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Chapter 2 - Interoceptive Afferent Neurons and Autonomic Regulation with Special Emphasis on the Viscera

from Part I - The Autonomic Nervous System: Functional Anatomy and Interoceptive Afferents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 July 2022

Wilfrid Jänig
Wilfrid Jänig
Affiliation:
Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Germany
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Summary

Visceral organs are innervated by vagal and spinal visceral afferent neurons. Of the axons in the vagal nerves, 85% are afferent and have their cell bodies in the nodose or jugular ganglion. Vagal afferents are involved in autonomic reflexes and regulation, and in visceral sensations but not pain. They project viscerotopically to the nucleus tractus solitarii. Spinal visceral afferent neurons have their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia. They are involved in organ reflexes, organ regulation (pelvic organs), extraspinal "peripheral" reflexes, protective "axon reflex"-mediated effector reactions, non-painful visceral sensations and visceral pain. Thoracolumbar spinal visceral afferent neurons are polymodal and activated by mechanical and chemical stimuli. Sacral visceral afferent neurons are involved in specific organ regulation, and sacro-lumbar reflexes. Spinal visceral afferents project to lamina I, lamina V and deeper laminae of the spinal gray matter. All spinal neurons receiving synaptic input from spinal visceral afferents are convergent viscero-somatic neurons. In primates, lamina I neurons project topographically to the posterior part of the ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus. This nucleus projects topographically to the dorsal posterior insula, which is the primary interoceptive cortex and represents sensations related to the states of the body tissues.

Keywords

Dorsal posterior insulainteroceptioninteroceptive cortexnucleus tractus solitariispinal lamina Ivisceral afferent neuronsspinalvagalvisceral nociceptionvisceral pain
Type
Chapter
Information
The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System
Neurobiology of Homeostasis
 , pp. 34 - 70
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

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References

Suggested Reading

Bielefeld, T. K. and Gebhart, G. F. (2013) Visceral pain: basic mechanisms. In Wall and Melzack’s Textbook of Pain, 6th edn (McMahon, S. B., Koltzenburg, M., Tracy, I. and Turk, D.C., eds.) pp. 703–717, Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
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