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Chapter 36 - Primary Dystonia

from Section 3: - Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 January 2025

By
Karen Frei  and
Daniel Truong
Edited by
Erik Ch. Wolters  and
Christian R. Baumann
Erik Ch. Wolters
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Christian R. Baumann
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
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Summary

Dystonia, defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both, results in patterned, twisted, and sometimes tremulous movements. When dystonia is the sole manifestation, it is known as primary dystonia. Primary dystonia is an uncommon disorder and includes genetic forms of dystonia as well as idiopathic dystonia. Dystonia can involve one body part, when it is called focal; more than one contiguous body part, when it is known as segmental; or involving the trunk and more than two body parts, when it is called generalized. This chapter reviews primary dystonia: the epidemiology, the current theories of pathophysiology, the clinical description, and available treatments of genetic as well as the various forms of focal dystonia, including blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, laryngeal dystonia, cervical dystonia, focal hand dystonia and truncal dystonia.

Keywords

Dystoniagenetic dystoniafocal dystoniablepharospasmoromandibular dystoniacervical dystoniafocal hand dystoniawriter’s cramptruncal dystoniabotulinum toxindeep brain stimulation
Type
Chapter
Information
International Compendium of Movement Disorders , pp. 431 - 444
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

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