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1 - History of iron overload disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2011

James C. Barton ,
Corwin Q. Edwards ,
Pradyumna D. Phatak ,
Robert S. Britton  and
Bruce R. Bacon
By
James C. Barton ,
Corwin Q. Edwards ,
Pradyumna D. Phatak ,
Robert S. Britton  and
Bruce R. Bacon
James C. Barton
Affiliation:
University of Alabama, Birmingham
Corwin Q. Edwards
Affiliation:
University of Utah Medical Center
Pradyumna D. Phatak
Affiliation:
University of Rochester Medical Center, New York
Robert S. Britton
Affiliation:
St Louis University, Missouri
Bruce R. Bacon
Affiliation:
St Louis University, Missouri
James C. Barton
Affiliation:
University of Alabama, Birmingham
Corwin Q. Edwards
Affiliation:
University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
Pradyumna D. Phatak
Affiliation:
University of Rochester Medical Center, New York
Robert S. Britton
Affiliation:
St Louis University, Missouri
Bruce R. Bacon
Affiliation:
St Louis University, Missouri
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Summary

In 1704 in Berlin, Heinrich Diesbach and Johann Konrad Dippel attempted to manufacture a synthetic red pigment. By accident, Dippel mixed potash, animal oil derived from blood, and iron sulfate. Thereafter, he discovered that he had produced an insoluble, light-fast, dark blue pigment. This color was first used extensively to dye the uniforms of the Prussian army, and became known as “Prussian blue.” Almost 150 years later, physicians and scientists recognized the feasibility of visualizing iron in tissue using a similar staining sequence. After more than 250 years, it became practical to quantify iron in blood and tissue, permitting case finding and screening for hemochromatosis and iron overload. Maneuvers to treat iron overload began in the same era. In the interval 1994–1996, the genetic bases of four different iron disorders (X-linked sideroblastic anemia, aceruloplasminemia, hereditary hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome, and HFE hemochromatosis) were elucidated. The pace of basic science, clinical, and sociological revelations pertinent to hemochromatosis and iron overload disorders continues to accelerate. This chapter provides an abbreviated chronology of these discoveries.

Iron in tissue

In 1847, Rudolph Virchow reported the occurrence of golden brown granular pigment at sites of hemorrhage and congestion in tissue examined by microscopy. The pigment was soluble in sulfuric acid, yielded a red ash on ignition, and produced a positive Prussian blue reaction. In 1867, Max Perls formulated the first practical acidified ferrocyanide reaction for histologic analysis of iron, and applied the staining reaction to a variety of tissues.

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Handbook of Iron Overload Disorders , pp. 1 - 9
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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