Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T20:20:37.548Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

45 - Thrombophilia and Implanation Failure

from PART III - ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 August 2010

By
Sameh Mikhail ,
Botros R. M. B. Rizk ,
Mary George Nawar  and
Christopher B. Rizk
Edited by
Botros R. M. B. Rizk ,
Juan A. Garcia-Velasco ,
Hassan N. Sallam  and
Antonis Makrigiannakis
Botros R. M. B. Rizk
Affiliation:
University of South Alabama
Juan A. Garcia-Velasco
Affiliation:
Rey Juan Carlos University School of Medicine,
Hassan N. Sallam
Affiliation:
University of Alexandria School of Medicine
Antonis Makrigiannakis
Affiliation:
University of Crete
Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Human reproduction is an inefficient process. It is estimated that approximately one-fifth of conceptions result in life birth (1, 2). During the past three decades, substantial progress has been achieved in improving stimulation protocols and fertilization procedures. In the same period, however, there was only minimal advancement embryo implantation and pregnancy rate per embryo transfer (3). The average birthrate per complete cycle of in vitro fertilization (IVF) still ranges from 29.9 to 43.7 percent per egg retrieval (4).

It has been estimated that 30 percent of embryos are lost in the preimplantation phase, and 30 percent are lost after the embryo is implanted in the uterus (5). It has been suggested that unsuccessful implantation is attributed to abnormal embryo karyotype (6). Data from genetic studies, however, indicate that the overall prevalence of karyotype abnormalities among preimplantation embryos ranges from 50 to 60 percent (7, 8). Based on these data, the expected implantation rate would be much higher than currently observed (9). This discrepancy suggests that implantation failure could be the result of abnormalities in the mother (6).

Recent evidence suggest that abnormalities such as thyroid anomalies, increased levels of circulating natural killer cells (10, 12), the presence of mouse embryo assay factor (13, 14), and inherited and acquired thrombophilia may contribute to the failure of implantation (15).

Keywords

acquired thrombophiliaantiphospholipid antibody syndromeaspirincorticosteroidsimplantation failureinherited thrombophiliaintravenous immunoglobulinheparin
Type
Chapter
Information
Infertility and Assisted Reproduction , pp. 407 - 415
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Robert, CJ, Lowe, Cr. Where have all the conceptions gone?Lancet 1975; I: 498–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ZinMn, MJ, O'Connor, J, Clegg, ED et al. Estimates of human fertility and pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 1996; 65: 503–9.Google Scholar
Christiansen, OB, Nielsen, H, Kolte, A. Future directions of failed implantation and recurrent miscarriage research.CrossRef
Assisted reproductive technology in the United States: 2000 results generated from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine/Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Registry. Fertil Steril 2004; 81(5): 1207–20.
Macklon, NS, Geraedts, JPM, Fauser, BCJM. Conception to ongoing pregnancy: the ‘black box’ of early pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod Update 2002; 8: 333–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaquero, E, Lazzrin, N, Caserta, D et al. Diagnostic evaluation of women experiencing repeated in vitro fertilization failure. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 2005.Google ScholarPubMed
Clark, DA, Coulam, CB, Daya, S et al. Unexplained sporadic and recurrent miscarriage in the new millennium: a critical analysis of immune mechanisms and treatments. Hum Reprod Update 2001; 7: 501–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gianaroli, L, Masgli, C, Ferraretti, AP et al. Preimplantation diagnosis for aneuploidies in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization with a poor prognosis: identification of the categories for which it should be proposed. Fertil Steril 1999; 72: 837–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coulam, CB, Roussev, RG. Correlation of NK cell activation and inhibition markers with NK cytotoxicity among women experiencing immunological implantation failure after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. J Assist Reprod Genet 2003; 20: 58–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ntrivalas, EI, Kwak-Kim, JYH, Gilman-Sachs, A et al. Status of peripheral blood natural killer cells in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions and infertility of unknown aetiology. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 855–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michou, VI, Kanavaros, P, Athanasssiou, V et al. Fraction of the peripheral blood concentration of CD56+/CD16-/CD3- cells in total natural killer cells as an indication of fertility and infertility. Fertil Steril 80: 691–7.CrossRef
Roussev, FR, Kaider, BD, Price, et al. Laboratory evaluation of women experiencing reproductive failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 1996; 35: 415–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaider, AS, Kaider, BD, Janowicz, PB et al. Immunodiagnostic evaluation in women with reproductive failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 1999; 42: 335–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christiansen, O, Nielsen, H, Kolte, A. Future directions of failed implantation and recurrent miscarriage research. Reprod Biomed Online 2006; 13(1): 71–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupferminc, MJ, Eldor, A, Steinman, N et al. Increased frequency of genetic thrombophilia in women with complications of pregnancy. N Eng J Med 1999; 340: 9–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hakim, RB, Gray, RH, Zacur, H. Infertility and early pregnancy loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172(5): 1510–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cauchi, MN, Coulam, CB, Cowchock, S et al. Predictive factors in recurrent spontaneous aborters—a multicenter study. Am J Reprod Immunol 1995; 33: 165–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seligsohn, U, Lubetski, A. Genetic susceptibility to venous thrombosis. N Eng J Med 2001; 344: 1222–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dahlback, B, Hildebrand, B. Inherited resistance to activated protein C is corrected by anticoagulant cofactor activity found to be a property of factor V. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 1396–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodeghiero, F, Tosetto, A. Activated protein C resistance and factor V Leiden mutation are independent risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 643–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalafatis, M, Bertina, RM, Rand, MD, Mann, KG. Characterization of the molecular defect in factor VR506Q. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 4053–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camire, RM, Kalafatis, M, Cushman, M, Tracy, RP, Mann, KG, Tracy, PB. The mechanism of inactivation of human platelet factor Va from normal and activated protein C-resistant individuals. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 20794–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, DH, Henderson, PA, Blajchman, MA. Prevalence of factor V Leiden in a Canadian blood donor population. CMAJ 1996; 155: 285–9.Google Scholar
Ridker, PM, Hennekens, CH, Lindpaintner, K, Stampfer, MJ, Eisenberg, PR, Milletich, JP. Mutation in the gene coding for coagulation factor V and the risk of myocardial infraction, stroke, and venous thrombosis in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 912–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salomon, O, Steinberg, DM, Zivelin, A, Gitel, S, Dardik, R, Rosenberg, N et al. Single and combined prothrombotic factors in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism: prevalence and risk assessment. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 511–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ridker, PM, Miletich, JP, Hennekens, CH, Buring, JE. Ethnic distribution of factor V Leiden in 4047 men and women. Implications for venous thromboembolism screening. JAMA 1997; 277: 1305–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dulicek, P, Maly, J, Safarova, M. Risk of thrombosis in patients homozygous and heterozygous forfactro V Leiden in the East Bohemian region. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2000; 6: 87–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poort, SR, Rosendaal, FR, Reitsma, PH, Bertina, RM. A common genetic variation in the 3'-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis. Blood 1996; 88: 3698–703.Google ScholarPubMed
Rosendaal, FR, Doggen, CJ, Zivelin, A, Arruda, VR, Aiach, M, Siscobick, DS et al. Geographic distribution of the 20210 G to A prothrombin variant. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79: 706–8.Google Scholar
Egberg, O. Inherited antithrombin deficiency causing thrombophilia. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1965; 13: 516–30.Google Scholar
Martinelli, I, Mannucci, PM, Stefano, V, Taioli, E, Rossi, B, Crosti, F et al. Different risks of thrombosis in four coagulation defects associated with inherited thrombophilia: a study of 150 families. Blood 1998; 92: 2353–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Mateo, J, Oliver, A, Borrell, M, Sala, N, Fontcuberta, J. Laboratory evaluation and clinical characteristics of 2.132 consecutive unselected patients with venous thromboembolism—results of the Spanish Multicentric Study on Thrombophilia (EMET-Study). Thromb Haemost 1997; 77: 444–51.Google Scholar
Griffin, JH, Evatt, B, Zimmerman, TS, Kleiss, AJ, Wideman, C. Deficiency of protein C in congenital thrombotic disease. J Clin Invest 1981; 68: 1370–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ben-Tal, O, Zivelin, A, Seligsohn, U. The relative frequency of hereditary thrombotic disorders among 107 patients with thrombophilia in Israel. Thromb Haemost 1989; 61: 50–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Tait, RC, Walker, ID, Reitsma, PH, Islam, SI, McCall, F, Poort, SR et al. Prevalence of protein C deficiency in the healthy population. Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 87–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Sakata, T, Kario, K, Katayama, Y, Matsuyama, T, Kato, H, Miyata, T. Studies on congenital protein C deficiency in Japanese: prevalence, genetic analysis, and relevance to the onset of arterial occlusive diseases. Semin Thromb Hemost 2000; 26: 11–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pabinger, I, Brucker, S, Krle, PA, Schneider, B, Korninger, HC, Neissner, H et al. Hereditary deficiency of antithrombin III, protein C and protein S: prevalence in patients with a history of venous thrombosis and criteria for rational patients screening. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1992; 3: 547–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comp, PC, Nixon, RR, Cooper, MR, Esmon, CT. Familial protein S deficiency is associated with recurrent thrombosis. J Clin Invest 1984; 74: 2082–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comp, PC, Esmon, Ct. Recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with a partial deficiency of protein S. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1525–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gladson, CL, Sharrer, I, Hach, V, Beck, KH, Griffin, JH. The frequency of type I heterozygous protein S and protein C deficiency in 141 unrelated young patients with venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1988; 59: 18–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Goyette, P, Frosst, P, Rosenblatt, DS, Rozen, R. Seven novel mutations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and genotype/phenotype correlations in severe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 56: 1052–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Mudd, SH, Skovby, F, Levy, HL, Pettigrew, KD, Wilcken, B, Pyeritz, RE et al. The natural history of homocysteinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 1985; 37: 1–31.Google Scholar
Jacques, PF, Bostom, AG, Williams, RR, Ellison, RC, Eckfeldt, JH, Rosenberg, IH et al. Relation between folate status, a common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and plasma homocysteine concentrations. Circulation 1996; 93: 7–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kluijtmans, , Heuvel, LP, Boers, GH, Frosst, P, Stevens, EM, Oost, BA et al. Molecular genetic analysis in mild hyperhomocysteinemia: a common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene is a genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 58: 35–41.Google ScholarPubMed
Cattaneo, M. Hyperhomocysteinemia, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1999; 81: 165–76.Google ScholarPubMed
Ray, JG. Meta-analysis of hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for venous thromboembolic disease. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 2101–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bick, RL. Antiphospholipid thrombosis syndromes. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2003; 17: 115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bick, RL, Baker, WF. Antiphospholipid syndrome and thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 1999; 25: 333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coulam, DB, Jeyendran, RS, Fishel, , Roussev, R. Reprod Biomed Online 2006; 12(3): 322–7.CrossRef
Rawlins, ND, Barrett, AJ et al. Evolutionary families of peptidases. Biochem J 1993; 290: 205–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, HR. Altered trophoblast functions in implantation-defective mouse embryos. Dev Biol 1985; 108: 185–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Many, A, Schrieber, L, Rosner, S et al. Pathologic features of the placenta in women with severe pregnancy complications and thrombophilia. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 1041–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Chung, HW, Wen, Y, Ahn, JJ et al. Interluekin-1 beta regulates urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA), u-PA receptor, soluble u-PA receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in cultured human endometrial stromal cells. J Clin Endocrinol 2001; 86: 1332–40.Google Scholar
Aflalo, ED, Sod-Moriah, UA, Patashnik, G, Har-Vardi, I. Differences in the implantation rates of rat embryos developed in viva and in vitro: possible role from plasminogen activators. Fertil Steril 2004; 1: 780–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solberg, H, Rinkenberger, J, Dano, K et al. A functional overlap of plasminogen and MMPs regulates vascularization during placental development. Development 2003; 130: 4439–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gopel, W, Ludwig, M, Junge, A et al. Selection pressure for the factor-V Leiden mutation and embryo implantation. Lancet 2001; 358: 1238–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rand, JH, Wu, XX, Quinn, AS et al. Human monoclonal antiphospholipid antibodies disrupt the annexin A5 anticoagulant crystal shield on phospholipid bilayers: evidence from atomic force microscopy and functional assay. Am J Path 2003; 163: 1193–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amengual, O, Atsumi, T, Khamashta, MA. Tissue factor in antiphospholipid syndrome: shifting the focus from coagulation to endothelium. Rheumatology 2003; 42: 1029–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Out, HJ, Bruinse, HW, Derksen, RH. Anti-phospholipid antibodies and pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod 1999; 6: 889–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salafia, CM, Cowchock, FS. Placental pathology and antiphospholipid antibodies: a descriptive study. Am J Perinatol 1997; 14: 435–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horn, JT, Crave, C, Ward, K. Features of placentas and abortion specimens from women with antiphospholipid and antiphospholipid-like syndromes. Placenta 2004; 25: 642–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, JL, Stone, PR, Chamley, LW. The regulation of trophoblast differentiation by oxygen in the first trimester of pregnancy. Hum Reprod update 2006; 12: 137–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shurtz-Swirski, R, Inbar, O, Blank, M et al. In vitro effect of anticardiolipin autoantibodies upon total and pulsatile placental hCG secretion during early pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 1993; 29: 206–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adler, RR, Ng, AK, Rote, NS. Monoclonal antiphosphatidylserine antibody inhibits intercellular fusion of the choriocarcinoma line, JAR. Biol Reprod 1995; 53: 905–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Simone, N, Carolis, S, Lanzone, A et. In vitro effect of antiphospholipid antibody-containing sera on basal and gonadotrophin releasing hormone-dependent human chorionic gonadotrophin release by cultured trophoblast cells. Placenta 1995; 16: 75–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Simone, N, Meroni, PL, Papa, N et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies affect trophoblast gonadotropin secretion and invasiveness by binding directly and through adhered B2-glycoprotein I. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 140–50.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamley, LW, Duncalf, A, Mitchell, M et al. Action of anticardiolipin and antibodies to B2 glycoprotein I on trophoblast proliferation as a mechanism for fetal death. Lancet 1998; 352: 1037–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mak, IY, Brosens, JJ, Christian, M et al. Regulated expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription, Stat5, and its enhancement of PRL expression in human endometrial stromal cells in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 2581–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rouby, RA, Hoffman, M. From antiphospholipid syndrome to antibody-mediated thrombosis. Lancet 1997; 350: 1491–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qublan, HS, Eid, SS, Ababneh, HA, Amarin, ZO, Al-Khafaji, FF, Khader, YS. Acquired and inherited thrombophilia: implication in recurrent IVF and embryo transfer failure. Hum Reprod 2006; 21(10): 2694–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grandone, E, Colaizzo, D, Lo Bue, A, Checola, MG, Cittadini, E, Margaglione, M. Inherited thrombophilia and in vitro fertilization implantation failure. Fertil Steril 2001; 76(1): 201–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinelli, I, Taioli, E, Ragni, G, Levi-Setti, P, Passomonti, SM, Battaglioli, T, Lodigiani, C, Mannucci, PM. Embryo implantation after assisted reproductive procedures and maternal thrombophilia. Haematologica 2003; 88(7): 789–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Azem, F, Many, F, Yovel, I, Amit, A, Lessing, J, Kupferminc, M. Increased rates of thrombophilia in women with repeated IVF failures. Hum Reprod 2004; 19(2): 368–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coulam, C, Jeyendran, RS, Fishel, L, Roussev, R. Multiple thrombophilic gene mutations are risk factors for implantation failure. Reprod Biomed Online 2006; 12(3): 322–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunne, FM, Doggen, CJM, Heemskerk, M, Rosendall, FR, Helmerhorst, FM. Factor V Leiden mutation in relation to fecundity and miscarriage in women with venous thrombosis. Hum Reprod 2005; 20(3): 802–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gopel, W, Ludwig, M, Junge, A, Kohlmann, T, Diedrich, K, Moller, J. Selection pressure for the factor-V-Leiden mutation and embryo implantation. Lancet 2001; 358: 1238–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornstein, M, Davis, O, Massey, J, Paulson, R, Collins, J. Antiphospholipid antibodies and in vitro fertilization success: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2000; 73(2): 330–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, JA. Antiphospholipid antibodies in implantation failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 2003; 49: 221–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsubayashi, H, Arai, T, Izumi, S, Sugi, T, McIntyre, J, Makino, T. Anti-annexin V antibodies in patients with early pregnancy loss or implantation failures. Fertil Steril 2001; 76(4): 694–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, C, Chamley, L, Hale, L, Kloss, M, Speirs, A, Baker, HW. Antibodies to B2 glycoprotein I are associated with in vitro fertilization implantation failure as well as recurrent miscarriage: results of a prevalence study. Fertil Steril 1998; 70(5): 938–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleicher, N, Vidali, A, Karande, V. The immunological ‘war of the roses’: disagreements amongst reproductive immunologists. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 539–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, C, Chamley, L, Norris, H, Hale, L, Baker, HW. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of heparin and aspirin for women with fertilization implantation failure and antiphospholipid or antinuclear antibodies. Fertil Steril 2004; 81(5): 376–83.Google Scholar
Kutteh, WH, Yetman, DL, Chantilis, SJ, Crain, J. Effect of antiphospholipid antibodies in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization: role of heparin and aspirin. Hum Reprod 1997; 12(6): 1171–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sher, G, Feinman, M, Zouves, C, Duttner, G, Maassarani, G, Salem, R, Matzner, W, Ching, W, Chong, P. High fecundity rates following in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in antiphospholipid antibody seropositive women treated with heparin and aspirin. Hum Reprod 1994; 9(12): 2278–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiedler, K, Wurfel, W. Effectivity of heparin in assisted reproduction. Eur J Med Res 2004; 9(4): 207–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Sher, G, Zouves, C, Geinman, M, Maassarani, G, Matzner, W, Chong, P, Ching, W. A rational basis for the use of combined heparin/aspirin and IVIG immunotherapy in the treatment of recurrent IVF failure associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Reprod Immunol 1998; 39(6): 391–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taniguchi, F. Results of prednisolone given to improve the outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer in women with antinuclear antibodies. J Reprod Med 2005; 50(6): 383–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Sher, G, Matzner, W, Feinman, M, Maassarani, G, Zouves, C, Chong, P, Ching, W. The selective use of heparin/aspirin therapy, alone or in combination with intravenous immunoglobulin G, in the management of antiphospholipid antibody-positive women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Am J Reprod Immunol 1998; 40(2): 74–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, RD, Edelberg, J, Zhang, L. The heparin/antithrombin system: a natural anticoagulant mechanism. In: Colman, RW, Hirsh, J, Marder, VJ, Clowes, AW, George, JN, Eds. Thrombosis and Hemostasis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001: 711–31.Google Scholar
Di Simone, N, Ferrazzani, S, Castellani, R, Carolis, S, Mancuso, S, Caruso, A. Heparin and low-dose aspirin restore placental human chorionic gonadotrophin secretion abolished by antiphospholipid antibody-containing sera. Hum Reprod 1997; 12(9): 2061–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bose, P, Black, S, Dadyrov, M, Weissebborn, U, Neulen, J, Regan, L, Huppertz, B. Heparin and aspirin attenuate placental apoptosis in vitro: implications for early pregnancy failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192(1): 23–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasegawa, I, Yamanoto, Y, Suzuki, M, Murakawa, H, Kuraboyashi, T, Takakuwa, K, Tanaka, K. Prednisolone plus low-dose aspirin improves the implantation rate in women with automimmune conditions who are undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 1998; 70(6): 1044–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ando, T, Suganuma, N, Furuhashi, M, Asada, Y, Kondo, I, Tomoda, Y. Successful glucocorticoid treatment for patients with abnormal autoimmunity on in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. J Assist Reprod Genet 1996; 13(10): 776–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taniguchi, F. Results of prednisolone given to improve the outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer in women with antinuclear antibodies. J Reprod Med 2005; 50(6): 383–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Sher, G, Matzner, W, Feinman, M, Maassarani, G, Zouves, C, Chong, P, Ching, W. The selective use of heparin/aspirin therapy, alone or in combination with intravenous immunoglobulin G in the management of antiphospholipid antibody positive women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Am J Reprod Immunol 1998; 40(2): 74–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rizk, B, Abdalla, HI. In Vitro fertilization. In: Rizk, B, Abdalla, HI, Eds. Infertility and assisted reproductive technology. 2008; chapter 9, 116–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×