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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 August 2021
1The fence dividing Melilla (on the left) from Morocco (on the right), summer 2019.
2Crossing the border between Ceuta (Spain) and Fnideq (Morocco), summer 2014.
3Member of the Moroccan Auxiliary Forces patrolling the coast beside the entry to the port of Tangier, summer 2018.
5Number of ‘Voluntary Returns’ from Morocco organised by the IOM, 2005–19.
6Number of ‘Voluntary Returns’ conducted by Moroccan authorities and the IOM in comparison.
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