Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-cphqk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-09T11:38:44.910Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 20 - Physical Rehabilitation of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

from Section 2: - Hypokinetic Movement Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 January 2025

By
Erwin E.H. van Wegen ,
Marc B. Rietberg ,
Tim Vanbellingen  and
Mark A. Hirsch
Edited by
Erik Ch. Wolters  and
Christian R. Baumann
Erik Ch. Wolters
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Christian R. Baumann
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Get access

Summary

Physical rehabilitation in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) aims to restore everyday functioning and mobility through a multidisciplinary approach. We present and discuss the current evidence on efficacy of key rehabilitation specialties and therapies that contribute to improving everyday (motor and non-motor) functioning in PD. Rehabilitative therapies aiming to improve posture and balance, transfers, gait, and physical condition have been shown effective. Evidence that physical therapy interventions using for example external or internal cues is effective for improving gait and gait-related mobility is strong, although the evidence for improving upper limb function, speech, and swallowing deficits is still limited. Optimal intensity of rehabilitation services offered by physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech therapists, as well as their active ingredients and long-term impact, need further underpinning to help continuing development and updating of clinical guidelines.

Keywords

Parkinson’s diseaserehabilitationexercisephysical therapy
Type
Chapter
Information
International Compendium of Movement Disorders , pp. 238 - 251
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Lidstone, SC, Bayley, M, Lang, AE. The evidence for multidisciplinary care in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2020;20(6):539–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deane, KH, Jones, D, Ellis-Hill, C, et al. A comparison of physiotherapy techniques for patients with Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;1:CD002815.Google Scholar
Deane, KH, Jones, D, Playford, ED, Ben-Shlomo, Y, Clarke, CE. Physiotherapy for patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;1:CD002817.Google Scholar
Deane, KH, Ellis-Hill, C, Jones, D, et al. Systematic review of paramedical therapies for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2002;17(5):984–991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keus, SH, Bloem, BR, Hendriks, EJ, Bredero-Cohen, AB, Munneke, M. Evidence-based analysis of physical therapy in Parkinson’s disease with recommendations for practice and research. Mov Disord 2007;22(4):451–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomlinson, CL, Patel, S, Meek, C, et al. Physiotherapy versus placebo or no intervention in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;2013(9):CD002817.Google ScholarPubMed
Radder, DLM, Lígia Silva de Lima, A, Domingos, J, et al. Physiotherapy in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis of present treatment modalities. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020;34(10):871–880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsch, MA, Sanjak, M, Englert, D, Iyer, S, Quinlan, MM. Parkinson patients as partners in care. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014;20(Suppl 1):S174–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, LIIK, van Wegen, EEH, de Goede, CJT, et al. Measuring gait and gait-related activities in Parkinson’s patients own home environment: a reliability, responsiveness and feasibility study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2005;11(1):19–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronte-Stewart, HM, Minn, AY, Rodrigues, K, Buckley, EL, Nashner, LM. Postural instability in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: the role of medication and unilateral pallidotomy. Brain 2002;125(9):2100–2114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berg, KO, Wood-Dauphinee, SL, Williams, JI, Maki, B. Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument. Can J Public Health 1992;83(Suppl 2):S7–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Smithson, F, Morris, ME, Iansek, R. Performance on clinical tests of balance in Parkinson’s disease. Phys Ther 1998;78(6):577–592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giladi, N, Shabtai, H, Simon, ES, et al. Construction of freezing of gait questionnaire for patients with Parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2000;6(3):165–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ancona, S, Faraci, FD, Khatab, E, et al. Wearables in the home-based assessment of abnormal movements in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review of the literature. J Neurol 2022;269(1):100–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Wegen, EEH, Burgers, IAL, de Goede, CJT. Mobility in Parkinson’s Disease: Home Exercises, Transfers and Movement Advice. Amsterdam: VU University Press; 2017.Google Scholar
Subramanian, I, Mathur, S, Oosterbaan, A, et al. Unmet needs of women living with Parkinson’s disease: gaps and controversies. Mov Disord 2022;37(3):444–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snijders, AH, Bloem, BR. Cycling for freezing of gait. N Engl J Med 2010;362:e46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Islam, MS, Azim, F, Saju, H, et al. Pesticides and Parkinson’s disease: current and future perspective. J Chem Neuroanat 2021;115:101966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burini, D, Farabollini, B, Iacucci, S, et al. A randomised controlled cross-over trial of aerobic training versus Qigong in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Eura Medicophys 2006;42(3):231–238.Google ScholarPubMed
Bergen, JL, Toole, T, Elliott, RG, III, et al. Aerobic exercise intervention improves aerobic capacity and movement initiation in Parkinson’s disease patients. NeuroRehabilitation 2002;17(2):161–168.Google ScholarPubMed
Tiihonen, M, Westner, BU, Butz, M, Dalal, SS. Parkinson’s disease patients benefit from bicycling – a systematic review and meta-analysis. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021;7(1):86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, T, de Goede, CJ, Feldman, RG, et al. Efficacy of a physical therapy program in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86(4):626–632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodrigues, DP, Teixeira-Salmela, LF, Coelho de Morais Faria, CD, Rocha, dB, Cardoso, F. Impact of an exercise program on physical, emotional, and social aspects of quality of life of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2006;21(8):1073–1077.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellecchia, MT, Grasso, A, Biancardi, LG, et al. Physical therapy in Parkinson’s disease: an open long-term rehabilitation trial. J Neurol 2004;251(5):595–598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabbri, M, Kauppila, LA, Ferreira, JJ, Rascol, O. Challenges and perspectives in the management of late-stage Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis 2020;10(S1):S75–S83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nieuwboer, A, De Weerdt, W, Dom, R, et al. The effect of a home physiotherapy program for persons with Parkinson’s disease. J Rehabil Med 2001;33(6):266–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nieuwboer, A, Kwakkel, G, Rochester, L, et al. Cueing training in the home improves gait-related mobility in Parkinson’s disease: the RESCUE trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78(2):134–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaartio-Rajalin, H, Rauhala, A, Fagerström, L. Person-centered home-based rehabilitation for persons with Parkinson’s disease: a scoping review. Int J Nurs Stud 2019;99:103395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steendam-Oldekamp, TE, Rutgers, AW, Buskens, E, van Laar, T. Short-term rehabilitation of Parkinson’s disease patients delays nursing home placement. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2012;156(42):A4776.Google ScholarPubMed
Canning, CG, Ada, L, Johnson, JJ, McWhirter, S. Walking capacity in mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006;87(3):371–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sofuwa, O, Nieuwboer, A, Desloovere, K, et al. Quantitative gait analysis in Parkinson’s disease: comparison with a healthy control group. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86(5):1007–1013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsch, MA, Sood, P, Hein, A, et al. In-home falls risk assessment in Parkinson disease: a guide for clinicians. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021;102(10):2051–2054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Goede, CJ, Keus, SH, Kwakkel, G, Wagenaar, RC. The effects of physical therapy in Parkinson’s disease: a research synthesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82(4):509–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehman, DA, Toole, T, Lofald, D, Hirsch, MA. Training with verbal instructional cues results in near-term improvement of gait in people with Parkinson’s disease. J Neur Phys Ther 2005;29(1):2–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willems, AM, Nieuwboer, A, Chavret, F, et al. Turning in Parkinson’s disease patients and controls: the effect of auditory cues. Mov Disord 2007;22(13):1871–1878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsch, MA, Hammond, FM. Cueing training in persons with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78(2):111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Wegen, EE, Hirsch, MA, Huiskamp, M, Kwakkel, G. Harnessing cueing training for neuroplasticity in Parkinson disease. Top Geriatr Rehabil 2014;30(1):46–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Wegen, E, de Goede, C, Lim, I, et al. The effect of rhythmic somatosensory cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci 2006;248(1–2):210–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Wegen, EEH, Lim, I, de Goede, C, et al. The effects of visual rhythms and optic flow on stride patterns of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2006;12(1):21–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muthukrishnan, N, Abbas, JJ, Shill, HA, Krishnamurthi, N. Cueing paradigms to improve gait and posture in Parkinson’s disease: a narrative review. Sensors (Basel) 2019;19(24):5468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, C, Ebersbach, G, Ramig, L, Sapir, S. LSVT LOUD and LSVT BIG: behavioral treatment programs for speech and body movement in Parkinson disease. Parkinsons Dis 2012;2012:391946.Google ScholarPubMed
McDonnell, MN, Rischbieth, B, Schammer, TT, et al. Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT)-BIG to improve motor function in people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 2018;32(5):607–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaible, F, Maier, F, Buchwitz, TM, et al. Effects of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG and conventional physiotherapy on non-motor and motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled study comparing three exercise models. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2021;14:1756286420986744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehrholz, J, Kugler, J, Storch, A, et al. Treadmill training for patients with Parkinson disease. An abridged version of a Cochrane Review. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2016;52(5):704–713.Google ScholarPubMed
Wu, HK, Chen, HR, Chen, WY, et al. A novel instrumented walker for individualized visual cue setting for gait training in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Assist Technol 2020;32(4):203–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bunting-Perry, L, Spindler, M, Robinson, KM, et al. Laser light visual cueing for freezing of gait in Parkinson disease: a pilot study with male participants. J Rehabil Res Dev 2013;50(2):223–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, MW. Disorders of posture, balance, and gait in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Geriatr Med 1996;12(4):825–845.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Wegen, EEH, van Emmerik, RE, Wagenaar, RC, Ellis, T. Stability boundaries and lateral postural control in Parkinson’s disease. Motor Control 2001;5(3):254–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickering, RM, Grimbergen, YA, Rigney, U, et al. A meta-analysis of six prospective studies of falling in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2007;22(13):1892–1900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pouwels, S, Bazelier, MT, de Boer, A, et al. Risk of fracture in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Osteoporos Int 2013;24(8):2283–2290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blaszczyk, JW, Orawiec, R, Duda-Klodowska, D, Opala, G. Assessment of postural instability in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Exp Brain Res 2007;183(1):107–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fishel, SC, Hotchkiss, ME, Brown, SA. The impact of LSVT BIG therapy on postural control for individuals with Parkinson disease: a case series. Physiother Theory Pract 2020;36(7):834–843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Wegen, EEH, de Goede, CJT, Kwakkel, G, van Kordelaar, J. Sensor assisted self-management in Parkinson’s disease: a feasibility study of ambulatory posture detection and feedback to treat stooped posture. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018;46(Suppl 1):S57–S61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuart, S, Godfrey, A, Mancini, M. Staying UpRight in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study of a novel wearable postural intervention. Gait Posture 2021;91:86–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Constantinescu, R, Leonard, C, Deeley, C, Kurlan, R. Assistive devices for gait in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007;13(3):133–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rochester, L, Hetherington, V, Jones, D, et al. Attending to the task: interference effects of functional tasks on walking in Parkinson’s disease and the roles of cognition, depression, fatigue, and balance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(10):1578–1585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raffegeau, TE, Krehbiel, LM, Kang, N, et al. A meta-analysis: Parkinson’s disease and dual-task walking. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019;62:28–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strouwen, C, Molenaar, EALM, Münks, L, et al. Training dual tasks together or apart in Parkinson’s disease: results from the DUALITY trial. Mov Disord 2017;32(8):1201–1210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
San Martín Valenzuela, C, Moscardó, LD, López-Pascual, J, Serra-Añó, P, Tomás, JM. Effects of dual-task group training on gait, cognitive executive function, and quality of life in people with Parkinson disease: results of randomized controlled DUALGAIT trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020;101(11):1849–1856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rochester, L, Hetherington, V, Jones, D, et al. The effect of external rhythmic cues (auditory and visual) on walking during a functional task in homes of people with Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86(5):999–1006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keus, SHJ, Munneke, M, Graziano, M, et al. European Physiotherapy Guideline for Parkinson’s Disease. The Netherlands: KNGF/ParkinsonNet; 2014.Google Scholar
Nieuwboer, A, De Weerdt, W, Dom, R, Lesaffre, E. A frequency and correlation analysis of motor deficits in Parkinson patients. Disabil Rehabil 1998;20(4):142–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamsma, Y, Brouwer, WH, Lakke, JPW. Training of compensation strategies for impaired gross motor skills in Parkinson’s disease. Physiother Theory Practice 1995;11:209–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertram, CP, Lemay, M, Stelmach, GE. The effect of Parkinson’s disease on the control of multi-segmental coordination. Brain Cogn 2005;57(1):16–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanbellingen, T, Nyffeler, T, Nef, T, et al. Reliability and validity of a new dexterity questionnaire (DextQ-24) in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016;33:78–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanbellingen, T, Nyffeler, T, Nigg, J, et al. Home based training for dexterity in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017;41:92–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farley, BG, Koshland, GF. Training BIG to move faster: the application of the speed–amplitude relation as a rehabilitation strategy for people with Parkinson’s disease. Exp Brain Res 2005;167(3):462–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okada, Y, Ohtsuka, H, Kamata, N, et al. Effectiveness of long-term physiotherapy in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Parkinsons Dis 2021;11(4):1619–1630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lina, C, Guoen, C, Huidan, W, et al. The effect of virtual reality on the ability to perform activities of daily living, balance during gait, and motor function in Parkinson disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2020;99(10):917–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Domingos, J, Keus, SHJ, Dean, J, et al. The European physiotherapy guideline for Parkinson’s disease: implications for neurologists. J Parkinsons Dis 2018;8(4):499–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deane, KH, Ellis-Hill, C, Playford, ED, Ben Shlomo, Y, Clarke, CE. Occupational therapy for patients with Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(3):CD002813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturkenboom, IHWM, Thijssen, MCE, Gons-van Elsacker, JJ, et al. Guidelines for Occupational Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease Rehabilitation. Nijmegen/Miami: ParkinsonNet/NPF; 2011.Google Scholar
Elbers, RG, Verhoef, J, van Wegen, EE, Berendse, HW, Kwakkel, G. Interventions for fatigue in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(10):CD010925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrag, A, Jahanshahi, M, Quinn, N. How does Parkinson’s disease affect quality of life? A comparison with quality of life in the general population. Mov Disord 2000;15(6):1112–1118.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, S, Tickle-Degnen, L. The effectiveness of occupational therapy-related treatments for persons with Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analytic review. Am J Occup Ther 2001;55(4):385–392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steultjens, EM, Dekker, J, Bouter, LM, Leemrijse, CJ, van den Ende, CH. Evidence of the efficacy of occupational therapy in different conditions: an overview of systematic reviews. Clin Rehabil 2005;19(3):247–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welsby, E, Berrigan, S, Laver, K. Effectiveness of occupational therapy intervention for people with Parkinson’s disease: systematic review. Aust Occup Ther J 2019;66(6):731–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deane, KH, Whurr, R, Playford, ED, Ben Shlomo, Y, Clarke, CE. A comparison of speech and language therapy techniques for dysarthria in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(2):CD002814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, CE, Gullaksen, E, Macdonald, S, Lowe, F. Referral criteria for speech and language therapy assessment of dysphagia caused by idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1998;97(1):27–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dashtipour, K, Tafreshi, A, Lee, J, Crawley, B. Speech disorders in Parkinson’s disease: pathophysiology, medical management and surgical approaches. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2018;8(5):337–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, C, Winfield, L, Hunt, A, et al. Speech dysfunction in early Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 1995;10(5):562–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trail, M, Fox, C, Ramig, LO, et al. Speech treatment for Parkinson’s disease. NeuroRehabilitation 2005;20(3):205–221.Google ScholarPubMed
Mawdsley, C, Gamsu, CV. Periodicity of speech in Parkinsonism. Nature 1971;231(5301):315–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, AK. A clinical rating scale of speech dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. S Afr J Commun Disord 1978;25:39–52.Google ScholarPubMed
Enderby, P. Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment. San Diego: College Hill Press; 1983.Google Scholar
Wallace, GL. Assessment of oral peripheral structure and function in normal aging individuals with the Frenchay. J Commun Disord 1991;24(2):101–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramig, LO, Fox, C, Sapir, S. Parkinson’s disease: speech and voice disorders and their treatment with the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment. Semin Speech Lang 2004;25(2):169–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sapir, S, Spielman, JL, Ramig, LO, Story, BH, Fox, C. Effects of intensive voice treatment (the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment [LSVT]) on vowel articulation in dysarthric individuals with idiopathic Parkinson disease: acoustic and perceptual findings. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2007;50(4):899–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Swart, BJ, Willemse, SC, Maassen, BA, Horstink, MW. Improvement of voicing in patients with Parkinson’s disease by speech therapy. Neurology 2003;60(3):498–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahler, LA, Ramig, LO, Fox, C. Evidence-based treatment of voice and speech disorders in Parkinson disease. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;23(3):209–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deane, KH, Whurr, R, Playford, ED, Ben Shlomo, Y, Clarke, CE. Speech and language therapy for dysarthria in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(2):CD002812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schindler, A, Pizzorni, N, Cereda, E, et al. Consensus on the treatment of dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci 2021;430:120008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, L, Weinreich, J. Drooling in Parkinson’s disease: a novel tool for assessment of swallow frequency. Int J Lang Commun Disord 2001;36(Suppl):288–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goetz, CG, Tilley, BC, Shaftman, SR, et al. Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord 2008;23(15):2129–2170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peto, V, Jenkinson, C, Fitzpatrick, R, Greenhall, R. The development and validation of a short measure of functioning and well-being for individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Qual Life Res 1995;4(3):241–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz-Vigueras, N, Prados-Román, E, Valenza, MC, et al. Speech and language therapy treatment on hypokinetic dysarthria in Parkinson disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 2021;35(5):639–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yuan, F, Guo, X, Wei, X, et al. Lee Silverman Voice Treatment for dysarthria in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol 2020;27(10):1957–1970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claus, I, Muhle, P, Czechowski, J, et al. Expiratory muscle strength training for therapy of pharyngeal dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2021;36(8):1815–1824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalf, JG, de Swart, BJM, Bonnier, M, et al. Guidelines for Speech-Language Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease. Nijmegen/Miami: ParkinsonNet/NPF; 2011.Google Scholar
Cusso, ME, Donald, KJ, Khoo, TK. The impact of physical activity on non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2016;3:35.Google ScholarPubMed
Cristini, J, Weiss, M, De Las Heras, B, et al. The effects of exercise on sleep quality in persons with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2021;55:101384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qureshi, AR, Jamal, MK, Rahman, E, et al. Non-pharmacological therapies for pain management in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Acta Neurol Scand 2021;144(2):115–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Lima, TA, Ferreira-Moraes, R, Alves, WMGDC, et al. Resistance training reduces depressive symptoms in elderly people with Parkinson disease: a controlled randomized study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019;29(12):1957–1967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dauwan, M, Begemann, M, Slot, M, et al. Physical exercise improves quality of life, depressive symptoms, and cognition across chronic brain disorders: a transdiagnostic systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurol 2021;268(4):1222–1246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwok, JYY, Kwan, JCY, Auyeung, M, et al. Effects of mindfulness yoga vs stretching and resistance training exercises on anxiety and depression for people with Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2019;76(7):755–763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghielen, I, van Wegen, EEH, Rutten, S, et al. Body awareness training in the treatment of wearing-off related anxiety in patients with Parkinson’s disease: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Psychosom Res 2017;103:1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guglietti, B, Hobbs, D, Collins-Praino, LE. Optimizing cognitive training for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: current limitations and future directions. Front Aging Neurosci 2021;13:709484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuckenschneider, T, Askew, CD, Menêses, AL, et al. The effect of different exercise modes on domain-specific cognitive function in patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Parkinsons Dis 2019;9(1):73–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Policastro, G, Brunelli, M, Tinazzi, M, et al. Cytokine-, neurotrophin-, and motor rehabilitation-induced plasticity in Parkinson’s disease. Neural Plast 2020;2020:8814028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, BE, Wu, AD, Salem, GJ, et al. The effect of exercise training in improving motor performance and corticomotor excitability in persons with early Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89:1221–1229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, BE, Li, Q, Nacca, A, et al. Treadmill exercise elevates striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding potential in patients with early Parkinson’s disease. NeuroReport 2013;24:509–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daviet, JC, Roy, X, Quelven-Bertin, I, et al. Parkinson’s patient runs an ultra-marathon: a case report. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2014;50(4):447–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Sacheli, MA, Neva, JL, Lakhani, B, et al. Exercise increases caudate dopamine release and ventral striatal activation in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2019;34(12):1891–1900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segura, C, Eraso, M, Bonilla, J, et al. Effect of a high-intensity tandem bicycle exercise program on clinical severity, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and plasma biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol 2020;11;656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shih, CH, Moore, K, Browner, N, Sklerov, M, Dayan, E. Physical activity mediates the association between striatal dopamine transporter availability and cognition in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019;62:68–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toldo, JMP, Arjona, M, Neto, JCC, et al. Virtual rehabilitation in Parkinson disease: a dopamine transporter imaging study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021;100(4):359–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Kolk, NM, de Vries, NM, Kessels, RPC, et al. Effectiveness of home-based and remotely supervised aerobic exercise in Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2019;18(11):998–1008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, ME, Cameron, IGM, Van der Kolk, NM, et al. Aerobic exercise alters brain function and structure in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Neurol 2022;91(2):203–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hackney, ME, Bay, AA, Jackson, JM, et al. Rationale and design of the PAIRED trial: partnered dance aerobic exercise as a neuroprotective, motor, and cognitive intervention in Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol 2020;11:943.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Wegen, EEH, Hirsch, MA, van de Berg, WDJ, et al. High-intensity interval cycle ergometer training in Parkinson’s disease: protocol for identifying individual response patterns using a single-subject research design. Front Neurol 2020;11:569880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomes, ESA, Van den Heuvel, OA, Rietberg, MB, De Groot, V, Hirsch, MA, Van de Berg, WDJ, Jaspers, RT, Vriend, C, Vanbellingen, T, Van Wegen, EEH. (HIIT-The Track) High-Intensity Interval Training for People with Parkinson’s Disease: Individual Response Patterns of (Non-)Motor Symptoms and Blood-Based Biomarkers-A Crossover Single-Case Experimental Design. Brain Sci. 2023 May 24;13(6):849.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×