Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-b95js Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-09T11:20:39.584Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 1 - Behavior

Basic Principles and Behavioral Movement Disorders

from Section 1: - Basic Introduction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 January 2025

By
Mark Hallett
Edited by
Erik Ch. Wolters  and
Christian R. Baumann
Erik Ch. Wolters
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Christian R. Baumann
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Get access

Summary

Although movement is largely generated from the primary motor cortex, what movement to make and how to make it is influenced from the entire brain. External influences from the environment come from sensory systems in the posterior part of the brain, and internal influences, such as homeostatic drive and reward, from the anterior part. A movement is voluntary when a person’s consciousness recognizes it to be so because of proper activation of the agency network. Behavioral movement disorders can be understood as dysfunction of these mechanisms. Apraxia and task specific dystonia arise from disruption of parietal–premotor connections. Tics arise from a hyperactive limbic system. Functional movement disorders may also have an origin in abnormal limbic function and are believed to be involuntary due to dysfunction of the agency network. In Parkinson’s disease, bradykinesia comes from insufficient basal ganglia support to the anterior part of the brain.

Keywords

Voluntary movementinvoluntary movementconsciousnessapraxiadystoniaticsfunctional movement disordersParkinson’s diseaseimpulse control disorder
Type
Chapter
Information
International Compendium of Movement Disorders , pp. 5 - 10
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bostan, AC, Strick, PL. The basal ganglia and the cerebellum: nodes in an integrated network. Nat Rev Neurosci 2018;19(6):338–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahn, S, Jankovic, J, Hallett, M. Principles and Practice of Movement Disorders. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2011.Google Scholar
Errante, A, Ziccarelli, S, Mingolla, G, Fogassi, L. Grasping and manipulation: neural bases and anatomical circuitry in humans. Neuroscience 2021;458:203–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grafton, ST, Volz, LJ. From ideas to action: the prefrontal–premotor connections that shape motor behavior. Handb Clin Neurol 2019;163:237–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, LT. Frontal circuit specialisations for decision making. Eur J Neurosci 2021;53(11):3654–3671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallett, M. Physiology of free will. Ann Neurol 2016;80(1):5–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nahab, FB, Kundu, P, Gallea, C, et al. The neural processes underlying self-agency. Cereb Cortex 2011;21(1):48–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kranick, SM, Hallett, M. Neurology of volition. Exp Brain Res 2013;229(3):313–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wheaton, LA, Hallett, M. Ideomotor apraxia: a review. J Neurol Sci 2007;260(1–2):1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, JE. Apraxia: review and update. J Clin Neurol 2017;13(4):317–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohlhalter, S, Hattori, N, Wheaton, L, et al. Gesture subtype-dependent left lateralization of praxis planning: an event-related fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 2009;19(6):1256–1262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, T, Chan, P, Hallett, M. Modifications of the interactions in the motor networks when a movement becomes automatic. J Physiol 2008;586(Pt 17):4295–4304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horovitz, SG, Gallea, C, Najee-Ullah, M, Hallett, M. Functional anatomy of writing with the dominant hand. PLoS One 2013;8(7):e67931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallea, C, Horovitz, SG, Ali Najee-Ullah, M, Hallett, M. Impairment of a parieto-premotor network specialized for handwriting in writer’s cramp. Hum Brain Mapp 2016;37:4363–4375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graybiel, AM. Habits, rituals, and the evaluative brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 2008;31:359–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belluscio, BA, Jin, L, Watters, V, Lee, TH, Hallett, M. Sensory sensitivity to external stimuli in Tourette syndrome patients. Mov Disord 2011;26(14):2538–2543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berman, BD, Horovitz, SG, Morel, B, Hallett, M. Neural correlates of blink suppression and the buildup of a natural bodily urge. Neuroimage 2012;59(2):1441-1450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bohlhalter, S, Goldfine, A, Matteson, S, et al. Neural correlates of tic generation in Tourette syndrome: an event-related functional MRI study. Brain 2006;129(Pt 8):2029–2037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lerner, A, Bagic, A, Boudreau, EA, et al. Neuroimaging of neuronal circuits involved in tic generation in patients with Tourette syndrome. Neurology 2007;68(23):1979–1987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shibasaki, H. Cortical activities associated with voluntary movements and involuntary movements. Clin Neurophysiol 2012;123(2):229–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shibasaki, H, Hallett, M. What is the Bereitschaftspotential? Clin Neurophysiol 2006;117(11):2341–2356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Salm, SM, Tijssen, MA, Koelman, JH, van Rootselaar, AF. The bereitschaftspotential in jerky movement disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83(12):1162–1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drane, DL, Fani, N, Hallett, M, A framework for understanding the pathophysiology of functional neurological disorder. CNS Spectr 2020:1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perez, DL, Aybek, S, Popkirov, S, et al. A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 2021;33(1):14–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perez, DL, Edwards, MJ, Nielsen, G, et al. Decade of progress in motor functional neurological disorder: continuing the momentum. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baizabal-Carvallo, JF, Hallett, M, Jankovic, J. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2019;127:32–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallett, M. Neurophysiologic studies of functional neurologic disorders. In: Hallett, M, Stone, J, Carson, A, eds. Functional Neurologic Disorders Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol 139. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 139. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016: 61–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voon, V, Brezing, C, Gallea, C, et al. Emotional stimuli and motor conversion disorder. Brain 2010;133(Pt 5):1526–1536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voon, V, Gallea, C, Hattori, N, et al. The involuntary nature of conversion disorder. Neurology 2010;74:223–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baird, AD, Scheffer, IE, Wilson, SJ. Mirror neuron system involvement in empathy: a critical look at the evidence. Social Neurosci 2011;6(4):327–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rizzolatti, G, Sinigaglia, C. The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations and misinterpretations. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010;11(4):264–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bologna, M, Paparella, G, Fasano, A, Hallett, M, Berardelli, A. Evolving concepts on bradykinesia. Brain 2020;143(3):727-750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallett, M. Bradykinesia: why do Parkinson’s patients have it and what trouble does it cause? Mov Disord 2011;26(9):1579–1581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ling, H, Massey, LA, Lees, AJ, Brown, P, Day, BL. Hypokinesia without decrement distinguishes progressive supranuclear palsy from Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2012;135(Pt 4):1141–1153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kang, SY, Wasaka, T, Shamim, EA, et al. Characteristics of the sequence effect in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2010;25(13):2148–2155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weintraub, D, Mamikonyan, E. The neuropsychiatry of Parkinson disease: a perfect storm. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019;27(9):998–1018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallett, M. Physiology of behaviour. In: Wolters, ECh, Baumann, CR, eds. Parkinson Disease and Other Movement disorders. Amsterdam: VU University Press; 2014.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×