“North of England Shipowners and Their Business Connections in the Nineteenth Century”

Summary

Long studied in isolation from other sectors, shipping is increasingly being recognized as an integral part of a vital and far-reaching economic complex. For a generation shipping historians have been producing a large body of work in areas such as shareowning, corporate finance, government subsidies, shipbuilding and cartels, all of which demonstrate that shipowners were embedded in networks of information and business connections. In turn, such studies have given shipping history new links with other branches of scholarship, such as the management theory of principal/agent relations and the economic geography of business districts. This essay continues that historiographic trend, examining relationships forged in the British shipping industry of the late nineteenth century and particularly in the great North of England maritime industrial complex which rose to global significance in the production, consumption and service activities associated with textiles and heavy engineering.

Integrating shipping research with wider literatures brings business processes and practices together with economic and political institutions and structures. Here, the recent historiography focuses mainly on the manufacturing sector and its tendency to cluster into “industrial districts,” often tracing its interpretive roots back to the work of Alfred Marshall and his quest to define the industrial “atmosphere” that characterized such places. Maritime trade and shipping add another dimension given that interactions between firms were arguably even more important in commercial centres with large numbers of small firms, many working in brokering roles. Just as it provided crucial evidence for an earlier generation of business historians focusing on individual firms and corporate structure, the shipping industry and its associated sectors are again proving central to a number of new directions in the discipline. One of the most fundamental connections within the shipping complex - that between shipowners and shipbuilders - has been the subject of much recent work. Relations between shipping and banking are less well known, although there is some pioneering literature upon which to build. Negotiations and deals between shipping companies and government are once again becoming an important element in studies of imperial policy and intercontinental communications networks.

This essay focuses on relationships among shipowners and between shipowners and merchants. It begins with a survey of the numerous, and often conflicting, pressures on shipowners as they sought to build their fleets and operations in an era of complex interactions with other businesses and a developing culture of associational collaboration in and around the conference system.