Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Introduction
- PART I PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
- PART II INFERTILITY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
- 6 Evaluation of the Infertile Female
- 7 Fertiloscopy
- 8 Microlaparoscopy
- 9 Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecologic Laparoscopy
- 10 Laparoscopic Tubal Anastomosis
- 11 Tubal Microsurgery versus Assisted Reproduction
- 12 The Future of Operative Laparoscopy for Infertility
- 13 Operative Hysteroscopy for Uterine Septum
- 14 Laser in Subfertility
- 15 Ultrasonography of the Endometrium for Infertility
- 16 Ultrasonography of the Cervix
- 17 Transrectal Ultrasonography in Male Infertility
- 18 The Basic Semen Analysis: Interpretation and Clinical Application
- 19 Evaluation of Sperm Damage: Beyond the WHO Criteria
- 20 Male Factor Infertility: State of the ART
- 21 Diagnosis and Treatment of Male Ejaculatory Dysfunction
- 22 Ovulation Induction
- 23 Clomiphene Citrate for Ovulation Induction
- 24 Aromatase Inhibitors for Assisted Reproduction
- 25 Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Gonadotrophins
- 26 The Future of Gonadotrophins: Is There Room for Improvement?
- 27 Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
- 28 Reducing the Risk of High-Order Multiple Pregnancy Due to Ovulation Induction
- 29 Hyperprolactinemia
- 30 Medical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- 31 Surgical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- 32 Endometriosis-Associated Infertility
- 33 Medical Management of Endometriosis
- 34 Reproductive Surgery for Endometriosis-Associated Infertility
- 35 Congenital Uterine Malformations and Reproduction
- 36 Unexplained Infertility
- 37 “Premature Ovarian Failure”: Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Management
- PART III ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
- PART IV ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN FERTILITY AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
- Index
- Plate section
- References
20 - Male Factor Infertility: State of the ART
from PART II - INFERTILITY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Introduction
- PART I PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
- PART II INFERTILITY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
- 6 Evaluation of the Infertile Female
- 7 Fertiloscopy
- 8 Microlaparoscopy
- 9 Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecologic Laparoscopy
- 10 Laparoscopic Tubal Anastomosis
- 11 Tubal Microsurgery versus Assisted Reproduction
- 12 The Future of Operative Laparoscopy for Infertility
- 13 Operative Hysteroscopy for Uterine Septum
- 14 Laser in Subfertility
- 15 Ultrasonography of the Endometrium for Infertility
- 16 Ultrasonography of the Cervix
- 17 Transrectal Ultrasonography in Male Infertility
- 18 The Basic Semen Analysis: Interpretation and Clinical Application
- 19 Evaluation of Sperm Damage: Beyond the WHO Criteria
- 20 Male Factor Infertility: State of the ART
- 21 Diagnosis and Treatment of Male Ejaculatory Dysfunction
- 22 Ovulation Induction
- 23 Clomiphene Citrate for Ovulation Induction
- 24 Aromatase Inhibitors for Assisted Reproduction
- 25 Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Gonadotrophins
- 26 The Future of Gonadotrophins: Is There Room for Improvement?
- 27 Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
- 28 Reducing the Risk of High-Order Multiple Pregnancy Due to Ovulation Induction
- 29 Hyperprolactinemia
- 30 Medical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- 31 Surgical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- 32 Endometriosis-Associated Infertility
- 33 Medical Management of Endometriosis
- 34 Reproductive Surgery for Endometriosis-Associated Infertility
- 35 Congenital Uterine Malformations and Reproduction
- 36 Unexplained Infertility
- 37 “Premature Ovarian Failure”: Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Management
- PART III ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
- PART IV ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN FERTILITY AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
- Index
- Plate section
- References
Summary
INTRODUCTION
Andrologists are medical doctors who practice the clinical management of typically male problems, including congenital malformations of the male genital tract, abnormal pubertal development, male infertility, sexual dysfunction, and male aging. In Europe, an andrologist may be a specialist in endocrinology or urology who has acquired and proven his expertise through a well-defined education program sanctioned by an examination before an international jury of the European Academy of Andrology (1).
McLeod has highlighted the importance of the “male factor” in couple infertility in his milestone publications where reference values for “normal” semen quality were established (2). For several decades, male infertility has been considered incurable because the majority of patients were suspected of suffering from an idiopathic condition. Both high-quality clinical research and fundamental biological investigations have revealed that certain diseases may cause male infertility and effective treatments have been developed (3).
The relative importance of the male factor as a cause of couple infertility has become proportionally larger, particularly since biologists and gynecologists using techniques of assisted reproduction detect many more cases with abnormal semen quality. However, the epidemiology of causal factors has changed over time, with particular diseases becoming less frequent (e.g., obstructive azoospermia acquired by infection of the reproductive tract), whereas other diseases are detected more commonly (e.g., varicocele).
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- Infertility and Assisted Reproduction , pp. 178 - 186Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2008