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Chapter 45 - Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome and Other Tics

from Section 3: - Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 January 2025

By
Andreas Hartmann
Edited by
Erik Ch. Wolters  and
Christian R. Baumann
Erik Ch. Wolters
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Christian R. Baumann
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
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Summary

Tics are brief, sudden, non-rhythmic, repetitive movements. Tics can be motor or vocal. Further, both motor and vocal tics can be either simple or complex. Simple tics typically involve only one group of muscles and are brief and meaningless, whereas complex tics may last longer and appear more purposeful. Tic disorders usually begin in childhood and are classified according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) into four groups: (1) provisional tic disorder, (2) chronic motor or vocal tic disorder, (3) Tourette disorder (or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome), (4) tic disorder not otherwise specified. As tics can resemble almost any other movement disorder, phenotypic analysis alone is insufficient and patients must be questioned whether the execution is preceded by a premonitory sensation (urge to do, urge to move) and whether a temporary control of the movement can be achieved. Also, relief following execution of the tic is frequently reported. There are no biomarkers available for tics and diagnosis therefore remains strictly clinical.

Keywords

TicsTourette syndromegeneticspathophysiologycognitive-behavioral therapydopamine-blocking agentsdeep brain stimulation
Type
Chapter
Information
International Compendium of Movement Disorders , pp. 559 - 567
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

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