Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-rg895 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-05T05:16:01.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 26 - Citrus IPM

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 September 2010

By
Richard F. Lee
Edited by
Edward B. Radcliffe ,
William D. Hutchison  and
Rafael E. Cancelado
Edward B. Radcliffe
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
William D. Hutchison
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Get access

Summary

IPM programs are designed to keep plants healthy and economically productive while minimizing environmental impact. Citrus (Citrus spp.) as clonally propagated perennial crops are subject to many graft-transmissible diseases caused by viruses, viroids and systemic prokaryotes. Some of these graft-transmissible diseases can be very destructive and even threaten the continued production of citrus in a production area, whereas other diseases cause minor losses. The starting point for an IPM program for citrus is to begin with healthy plants. The concept of planting with healthy plants in citrus began almost simultaneously with the discovery that some diseases of citrus were caused by graft-transmissible pathogens (GTPs). Indicator plants grafted with parts of diseased trees subsequently show characteristic symptoms for the disease (Fawcett, 1938). The concept of a clean stock program evolved from the finding that the disease could be prevented by using graft propagations from source trees that were free of the disease. Applications of this concept led to the development of regional and national clean stock programs and certification programs. GTPs of citrus which do not have insect vectors or other natural means of spread are easily controlled by use of clean, or “pathogen-tested,” budwood, but diseases which have a natural means of spread, such as insects, are more difficult to control. However, beginning with healthy plants is even more important for the management and control of these naturally spread graft-transmissible diseases.

Type
Chapter
Information
Integrated Pest Management
Concepts, Tactics, Strategies and Case Studies
 , pp. 341 - 353
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ahlawat, Y. S., Pant, R. P., Lockhart, B. E. L.et al. (1996). Association of a badnavirus with citrus mosaic disease in India. Plant Disease, 80, 590–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albiach-Martí, M. R., Guerri, J., Hemoso De Mendoza, A.et al. (2000). Aphid transmission alters the genomic and defective RNA populations of Citrus tristeza virus isolates. Phytopathology, 90, 134–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bar-Joseph, M., Marcus, R. & Lee, R. F. (1989). The continuous challenge of citrus tristeza virus control. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 27, 291–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bove, J. M. (1995). Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Citrus in the Near East Region. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
Bove, J. M. (2006). Huanglongbing: a destructive, newly emerging, century-old disease of citrus. Journal of Plant Pathology, 88, 7–37.Google Scholar
Brlansky, R. H., Pelosi, R. R., Garnsey, S. M.et al. (1986). Tristeza quick decline epidemic in South Florida. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 99, 66–69.Google Scholar
Brlansky, R. H., Damsteegt, V. D., Howd, D. S. & Roy, A. (2003). Molecular analysis of Citrus tristeza virus subisolates separated by aphid transmission. Plant Disease, 87, 397–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calavan, E. C., Roistacher, C. N. & Nauer, E. M. (1972). Thermotherapy of citrus for inactivation of certain viruses. Plant Disease Reporter, 56, 976–980.Google Scholar
Derrick, K. S. & Timmer, L. W. (2000). Citrus blight and other diseases of recalcitrant etiology. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 38, 181–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Kharbotly, A., Al-Shanfari, A. & Al-Subhi, A. (2000). Molecular evidence for the presence of the Phytoplasma aurantifolia in lime seeds and transmission to seedlings. In 2000 Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture, pp. 97–98. Orlando, FL: International Society of Citriculture.Google Scholar
Fawcett, H. S. (1938). Transmission of psorosis of citrus. Phytopathology, 28, 669.Google Scholar
Fegan, R. M., Olexa, M. T. & McGovern, R. J. (2004). Protecting agriculture: the legal basis of regulatory action in Florida. Plant Disease, 88, 1040–1043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Florida Legislature (2007). Citrus Nursery Stock Propagation and Production and the Establishment of Regulated Areas around Citrus Nurseries, Florida State Statute 581.1843 (2007). Tallahassee, FL: Florida Legislature. Available at www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0581/SEC1843.HTM&Title=-%3E2006-%3ECh0581-%3ESection%20184.Google Scholar
Guerra-Moreno, A. S., Manjunath, K. L., Brlansky, R. H & Lee, R. F. (2005). Citrus leprosis symptoms can be associated with the presence of two different viruses: cytoplasmic and nuclear, the former having a multipartite RNA genome. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, pp. 230–239. Riverside, CA: IOCV.Google Scholar
Guerri, J., Pina, J. A., Vives, M. C., Navarro, L. & Moreno, P. (2004). Seed transmission of Citrus leaf blotch virus: implications in quarantine and certification programs. Plant Disease, 88, 906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grenzebach, E. (1994). Integrated Pest Management in Selected Fruit Trees, Report No. 42 on a Short-Term Consultancy Mission, Feb 27–March 12, 1994. Eschborn, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ).
Halbert, S. E. (2005). The discovery of huanglongbing in Florida. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Citrus Canker and Huanglongbing Research Workshop, pp. 1–3. Orlando, FL: Florida Citrus Mutual.Google Scholar
Hartung, J. S., Beretta, J., Brlansky, R. H., Spisso, J. & Lee, R. F. (1994). Citrus variegated chlorosis bacterium: axenic culture, pathogenicity, and serological relationships with other strains of Xylella fastidiosa. Phytopathology, 84, 591–597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kersting, U., Korkmaz, S., Cinar, B.et al. (1996). Citrus chlorotic dwarf: a new whitefly transmitted disease in the east Mediterranean region of Turkey. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, pp. 220–225. Riverside, CA: IOCV.Google Scholar
Khan, I. A., Lee, R. F. & Hartung, J. (2002). Confirming seed transmission of witches' broom disease of lime. In Proceedings of the 16th International Plant Protection Congress, p. 281. Christchurch, New Zealand: IOCV.Google Scholar
Lee, R. F. & Niblett, C. L. (2000). Citrus tristeza: strains, mild strain cross protection and other management strategies. Revista Horticultura Mexicana, 8, 25–35.Google Scholar
Lee, R. F. & Rocha-Pena, M. A. (1992). Citrus tristeza virus. In Plant Diseases of International Importance, vol. 3, eds. Mukhopadhyay, A. N., Chaube, H. S., Kumar, J. & Singh, U. S., pp. 226–249. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Lee, R. F., Brlansky, R. H., Garnsey, S. M. & Yokomi, R. K. (1987). Traits of citrus tristeza virus important for mild strain cross protection of citrus: the Florida approach. Phytophylactica, 19, 215–218.Google Scholar
Lee, R. F., Niblett, C. L. & Derrick, K. S. (1992). Mild strain cross protection against severe strains of citrus tristeza virus in Florida. In Proceedings of the 1st International Seminar on Citriculture in Pakistan, Dec. 1992, Faisalabad, Pakistan, eds. Khan, I. A., pp. 400–405.Google Scholar
Lee, R. F., Lehman, P. S. & Navarro, L. (1999). Nursery practices and certification programs for budwood and rootstocks. In Citrus Health Management, eds. Timmer, L. W. & Duncan, L. W., pp. 35–46. St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society Press.Google Scholar
Li, W.-B., Pria, W. D., Lacava, P. M., Qin, X. & Hartung, J. S. (2003). Presence of Xylella fastidiosa in sweet orange fruit and seeds and its transmission to seedlings. Phytopathology, 93, 953–958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navarro, L. (1993). Citrus sanitation, quarantine and certification programs. In Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, pp. 383–391. Riverside, CA: IOCV.Google Scholar
Navarro, L., Roistacher, C. N. & Murashige, T. (1975). Improvement of shoot tip grafting in vitro for virus-free citrus. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science, 100, 471–479.Google Scholar
Navarro, L., Juarez, J., Pina, J. A. & Ballester, J. F. (1984). The citrus quarantine station in Spain. In Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, pp. 365–370. Riverside, CA: IOCV.Google Scholar
Ochoa, F. M., Cevik, B., Febres, V., Niblett, C. L. & Lee, R. F. (2000). Molecular characterization of Florida citrus tristeza virus isolates with potential use in mild strain cross protection. In Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, pp. 94–102. Riverside, CA: IOCV.Google Scholar
Permar, T. A., Garnsey, S. M., Gumpf, D. J. & Lee, R. F. (1990). A monoclonal antibody that discriminates strains of citrus tristeza virus. Phytopathology, 80, 224–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, C. A., Pelosi, R. R., Sonoda, R. M. & Lee, R. F. (1998). A psorosis-like agent prevalent in Florida's grapefruit groves and budwood sources. Plant Disease, 82, 208–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocha-Pena, M. A., Permar, T. A., Lee, R. F., Yokomi, R. K. & Garnsey, S. M. (1991). Comparative infection rates from aphid or graft challenge by a severe CTV isolate on plants preinoculated with mild isolates. In Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, pp. 93–102. Riverside, CA: IOCV.Google Scholar
Rocha-Pena, M. A., Lee, R. F. & Niblett, C. L. (1992). Effects of mild isolates of citrus tristeza virus on the development of tristeza decline. Subtropical Plant Science, 45, 11–17.Google Scholar
Rocha-Pena, M. A., Lee, R. F., Lastra, R.et al. (1995). Citrus tristeza virus and its aphid vector Toxoptera citricida: threats to citrus production in the Caribbean and Central and North America. Plant Disease, 79, 437–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrigues, J. C. V., Kitajima, E. W., Childers, C. C. & Chagas, C. M. (2003). Citrus leprosis virus vectored by Brevipalpus phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on citrus in Brazil. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 30, 161–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roistacher, C. N. (1991). Graft-Transmissible Diseases of Citrus: Handbook for Detection and Diagnosis. Riverside, CA: IOCV and Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
Roistacher, C. N. (1993). Arguments for establishing a mandatory certification program for citrus. Citrus Industry, 74 (Nov.), 8.Google Scholar
Roistacher, C. N. (1996). The economics of living with citrus diseases: huanglongbing (greening) in Thailand. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, pp. 279–285. Riverside, CA: IOCV.Google Scholar
Roistacher, C. N., Calavan, E. C. & Navarro, L. (1977). Concepts and procedures for importation of citrus budwood. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Citrus Congress, vol. 1, pp. 133–136.Google Scholar
Teixeira, D. D. C., Danet, J. L., Eveillard, S.et al. (2005). Citrus huanglongbing in Sao Paulo State, Brazil: PCR detection of the ‘Candidatus’ Liberibacter species associated with the disease. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 19, 173.Google Scholar
Tsai, J. H., Liu, Y. H., Wang, J. J. & Lee, R. F. (2000). Recovery of orange stem pitting strains of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) following single aphid transmissions with Toxoptera citricida from a Florida decline isolate of CTV. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 113, 75–78.Google Scholar
,US Department of Agriculture (2007). Citrus Health Response Program (CHRP): State of Florida. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service. Available at www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/citrus/downloads/chrp.pdf.Google Scholar
Whiteside, J. O., Garnsey, S. M. & Timmer, L. W. (eds.) (1988). Compendium of Citrus Disease. St. Paul, MN: APS Press.Google Scholar
Yokomi, R. K., Garnsey, S. M., Lee, R. F. & Cohen, M. (1987). Use of insect vectors to screen for protecting effects of mild citrus tristeza virus isolates in Florida. Phytophylactica, 19, 183–185.Google Scholar
Yokomi, R. K., Garnsey, S. M., Lee, R. F. & Youtsey, C. O. (1992). Spread of decline-inducing isolates of citrus tristeza virus in Florida. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture, 1992, 778–780.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×