cited 2010 August 12]; available from: .
Zhou, W., et al., “Single wall carbon nanotube fibers extruded from super-acid suspensions: preferred orientation, electrical, and thermal transport,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 95, p. 649, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sreekumar, T. V., et al., “Polyacrylonitrile single-walled carbon nanotube composite fibers,” PAN, vol. 10, p. 100, 2004.Google Scholar
Chae, H. G., et al., “Stabilization and carbonization of gel spun polyacrylonitrile/single wall carbon nanotube composite fibers,” Polymer, vol. 48(13), pp. 3781–3789, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chae, H. G., et al., “A comparison of reinforcement efficiency of various types of carbon nanotubes in polyacrylonitrile fiber,” Polymer, vol. 46(24), pp. 10 925–10 935, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, H., et al., “Regenerated-cellulose/multiwalled-carbon-nanotube composite fibers with enhanced mechanical properties prepared with the ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride,” Advanced Materials, vol. 19(5), pp. 698–698, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, R., et al., “Nanotube composite carbon fibers,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 75, p. 1329, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggenmueller, R., et al., “Interfacial in situ polymerization of single wall carbon nanotube/nylon 6, 6 nanocomposites,” Polymer, vol. 47(7), pp. 2381–2388, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, J. B., et al., “Continuous spinning of a single-walled carbon nanotube-nylon composite fiber,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 127(11), pp. 3847–3854, 2005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ge, J. J., et al., “Assembly of well-aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes in confined polyacrylonitrile environments: electrospun composite nanofiber sheets,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 126(48), pp. 15 754–15 761, 2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayutsede, J., et al., “Regeneration of Bombyx mori silk by electrospinning. Part 3: Characterization of electrospun nonwoven mat,” Polymer, vol. 46(5), pp. 1625–1634, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sukigara, S., et al., “Regeneration of Bombyx mori silk by electrospinning–part 1: Processing parameters and geometric properties,” Polymer, vol. 44(19), pp. 5721–5727, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sukigara, S., et al., “Regeneration of Bombyx mori silk by electrospinning. Part 2: Process optimization and empirical modeling using response surface methodology,” Polymer, vol. 45(11), pp. 3701–3708, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okada, A., and Usuki, A., “Twenty years of polymer-clay nanocomposites,” Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, vol. 291(12), pp. 1449–1476, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexandre, M., and Dubois, P., “Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials,” Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, vol. 28(1–2), pp. 1–63, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boo, W. J., et al., “Effect of nanoplatelet dispersion on mechanical behavior of polymer nanocomposites,” Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol. 45(12), pp. 1459–1469, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, H., “Polymer nanocomposites: from fundamental research to specific applications,” Materials Science and Engineering: C, vol. 23(6–8), pp. 763–772, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dortmans, A., et al., “Nanocomposite materials: from lab-scale experiments to prototypes,” e-Polymers, vol. 2(1), pp. 135–144, 2013.Google Scholar
Hay, J. N., and Shaw, S. J., A Review of Nanocomposites 2000, 2000.
Nazaré, S., Kandola, B. K., and Horrocks, A. R., “Flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resin incorporating nanoclays,” Polymers for Advanced Technologies, vol. 17(4), pp. 294–303, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, D. M., et al., “Secondary structure and elevated temperature crystallite morphology of nylon-6/layered silicate nanocomposites,” Polymer, vol. 42(4), pp. 1621–1631, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fong, H., et al., “Generation of electrospun fibers of nylon 6 and nylon 6–montmorillonite nanocomposite,” Polymer, vol. 43(3), pp. 775–780, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fornes, T. D., and Paul, D. R., “Crystallization behavior of nylon 6 nanocomposites,” Polymer, vol. 44(14), pp. 3945–3961, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, L., et al., “Formation and properties of nylon-6 and nylon-6/montmorillonite composite nanofibers,” Polymer, vol. 47(17), pp. 6208–6217, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, L., and Cebe, P., “Crystal polymorphism in electrospun composite nanofibers of poly(vinylidene fluoride) with nanoclay,” Polymer, vol. 50(9), pp. 2133–2141, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramasundaram, S., et al., “Preferential formation of electroactive crystalline phases in poly(vinylidene fluoride)/organically modified silicate nanocomposites,” Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol. 46(20), pp. 2173–2187, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y.-L., et al., “Cooperative effect of electrospinning and nanoclay on formation of polar crystalline phases in poly(vinylidene fluoride),” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 2(6), pp. 1759–1768, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adanur, S., and Ascioglu, B., “Nanocomposite fiber based web and membrane formation and characterization,” Journal of Industrial Textiles, vol. 36(4), pp. 311–327, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, J., et al., “Electrospinning and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan oligosaccharide/clay nanocomposite nanofibers in aqueous solutions,” Colloid & Polymer Science, vol. 287(8), pp. 943–950, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, Y., et al., “Structure, morphology, thermal stability and carbonization mechanism studies of electrospun PA6/Fe-OMT nanocomposite fibers,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 93(12), pp. 2180–2185, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yacoob, C., Liu, W., and Adanur, S., “Properties and flammability of electrospun PVA and PVA/Laponite (R) membranes,” Journal of Industrial Textiles, vol. 40(1), pp. 33–48, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ristolainen, N., et al., “Poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyamide-66 nanocomposites prepared by electrospinning,” Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, vol. 291(2), pp. 114–122, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, Y.-X., et al., “A new process of fabricating electrically conducting nylon 6/graphite nanocomposites via intercalation polymerization,” Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol. 38(12), pp. 1626–1633, 2000.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussain, F., et al., “Polymer-matrix nanocomposites, processing, manufacturing, and application: an overview,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 40(17), pp. 1511–1575, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drzal, L. T. F., “Graphite nanoplatelets as reinforcements for polymers,” Polymer Preprints, vol. 42(2), pp. 42–43, 2001.Google Scholar
King, J. A., et al., “Electrically and thermally conductive nylon 6,6,” Polymer Composites, vol. 20(5), pp. 643–654, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yasmin, A., Luo, J.-J., and Daniel, I. M., “Processing of expanded graphite reinforced polymer nanocomposites,” Composites Science and Technology, vol. 66(9), pp. 1182–1189, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yasmin, A., and Daniel, I., “Mechanical and thermal properties of graphite platelet/epoxy composites,” Polymer, vol. 45(24), pp. 8211–8219, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mack, J. J., et al., “Graphite nanoplatelet reinforcement of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers,” Advanced Materials, vol. 17(1), pp. 77–80, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, N., and McQuillan, B. W., Intercalation Chemistry, Whittingham, M. S. and Jacobson, A. J., Ed., New York: Academic, 1982.Google Scholar
Melechko, A., et al., “Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers and related structures: controlled synthesis and directed assembly,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 97, p. 041301, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishnan, A., et al., “Graphitic cones and the nucleation of curved carbon surfaces,” Nature, vol. 388(6641), pp. 451–454, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, L., et al., “Four-probe charge transport measurements on individual vertically aligned carbon nanofibers,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 84, p. 3972, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callister, W. D., Materials Science and Engineering: an Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, 2003.Google Scholar
Lee, S. B., et al., “Study of multi-walled carbon nanotube structures fabricated by PMMA suspended dispersion,” Microelectronic Engineering, vol. 61–62, pp. 475–483, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schönenberger, C., et al., “Interference and interaction in multi-wall carbon nanotubes,” Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, vol. 69(3), pp. 283–295, 1999.Google Scholar
Thess, A., et al., “Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes,” Science, vol. 273(5274), p. 483, 1996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, C., et al., “Raman spectroscopic evaluation of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon nanofibers prepared by electrospinning,” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, vol. 35(11), pp. 928–933, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Serrano, S., and Santiago-Avilés, J. J., “Raman characterization of carbon nanofibers prepared using electrospinning,” Synthetic Metals, vol. 138(3), pp. 423–427, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, C., et al., “Fabrication of electrospinning-derived carbon nanofiber webs for the anode material of lithium-ion secondary batteries,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 16(18), pp. 2393–2397, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, S., et al. Cabon Nanofibrous Materials Prepared from Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers for Hydrogen Storage. Warrendale, Pa.; Materials Research Society, 1999.Google Scholar
Zussman, E., et al., “Mechanical and structural characterization of electrospun PAN-derived carbon nanofibers,” Carbon, vol. 43(10), pp. 2175–2185, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, K., et al., “Preparation of carbon fiber web from electrostatic spinning of PMDA-ODA poly (amic acid) solution,” Carbon, vol. 41(11), pp. 2039–2046, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, Y., et al., “Multifunctional carbon nanofibers with conductive, magnetic and superhydrophobic properties,” ChemPhysChem, vol. 7(2), pp. 336–341, 2006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, S., et al., “Preparations of pitch-based CF/ACF webs by electrospinning,” Carbon, vol. 41(13), pp. 2655–2657, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finegan, I. C., et al., “Surface treatments for improving the mechanical properties of carbon nanofiber/thermoplastic composites,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 38(16), pp. 3485–3490, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tibbetts, G., and McHugh, J., “Mechanical properties of vapor-grown carbon fiber composites with thermoplastic matrices,” Journal of Materials Research, vol. 14(7), pp. 2871–2880, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patton, R., and Pittman, C., “Vapor grown carbon fiber composites with epoxy and poly (phenylene sulfide) matrices,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 30(9), pp. 1081–1091, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordeyev, S. A., et al., “Transport properties of polymer-vapour grown carbon fibre composites,” Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 279(1–3), pp. 33–36, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tibbetts, G. G., Finegan, I. C., and Kwag, C., “Mechanical and electrical properties of vapor-grown carbon fiber thermoplastic composites,” Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, vol. 387, pp. 129–133, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donohoe, J., and Pittman, C., “Shielding effectiveness of vapor grown carbon nanofiber/vinyl ester composites,” in EMC Europe 2004, International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 2004.Google Scholar
Lafdi, M., and Matzek, K., “Carbon nanofibers as a nano-reinforcement for polymeric nanocomposites,” in 48th International SAMPE symposium. Long Beach, 2003.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Nanocomposite fibers
  • Frank K. Ko, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Yuqin Wan, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
  • Book: Introduction to Nanofiber Materials
  • Online publication: 05 July 2014
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139021333.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Nanocomposite fibers
  • Frank K. Ko, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Yuqin Wan, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
  • Book: Introduction to Nanofiber Materials
  • Online publication: 05 July 2014
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139021333.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Nanocomposite fibers
  • Frank K. Ko, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Yuqin Wan, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
  • Book: Introduction to Nanofiber Materials
  • Online publication: 05 July 2014
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139021333.010
Available formats
×