Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T19:00:06.375Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 5 - IPM as applied ecology: the biological precepts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 September 2010

By
David J. Horn
Edited by
Edward B. Radcliffe ,
William D. Hutchison  and
Rafael E. Cancelado
Edward B. Radcliffe
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
William D. Hutchison
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Get access

Summary

Any insect (or other) pest exists within an ecosystem, consisting of the surrounding biological and physical environment with which it interacts. The interactions between a pest population and its ecosystem are highly complex, and in many cases several pests with different biologies need to be simultaneously managed on a single crop. Ecological issues are exacerbated as the scale of management increases. On a typical farm in midwestern USA we might find fields producing maize (corn), soybeans, hay and perhaps small grains or canola, plus several species of vegetables in a family garden, several kinds of livestock and poultry, stored feed and seed, landscaping plantings, weeds, wildlife and the farmer and his/her household, any and all of which might harbor populations of one or more pests. The farm ecosystem occurs in a matrix of surrounding systems each with its own communities including pests. Ecological processes within surrounding habitats influence events within adjacent areas. In our efforts to maintain high yields and maximize profits, we often oversimplify and override ecosystem processes and unknowingly disrupt whatever naturally occurring pest population regulation there may be. Kogan (1995) and others have noted that even successful IPM programs may pay little heed to the complexity and unpredictability of ecological processes. Our pest management efforts therefore are often disruptive of ecosystem functions. In order to develop more ecologically based IPM systems we need greater understanding of ecological processes. The present chapter introduces some of these fundamental ecological processes as they impact pest populations.

Type
Chapter
Information
Integrated Pest Management
Concepts, Tactics, Strategies and Case Studies
 , pp. 51 - 61
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akçakaya, H. R., Burgman, M. A. & Ginzburg, L. R. (1999) Applied Population Ecology Principles and Computer Exercises. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Altieri, M. A. (1987). Agroecology: The Scientific Basis of Alternative Agriculture. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Altieri, M. A. (1994). Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems. New York: Food Products Press.Google Scholar
Altieri, M. A. & Nicholls, C. I. (1999). Biodiversity, ecosystem function, and insect pest management in agricultural systems. In Biodiversity in Agroecosystems, eds. Collins, W. W. & Qualset, C. O., pp. 69–84. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Andow, D. A. (1991). Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annual Review of Entomology, 36, 561–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andow, D. A. & Prokrym, D. R. (1990). Plant structural complexity and host finding by a parasitoid. Oecologia, 62, 162–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cappuccino, N. & Price, P. W. (eds.) (1995). Population Dynamics: New Approaches and Synthesis. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Carson, W. P., Cronin, J. P. & Long, Z. T. (2004) A general rule for predicting when insects will have strong top down effects on plant communities: on the relation between insect outbreaks and host concentration. In Insects and Ecosystem Function, eds. Weisser, W. W. & Siemann, E. J., pp. 193–211. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Chesson, P. L. (1981). Models for spatially distributed populations: the effect of within-patch variability. Theoretical Population Biology, 19, 288–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, L. R., Hughes, R. D., Geier, P. W. & Morris, R. F. (1967). The Ecology of Insect Populations in Theory and Practice. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Collins, W. W. & Qualset, C. O. (eds.) (1999). Biodiversity in Agroecosystems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Denno, R. F. (1994). Life history variation in planthoppers. In Planthoppers, Their Ecology and Management, eds. Denno, R. F. & Perfect, T. J., pp. 163–215. New York: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Duelli, P. (1997). Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes: an approach at two different scales. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 62, 81–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrlich, P. R., White, R. R., Singer, M. C., McKechnie, S. W. & Gilbert, L. I. (1975). Checkerspot butterflies: a historical perspective. Science, 188, 221– 228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flint, M. L. & Roberts, P. A. (1988). Using crop diversity to manage pest problems: some California examples. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 3, 164–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank van Veen, F. J., Morris, R. J. & Godfray, H. C. J. (2006). Apparent competition, quantitative food web shifts and the structure of phytophagous insect communities. Annual Review of Entomology, 51, 187–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilpin, M. & Hanski, I. (1991). Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and Theoretical Investigations. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Horn, H. S. (1968). Regulation of animal numbers: a model counter-example. Ecology, 49, 776–778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, D. J. (1988). Ecological Approach to Pest Management. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hunter, A. F. (1991). Traits that distinguish outbreaking and non-outbreaking Macrolepidoptera feeding on northern hardwood trees. Oikos, 60, 275–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, L. E., Pascual, U. & Hodgkin, T. (2007), Utilizing and conserving agrobiodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 121, 196–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssen, A. & Sabelis, M. W. (2004). Food web interactions and ecosystem processes. In Insects and Ecosystem Function, eds. Weisser, W. W. & Siemann, E. J., pp. 193–211. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Kemp, W. P., Harvey, S. J. & O'Neill, K. M. (1990). Patterns of vegetation and grasshopper community composition. Oecologia, 83, 299–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kogan, M. (1995). IPM: historical perspectives and contemporary development. Annual Review of Entomology, 43, 243–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landis, D. A., Wratten, D. & Gurr, G. M. (2000). Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology, 45, 175–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotka, A. J. (1920). Analytical notes on certain rhythmic relations in organic systems.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 7, 410–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowrance, R., Stinner, B. R. & House, G. J. (eds.) (1984). Agricultural Ecosystems: Unifying Concepts. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Marino, P. C. & Landis, D. A. (1996). Effects of landscape structure on parasitoid diversity in agroecosystems. Ecological Applications, 6, 276–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, E. J. P., West, T. M. & Kleijn, D. (2006). Impacts of an agri-environment field margin prescription on the flora and fauna of arable farmland in different landscapes. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 113, 36–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murdoch, W. W. (1994). Population regulation in theory and practice. Ecology, 75, 271–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearl, D. K., Bartoszynski, R. & Horn, D. J. (1989). A stochastic model for simulation of interactions between phytophagous spider mites and their phytoseiid predators. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 7, 143–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risch, S. J., Andow, D. & Altieri, M. A. (1983). Agroecosystem diversity and pest control: data, tentative conclusions and new research directions. Environmental Entomology, 12, 625–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Root, R. B. (1973). Organization of a plant–arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecological Monographs, 43, 95–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southwood, T. R. E. & Way, M. J. (1970). Ecological background to pest management. In Concepts of Pest Management, eds. Rabb, R. L. & Guthrie, F. E., pp. 6–29. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University Press.Google Scholar
Stern, V. M., Smith, R. F., Bosch, R. & Hagen, K. S. (1959). The integration of chemical and biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid: the integrated control concept. Hilgardia, 29, 81–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiling, P. (1988). Density-dependent processes and key factors in insect populations. Journal of Animal Ecology, 57, 581–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stinner, R. E., Bayfield, C. S., Stomach, J. L. & Dose, L. (1983). Dispersal and movement of insect pests. Annual Review of Entomology, 28, 319–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stinner, D. H., Stinner, B. R. & Martsolf, E. (1997). Biodiversity as an organizing principle in agroecosystem management: case studies of holistic resource management practitioners in the USA. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 62, 199–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strong, D. R. (1986) Density-vague population change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1, 39–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tilman, D., Walden, D. & Knops, J. (1996). Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature, 379, 718–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandermeer, J. (1995). The ecological basis of alternative agriculture. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 26, 201–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emden, H. F. (1965). The role of uncultivated land in the biology of crop pests and beneficial insects. Scientific Horticulture, 17, 121–126.Google Scholar
Weires, R. W. & Chiang, H. C. (1973). Integrated Control Prospects of Major Cabbage Insect Pests in Minnesota: Based on the Faunistic, Host Varietal and Trophic Relationships, Technical Bulletin No. 291. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Agricultural Experiment Station.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. K. & Landis, D. A. (2005). The role of plant resources and habitat diversification in biological control. In Plant Provided Food and Plant–Carnivore Mutualism, eds. Wackers, F. L., Rijn, P. C. J. & Bruin, J., pp. 305–325. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×