Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T13:25:16.307Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 3 - Specific Neurological Disorders in Emergency Medicine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2024

Thomas P. Campbell
Affiliation:
Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh
Kevin M. Kelly
Affiliation:
Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography

Barrett, KM, Levine, JM, Johnston, KC. Diagnosis of stroke and stroke mimics in the emergency setting. Continuum Lifelong Learning Neurol 2008;14(6):1327.Google Scholar
Benjamin, E, Muntner, P, Alonso, A, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2019 update. Circulation 2019;139:10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berkhemer, OA, Fransen, PS, Beumer, D, et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372(1):1120.Google Scholar
Broderick, JP, Palesch, YY, Demchuk, AM, et al. Endovascular therapy after intravenous t-PA versus t-PA alone for stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368(10):893903.Google Scholar
Campbell, BC, Donnan, GA, Lees, KR, et al. Endovascular stent thrombectomy: the new standard of care for large vessel ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol 2015;14(8):846854.Google Scholar
Campbell, BC, Mitchell, PJ, Kleinig, TJ, et al. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med 2015;372(11):10091018.Google Scholar
Caplan, LR. Caplan’s Stroke: A Clinical Approach, 4th ed. Saunders Elsevier, 2009.Google Scholar
Ciccone, A, Valvassori, L, Nichelatti, M, et al. Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368(10):904913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
del Zoppo, GJ, Poeck, K, Pessin, MS, et al. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute thrombotic and embolic stroke. Ann Neurol 1992;32(1):7886.Google Scholar
Demaerschalk, BM, Berg, J, Chong, BW, et al. American telemedicine association: telestroke guidelines. Telemed e-Health 2017;23(5):376389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeMyer, WE. Technique of the Neurologic Examination: A Programmed Text, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2004.Google Scholar
Easton, JD, Saver, JL, Albers, GW, et al. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke 2009;40(6):22762293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emberson, J, Lees, KR, Lyden, P, et al. Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet 2014;384(9958):19291935.Google Scholar
Ferriero, D, Fullerton, H, Bernard, T, et al. Management of stroke in neonates and children. Stroke 2019;50:3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonarow, GC, Zhao, X, Smith, EE, et al. Door-to-needle times for tissue plasminogen activator administration and clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke before and after a quality improvement initiative. JAMA 2014;311(16):16321640.Google Scholar
Goyal, M, Demchuk, AM, Menon, BK, et al. Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372(11):10191030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hacke, W, Donnan, G, Fieschi, C, et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 2004;363(9411):768774.Google Scholar
Hacke, W, Kaste, M, Bluhmki, E, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2008;359(13):13171329.Google Scholar
Higashida, R, Alberts, MJ, Alexander, DN, et al. Interactions within stroke systems of care: a policy statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013;44(10):29612984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jauch, EC, Saver, JL, Adams, HP, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013;44(3):870947.Google Scholar
Jovin, TG, Demchuk, AM, Gupta, R. Pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke. Continuum Lifelong Learning Neurol 2008;14(6):2845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jovin, TG, Chamorro, A, Cobo, E, et al. Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372(24):22962306.Google Scholar
Kernan, WN, Ovbiagele, B, Black, HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014;45(7):21602236.Google Scholar
Khatri, P. Evaluation and management of acute ischemic stroke. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2014;20(2):283295.Google Scholar
Khatri, P, Levine, J, Jovin, T. Intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Continuum Lifelong Learning Neurol 2008;14(6):4660.Google Scholar
Kidwell, C, Jahan, R, Gornbein, J, et al. A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368(10):914923.Google Scholar
Levine, SR, Gorman, M. “Telestroke”: the application of telemedicine for stroke. Stroke 1999;30(2):464469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohr, JP, Wolf, PA, Grotta, JC, et al. Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management, 3rd ed. Elsevier Saunders, 2011.Google Scholar
Mozaffarian, D, Benjamin, EJ, Go, AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015;131(4):e29e322.Google Scholar
Mutgi, SA, Zha, AM, Behrouz, R. Emerging subspecialties in neurology: telestroke and teleneurology. Neurology 2015;84(22):e191e193.Google Scholar
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995;333(24):15811587.Google Scholar
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). NIH stroke scale. Available at: www.ninds.nih.gov/doctors/NIH_Stroke_Scale.pdf.Google Scholar
Nogueira, RG, Lutsep, HL, Gupta, R, et al. Trevo versus Merci retrievers for thrombectomy revascularization of large vessel occlusions in acute ischaemic stroke (TREVO 2): a randomized trial. Lancet 2012;380(9849):12311240.Google Scholar
Powers, WJ, Derdeyn, CP, Biller, J, et al. 2015 AHA/ASA Focused update of the 2013 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke regarding endovascular treatment: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015;46:30203035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powers, WJ, Rabinstein, AA, Ackerson, T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2018;49(3):e46e99.Google Scholar
Rha, J, Saver, JL. The impact of recanalization on ischemic stroke outcome: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2007;38(3):967973.Google Scholar
Roach, ES, Golomb, MR, Adams, R, et al. Management of stroke in infants and children: a scientific statement from a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Stroke 2008;39(9):26442691.Google Scholar
Rohan, V, Baxa, J, Tupy, R, et al. Length of occlusion predicts recanalization and outcome after intravenous thrombolysis in middle cerebral artery stroke. Stroke 2014;45(7):20102017.Google Scholar
Rudkin, S, Cerejo, R, Tayal, A, Goldberg, MF. Imaging of acute ischemic stroke. Emerg Radiol 2018;1:14.Google Scholar
Saposnik, G, Barinagarrementeria, F, Brown, RD Jr, et al. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2011;42(4):11581192.Google Scholar
Saver, JL. Time is brain – quantified. Stroke 2006;37(1):263266.Google Scholar
Saver, JL, Fonarow, GC, Smith, EE, et al. Time to treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and outcome from acute ischemic stroke. JAMA 2013;309(23):24802488.Google Scholar
Saver, JL, Goyal, M, Bonafe, A, et al. Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med 2015;372(24):22852295.Google Scholar
Saver, JL, Jahan, R, Levy, EI, et al. Solitaire flow restoration device versus the Merci Retriever in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (SWIFT): a randomized, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2012;380(9849):12411249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thurman, RJ, Jauch, EC. Acute ischemic stroke: emergent evaluation and management. Emerg Med Clin N Am 2002;20(3):609630.Google Scholar
Wardlaw, JM, Murray, V, Berge, E, et al. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischaemic stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2012;379(9834):23642372.Google Scholar
Warner JJ, Harrington RA, Sacco RL, Elkind MS. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2019 Dec;50(12):33312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wijdicks, EF, Scott, JP. Outcome in patients with acute basilar artery occlusion requiring mechanical ventilation. Stroke 1996;27(8):13011303.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Abraham, MK, Chang, WTW. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Emerg Med Clin 2016;34(4):901916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Rawi, PG, Tseng, MY, Richards, HK, et al. Hypertonic saline in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage improves cerebral blood flow, brain tissue oxygen, and pH. Stroke 2010;41:122128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baharoglu, MI, Cordonnier, C, Al-Shahi Salman, R, et al. Platelet transfusion versus standard care after acute stroke due to spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage associated with antiplatelet therapy (PATCH): a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2016;387(10038):26052613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connolly, ES, Rabinstein, AA, Carhuapoma, JR, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2012;43:17111737.Google Scholar
Dastur, CK, Yu, W. Current management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2017;2:2129.Google Scholar
Dubosh, NM, Bellolio, MF, Rabinstein, AA, et al. Sensitivity of early brain computed tomography to exclude aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 2016;47:750755.Google Scholar
Frontera, JA, Lewin, JJ 3rd, Rabinstein, AA, et al. Guidelines for reversal of antithrombotics in intracranial hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and Society of Critical Care Medicine. Neurocrit Care 2016;24(1):646.Google Scholar
Gehrie, E, Tormey, C. Novel oral anticoagulants: efficacy, laboratory measurement, and approaches to emergency reversal. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015;139:687692.Google Scholar
Heit, JJ, Iv, M, Wintermark, M. Imaging of intracranial hemorrhage. J Stroke 2017;19(1):1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemphill, JC 3rd, Greenberg, SM, Anderson, CS, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2015;46(7):20322060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panos, NG, Cook, AM, John, S, et al. Factor Xa inhibitor-related intracranial hemorrhage: results from a multicenter, observational cohort receiving prothrombin complex concentrates. Circulation 2020;141(21):16811689.Google Scholar
Qureshi, A, Palesch, YY, Barsan, WG, et al. Intensive blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2016;375(11):10331043.Google Scholar
Sarode, R, Milling, T, Refaai, MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients on vitamin k antagonist presenting with major bleeding; a randomized, plasma-controlled, phase IIIb study. Circulation 2013;128:12341243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bibliography

Ameli, PA, Ammar, AA, Owusu, KA, Maciel, CB. Evaluation and management of seizures and status epilepticus. Neurol Clin 2021;39(2):513544.Google Scholar
Farkas, J. Status Epilepticus. In The Internet Book of Critical Care. 2021. Available at: https://emcrit.org/ibcc/sz.Google Scholar
Fisher, RS, Cross, JH, D’Souza, C, et al. Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types. Epilepsia 2017;58(4):531542.Google Scholar
Kapur, J, Elm, J, Chamberlain, JM, et al. Randomized trial of three anticonvulsant medications for status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2019;381(22):21032113.Google Scholar
Rossetti, AO, Alvarez, V. Update on the management of status epilepticus. Curr Opin Neurol 2021;34(2):172181.Google Scholar
Scheffer, IE, Berkovic, S, Capovilla, G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 2017;58(4):512521.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Banks, JT, Bharara, S, Tubbs, RS, et al. Polymerase chain reaction for the rapid detection of cerebrospinal fluid shunt or ventriculostomy infections. Neurosurgery 2005;57:12371243.Google Scholar
Beckham, JD, Tyler, KL. Encephalitis. In Bennett, J, Dolin, R, Blaser, M (eds.) Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 9th ed. Elsevier, 2020.Google Scholar
Bhimraj, A. Acute community-acquired bacterial meningitis: an evidence-based review. Cleveland Clin J Med 2012;79:393400.Google Scholar
Brouwer, MC, Thwaites, GE, Tunkel, AR, Van de Beek, D. Dilemmas in the diagnosis of acute community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Lancet 2012;380(9854):16841692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brouwer, MC, Tunkel, AR, McKhann, GM 2nd, Van de Beek, D. Brain abscess. N Engl J Med 2014;371(5):447456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ACIP: Advisory Committee on Immunization Prac-tices. Available at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip.Google Scholar
de Gans, JD, Van de Beek, D, European Dexamethasone in Adulthood Bacterial Meningitis Study Investigators. Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2002;347:15491556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, IRC, McNeil, SA, Allen, W, MacKinnon-Cameron, D, et al. Performance of a Modified Two-Tiered Testing Enzyme Immunoassay Algorithm for Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease in Nova Scotia. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(7):e01841-19. Google Scholar
Engorn, B, Flerlage, J (eds.) The Harriet Lane Handbook: A Manual For Pediatric House Officers. Mosby Elsevier, 2015.Google Scholar
Fitch, MT, Van de Beek, D. Emergency diagnosis and treatment of adult meningitis. Lancet 2007;7:191200.Google Scholar
Halperin, JJ, Shapiro, ED, Logigian, E, et al. Practice parameter: treatment of nervous system Lyme disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2007;69(1):91102.Google Scholar
Hasbun, R, Abrahams, J, Jekel, J, et al. Computed tomography of the head before lumbar puncture in adults with suspected meningitis. N Engl J Med 2001;345:17271733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasburn R, Van, de Beek D, Brouwer MC,Tunkel AR, Acute meningitis. In Bennett, J, Dolin, R, Blaser, M (eds.) Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 9th ed. Elsevier, 2020.Google Scholar
Lantos, PM, Rumbaugh, J ,Bockenstedt, LK, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Disease. Clin Infect Dis 2021;72(1);e1e48.Google Scholar
Lindsey, NP, Lehman, JA, Staples, JE, Fischer, M. West Nile virus and other arboviral diseases: United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;63(24):521526.Google Scholar
Mead, P, Petersen J, Hinckley A. Updated CDC Recommendation for Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(32):703.Google Scholar
MMWR, October 23, 2015, Vol 64 #41. Use of serogroup B meningococcal vaccines in adolescents and young adults: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2015. Available at: www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6441a3.htm.Google Scholar
MMWR, March 22, 2013, Vol 62 #2. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2013. Available at: www.cdc.govwww.cdc.gov/mmwr/ preview/mmwrhtml/mm6441a3.htm.Google Scholar
O'Halloran, JA, Franklin, A, Lainhart, W, et al. Pitfalls Associated With the Use of Molecular Diagnostic Panels in the Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(4):ofx242.Google Scholar
Patel, K, Clifford, DB. Bacterial brain abscess. Neurohospitalist 2014;4(4):196204.Google Scholar
Perfect, JR, Dismukes, WE, Dromer, F, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(3):291322.Google Scholar
Petersen, LR, Marfin, AA, Gubler, DJ. West Nile virus. JAMA 2003;290:524528.Google Scholar
Pickering, LK, ed. American Academy of Pediatrics Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 30th ed. Academy of Pediatrics, 2015.Google Scholar
Pizon, AF, Bonner, MR, Wang, HE, Kaplan, RM. Ten years of clinical experience with adult meningitis at an urban academic center. J Emerg Med 2006;30:367370.Google Scholar
Thigpen, MC, Whitney, CG, Messonnier, NE, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998–2007. N Engl J Med 2011;364:20162025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, KE, Hasbun, R, Jekel, J, Quagliarello, VJ. The diagnostic accuracy of Kernig’s sign, Brudzinski’s sign, and nuchal rigidity in adults with suspected meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:4652.Google Scholar
Tunkel, AR. Approach to the patient with central nervous system infection. In Bennett, J, Dolin, R, Blaser, M (eds.) Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 9th ed. Elsevier, 2020.Google Scholar
Tunkel, AR. Brain abscess. In Bennett, J, Dolin, R, Blaser, M (eds.) Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 9th ed. Elsevier, 2020.Google Scholar
Tunkel, AR, Glaser, CA, Bloch, KC, et al. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47(3):303327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van de Beek, D, de Gans, J, Spanjaard, L, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2004;351:18491859.Google Scholar
Van de Beek, D, de Gans, J, Tunkel, AR, et al. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults. N Engl J Med 2006;354:4453.Google Scholar
Van de Beek, D, Drake, JM, Tunkel, AR. Nosocomial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2010;362(2):146154.Google Scholar
Van de Beek, D, Brouwer, MC, Thwaites, GE, Tunkel, AR. Advances in treatment of bacterial meningitis. Lancet 2012;380(9854):16931702.Google Scholar

Bibliography

CDC. Traumatic brain injury & concussion. Available at: www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/get_the_facts.html.Google Scholar
Cushman, M, Lim, W, Zakai, NA. Clinical Practice Guide on Anticoagulant Dosing and Management of Anticoagulant-Associated Bleeding Complications in Adults. American Society of Hematology, 2011.Google Scholar
Erenberg, ES, Kamphuisen, PW, Sijpkens, MK, et al. Reversal of rivaroxaban and dabigatran by prothrombin complex concentrate. Circulation 2011;124:15731579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faraoni, D, Levy, JH, Albaladejo, P, et al. Updates in the perioperative and emergency management of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Critical Care 2015;19:203.Google Scholar
Frontera, JA, Lewin, JJ, Rabinstein, AA, et al. Guideline for reversal of antithrombotics in intracranial hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2016;24:646.Google Scholar
Garcia, DA, Crowther, MA. Reversal of warfarin: case-based practice recommendations. Circulation 2012;125:29442947.Google Scholar
Karibe, H, Hayashi, T, Hirano, T, et al. Surgical management of traumatic acute subdural hematoma in adults: a review. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2014;54:887894.Google Scholar
Kupperman, N, Holmes, JF, Dayan, P, et al. Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2009;374:11601170.Google Scholar
Lumba-Brown, A, Teramoto, M, Bloom, OJ, et al. Concussion guidelines step 2: evidence for subtype classification. Neurosurgery 2019. DOI:10.1093/neuros/nyz332.Google Scholar
McCrory, P, Meeuwisse, WH, Aubry, M, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012. Br J Sports Med 2013;47:250258.Google Scholar
Pollock, CV, Reilly, PA, Bernstein, R et al. Design and rationale for RE-VERSE AD: a phase 3 study of idarucizumab, a specific reversal agent for dabigatran. Thromb Haem 2015;114(1):198205.Google Scholar
Pollock, CV, Reilly, PA, Eikelboom, J, et al. Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal. N Engl J Med 2015;373(6):511520.Google Scholar
Rowe, AS, Goodwin, H, Brophy, GM et al. Seizure prophylaxis in neurocritical care: a review of evidence-based support. Pharmacotherapy 2014;34(3):396409.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Adelson, PD, Ragheb, J, Kanev, P, et al. Phase II clinical trial of moderate hypothermia after severe traumatic brain injury in children. Neurosurgery 2005;56(4):740754.Google Scholar
Ashwal, S. Neurologic evaluation of the patient with acute bacterial meningitis. Neurol Clin 1995;13(3):549577.Google Scholar
Bader, MK, Arbour, R, Palmer, S. Refractory increased intracranial pressure in severe traumatic brain injury: barbiturate coma and bispectral index monitoring. AACN Clin Issues 2005;16(4):526541.Google Scholar
Brain Trauma Foundation, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. Hyperventilation. J Neurotrauma 2000;17(6–7):513520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clifton, GL, Miller, ER, Choi, SC, et al. Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med 2001;344(8):556563.Google Scholar
Clifton, GL, Valadka, A, Zygun, D, et al. Very early hypothermia induction in patients with severe brain injury (the National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia II): a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2011;10(2):131139.Google Scholar
Cushing, H. Concerning a definite regulatory mechanism of the vaso-motor centre which controls blood pressure during cerebral compression. John Hopkins Hosp Bull 1901;12:290292.Google Scholar
De Simone, R, Ranieri, A, Montella, S, Bilo, L, Cautiero, F. The role of dural sinus stenosis in idiopathic intracranial hypertension pathogenesis: the self-limiting venous collapse feedback-loop model. Panminerva Med 2014;56(3):201209.Google Scholar
Diringer, MN, Videen, TO, Yundt, K, et al. Regional cerebrovascular and metabolic effects of hyperventilation after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2002;96(1):103108.Google Scholar
Doczi, T. Volume regulation of the brain tissue: a survey. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1993;121:18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorfman, JD, Burns, JD, Green, DM, DeFusco, C, Agarwal, S. Decompressive laparotomy for refractory intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 2011;15(3):516518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, P, Arango, M, Balica, L, et al. Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised placebo-controlled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head injury: outcomes at 6 months. Lancet 2005;365(9475):19571959.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, HM, Frankowski, RF, Contant, CF, Marshall, LF, Walker, MD. High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1988;69(1):1523.Google Scholar
Etminan, M, Luo, H, Gustafson, P. Risk of intracranial hypertension with intrauterine levonorgestrel. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2015;6(3):110113.Google Scholar
Feigin, VL, Anderson, N, Rinkel, GJ, et al. Corticosteroids for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and primary intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;20(3):CD004583.Google Scholar
Feldman, Z, Kanter, MJ, Robertson, CS, et al. Effect of head elevation on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and cerebral blood flow in head-injured patients. J Neurosurg 1992;76(2):207211.Google Scholar
Fodstad, H, Kelly, PJ, Buchfelder, M. History of the Cushing reflex. Neurosurgery 2006;59(5):11321137.Google Scholar
Gean, AD. Imaging of Head Trauma. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1994.Google Scholar
Glimåker, M, Johansson, B, Halldorsdottir, H, et al. Neuro-intensive treatment targeting intracranial hypertension improves outcome in severe bacterial meningitis: an intervention–control study. PLoS One 2014;9(3):e91976.Google Scholar
Gobiet, W, Grote, W, Bock, WJ. The relation between intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressure and cerebral blood flow in patients with severe head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1975;32:1324.Google Scholar
Gudeman, SK, Miller, JD, Becker, DP. Failure of high-dose steroid therapy to influence intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 1979;51(3):301306.Google Scholar
Hlatky, R, Valadka, A, Robertson, CS. Prediction of a response in ICP to induced hypertension using dynamic testing of cerebral pressure autoregulation. J Neurotrauma 2004;21:1152.Google Scholar
Jandolo, B, Casaglia, P, Morace, E. Cerebral pseudotumor and oral contraceptives (cerebral case). Riv Neurobiol 1978;24(1–2):106108.Google Scholar
Joseph, DK, Dutton, RP, Aarabi, B, Scalea, TM. Decompressive laparotomy to treat intractable intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2004;57(4):687693.Google Scholar
Kaal, EC, Vecht, CJ. The management of brain edema in brain tumors. Curr Opin Oncol 2004;16(6):593600.Google Scholar
Kellie, G. An account of the appearances observed in the dissection of two of the three individuals presumed to have perished in the storm of the 3rd, and whose bodies were discovered in the vicinity of Leith on the morning of the 4th November 1821 with some reflections on the pathology of the brain. Trans Med Chir Sci Edinburgh 1824;1:84169.Google Scholar
Knapp, JM. Hyperosmolar therapy in the treatment of severe head injury in children: mannitol and hypertonic saline. AACN Clin Issues 2005;16(2):199211.Google Scholar
Martinez, H, Arana, H, Gancedo, B, Larel, M, De Virgillis, M. A typical pseudotumor cerebri. Neuroophthalmology 2010;34:131288.Google Scholar
McGillicuddy, JE. Cerebral protection: pathophysiology and treatment of increased cranial pressure. Chest 1985;87:8593.Google Scholar
Mokri, B. The Monro–Kellie hypothesis: applications in CSF volume depletion. Neurology 2001;56(12):17461748.Google Scholar
Monro, A. Observations on the Structure and Function of the Nervous System. Creech & Johnson, 1783.Google Scholar
Ng, I, Lim, J, Wong, HB. Effects of head posture on cerebral hemodynamics: its influences on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and cerebral oxygenation. Neurosurgery 2004;54(3):593597.Google Scholar
Pickard, JD, Czosnyka, M. Management of raised intracranial pressure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:845858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickard, JD, Czosnyka, M. Raised intracranial pressure. In Hughes, RAC (ed.) Neurological Emergencies. BMG, 1994.Google Scholar
Rangel-Castillo, L, Gopinath, S, Robertson, CS. Management of intracranial hypertension. Neurol Clin 2008;26(2):521541.Google Scholar
Rosner, MJ, Coley, IB. Cerebral perfusion pressure, intracranial pressure, and head elevation. J Neurosurg 1986;65:636641.Google Scholar
Saul, TG, Ducker, TB, Salcman, M, Carro, E. Steroids in severe head injury: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Neurosurg 1981;54(5):596600.Google Scholar
Schalén, W, Sonesson, B, Messeter, K, Nordström, G, Nordström, CH. Clinical outcome and cognitive impairment in patients with severe head injuries treated with barbiturate coma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1992;117(3–4):153159.Google Scholar
Sheehan, JP. Hormone replacement treatment and benign intracranial hypertension. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982;284(6330):16751676.Google Scholar
Stocchetti, N, Maas, AI, Chieregato, A, van der Plas, AA. Hyperventilation in head injury: a review. Chest 2005;127(5):18121827.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Biello, JF, Davis, JW, Cunningham, MA, et al. Cervical spinal cord injury and the need for cardiovascular intervention. Arch Surg 2003;138:11271129.Google Scholar
Casha, S, Christie, S. A systematic review of intensive cardiopulmonary management after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2010;27:117.Google Scholar
Denis, F. The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine 1983;8(8):817831.Google Scholar
Denis, F. Spinal instability as defined by the three-column spine concept in acute spinal trauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1984;189:6576.Google Scholar
Hagedorn, JC 2nd, Emery, SE, France, JC, et al. Does CT angiography matter for patients with cervical spine injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014;4(96):951955.Google Scholar
Hoffman, JR, Schriger, DL, Mower, W, Luo, JS, Zucker, M. Low-risk criteria for cervical-spine radiography in blunt trauma: a prospective study. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21(12):14541460.Google Scholar
Hurlbert, RJ. The role of steroids in acute spinal cord injury: an evidence-based analysis. Spine 2001;26(24 Suppl.):S39S46.Google Scholar
Krassioukov, A, Karlsson, A, Wecht, JM, et al. Assessment of autonomic dysfunction following spinal cord injury: rationale for additions to international standards for neurological assessment. J Rehab Res Dev 2007;44(1):103112.Google Scholar
Mack, EH. Neurogenic shock. Open Pediatr Med J 2013;7(1):1618.Google Scholar
Madsen III, PW, Eismont, FJ, Green, BA. Diagnosis and management of thoracic spine fractures. In Winn, HR, Sonntag, VKH, Vollmer, DG (eds.) Youmans Neurological Surgery, 5th ed. Elsevier, 2003.Google Scholar
Mathen, R, Inaba, K, Munera, F, et al. Prospective evaluation of multislice computed tomography versus plain radiographic cervical spine clearance in trauma patients. J Trauma 2006;61:14271431.Google Scholar
Mirza, SK, Mirza, AJ, Chapman, JR, Anderson, PA. Classifications of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures: rationale and supporting data. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2002;10(5):364377.Google Scholar
Molligaj, G, Payer, M, Schaller, K, et al. Acute traumatic central cord syndrome: a comprehensive review. Neurochirurgie 2014;60(1–2):511.Google Scholar
Nockels, RP, York, J. Diagnosis and management of thoracolumbar and lumbar spine injuries. In Winn, HR, Sonntag, VKH, Vollmer, DG (eds.) Youmans Neurological Surgery, 5th ed. Elsevier, 2003.Google Scholar
Oyinbo, CA. Secondary injury mechanism in traumatic spinal cord injury: a nugget of this multiply cascade. Acta Neurobiol Exp 2011;71:281299.Google Scholar
Panacek, EA, Mower, WR, Holmes, JF, et al. Test performance of the individual NEXUS low-risk clinical screening criteria for cervical spine injury. Ann Emerg Med 2001;38:2225.Google Scholar
Panczykowski, DM, Tomycz, ND, Okonkwo, DO. Comparative effectiveness of using computed tomography alone to exclude cervical spine injuries in obtunded or intubated patients: meta-analysis of 14, 327 patients with blunt trauma. J Neurosurg 2011;115(3):541549.Google Scholar
Parizel, PM, van der Zijden, T, Gaudino, S, et al. Trauma of the spine and spinal cord: imaging strategies. Eur Spine J 2010;19:S8S17.Google Scholar
Sabiston, CP, Wing, PC, Schweigel, JF, et al. Closed reduction of dislocations of the lower cervical spine. J Trauma 1988;28:832835.Google Scholar
Savic, G, Bergstrom, EM, Frankel, HL, et al. Inter-rater reliability of the motor and sensory examinations performed according to American Spinal Injury Association standards. Spinal Cord 2007;45:444451.Google Scholar
Scott, TF. Nosology of idiopathic transverse myelitis syndromes. Acta Neurol Scand 2007;115:371376.Google Scholar
Scott, TF, Frohman, EM, De Seze, J, Gronseth, GS, Weinshenker, BG. Evidence-based guideline: clinical evaluation and treatment of transverse myelitis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2011;77:21282134.Google Scholar
Shlamovitz, GZ, Mower, WR, Bergman, J, et al. Poor test characteristics for the digital rectal examination in trauma patients. Ann Emerg Med 2007;50:2533.Google Scholar
Sohn, M, Culver, DA, Judson, MA, et al. Spinal cord neurosarcoidosis. Am J Med Sci 2014;347:195198.Google Scholar
Stiell, IG, Wells, GA, Vandemhen, KL, et al. The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA 2001;286(15):18411848.Google Scholar
Tomycz, ND, Okonkwo, DO, Anderson, PA. Closed skeletal reduction and bracing of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal injuries. In Vaccaro, AR, Fehlings, MG, Dvorak, MF (eds.) Spine and Spinal Cord Trauma: Evidence-Based Management. Thieme, 2011.Google Scholar
Traynelis, VC, Marano, GD, Dunker, RO, et al. Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation: case report. J Neurosurg 1986;65:863870.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Beatty, S. Non-organic vision loss. Postgrad Med J 1999;75:201207.Google Scholar
Biousee, V. Thrombolysis for acute central retinal artery occlusion: is it time? Am J Ophthalmol 2008;146(5):631634.Google Scholar
Cugati, S, Varma, D, Chec, C, Lee, A. Treatment options for central retinal artery occlusion. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2013;15(1):6377.Google Scholar
Kupersmith, MJ, Frohman, LP, Sanderson, MC, et al. Aspirin reduces second eye anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 1995;102:104.Google Scholar
Morrow, SA, Fraser, JA, Day, C, et al. Effect of treating acute optic neuritis with bioequivalent oral vs intravenous corticosteroids: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2018;75:690696.Google Scholar
Wajda, B, Begheri, N, Calva, C, Durrani, A. The Wills Eye Manual. 6th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2012.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Bauer, KA. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Available at: www.UpToDate.com.Google Scholar
Behl, D, Hendrickson, AW, Moynihan, TJ. Oncologic emergencies. Crit Care Clin 2010;26(1):181205.Google Scholar
Casazza, BA. Diagnosis and treatment of acute low back pain. Am Fam Physician 2012;85(4):343350.Google Scholar
Dearborn, JL, Urrutia, VC, Zeiler, SR Stroke and cancer: a complicated relationship. J Neurol Transl Neurosci 2014;2(1):1039.Google Scholar
Giglio, P, Gilbert, MR. Neurologic complications of cancer and its treatment. Curr Oncol Rep 2010;12(1):5059.Google Scholar
Grisold, W, Oberndorfer, S, Struhal, W. Stroke and cancer: a review. Acta Neurol Scand 2009;119(1):116.Google Scholar
Khan, UA, Shanholtz, CB, McCurdy, MT. Oncologic mechanical emergencies. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2014;32(3):495508.Google Scholar
Loblaw, DA. Mitera, G, Ford, M, et al. Updated systematic review and clinical practice guideline for the management of malignant extradural spinal cord compression. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;84(2):312317.Google Scholar
Navi, BB, Reiner, AS, Kamel, H, et al. Association between incident cancer and subsequent stroke. Ann Neurol 2015;77(2):291300.Google Scholar
Newton, HB. Neurologic complications of systemic cancer. Am Fam Physician 1999;59(4):878886.Google Scholar
Tuma, R, DeAngelis, LM. Altered mental status in patients with cancer. Arch Neurol 2000;57(12):17271731.Google Scholar
Wen, PY. Overview of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of patients with brain metastases. Available at: www.UpToDate.com.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Abbott, SA. Diagnostic challenge: myasthenia gravis in the emergency department. J Amer Acad Nurse Practition 2010;22:468473.Google Scholar
Alshekhlee, A, Miles, JD, Katirji, B, Preston, DC, Kaminski, HJ. Incidence and mortality rates of myasthenia gravis and myasthenic crisis in US hospitals. Neurology 2009;72:15481554.Google Scholar
Blichfeldt-Lauridsen, L, Hansen, BD. Anesthesia and myasthenia gravis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012;56:1722.Google Scholar
Deymeer, F, Gungor-Tuncer, O, Yilmaz, V, et al. Clinical comparison of anti-MuSK- vs anti-AchR- positive and seronegative myasthenia gravis. Neurology 2007;68:609611.Google Scholar
Golnik, KC, Pena, R, Lee, AG, Eggenberger, ER. An ice test for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Ophthalmology 1999;106:1282.Google Scholar
Jaretzki, A, Barohn, RJ, Ernstoff, RM, et al. Myasthenis gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards: Task force of the medical scientific advisory board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Neurology 2000;55(1):1623.Google Scholar
Kearsey, C, Fernando, P, D’Costa, D, Ferdinand, P. The use of the ice pack test in myasthenia gravis. J R Soc Med Sh Rep 2010;1:14.Google Scholar
Larner, AJ, Thomas, DJ. Can myasthenia gravis be diagnosed with the “ice pack test”? A cautionary note. Postgrad Med J 2000;76:162163.Google Scholar
Mandawat, A, Kaminski, HJ, Cutter, G, et al. Comparative analysis of therapeutic options used for myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 2010;68(6):797805.Google Scholar
Mehndiratta, MM, Pandey, S, Kuntzer, T. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;10:006986.Google Scholar
Movaghar, M, Slavin, ML. Effect of local heat versus ice on blepharoptosis resulting from ocular myasthenia. Ophthalmology 2000;107(12):22092214.Google Scholar
Pascuzzi, RM. The edrophonium test. Semin Neurol 2003;23(1):8388.Google Scholar
Somashekar, DK, Davenport, MS, Cohan, RH, et al. Effect of intravenous low-osmolality iodinated contrast media on patients with myasthenia gravis. Radiology 2013;267(3):727.Google Scholar
Takanami, I, Abiko, T, Koizumi, S. Therapeutic outcomes in thymectomied patients with myasthenia gravis. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009;15(6):373377.Google Scholar
Wendell, LC, Levine, JM. Myasthenic crisis. Neurohospitalist 2011;1(1):1622.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Carlson, JD, Neumiller, JJ, Swain, LD, et al. Postoperative delirium in Parkinson’s disease patients following deep brain stimulation surgery. J Clin Neurosci 2014;21(7):11921195.Google Scholar
Fenoy, AJ, Simpson, Jr RK. Risks of common complications in deep brain stimulation surgery: management and avoidance. J Neurosurg 2014;120:12.Google Scholar
Jankovic, J, Tolosa, E (eds.) Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders. Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1987.Google Scholar
Kurlan, R (ed.) Treatment of Movement Disorders. JB Lippincott, 1995.Google Scholar
Mariotti, P, Fasano, A, Contarino, MF, et al. Management of status dystonicus: our experience and review of the literature. Mov Disord 2007;22(7):963–938.Google Scholar
Morishita, T, Foote, KD, Burdick, AP, et al. Identification and management of deep brain stimulation intra- and postoperative urgencies and emergencies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010;16(3):153162.Google Scholar
Pepper, J, Zrinzo, L, Mirza, B, Foltynie, T, et al. The risk of hardware infection in deep brain stimulation surgery is greater at impulse generator replacement than at the primary procedure. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2013;91(1):5665.Google Scholar
Sillay, KA, Larson, PS, Starr, PA. Deep brain stimulator hardware-related infections: incidence and management in a large series. Neurosurgery 2008;62(2):360366.Google Scholar
Solimena, M, Folli, F, Denis-Donini, S, et al. Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in a patient with stiff-man syndrome, epilepsy, and type I diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1988;318(16):1012.Google Scholar
Teive, HA, Munhoz, RP, Souza, MM, et al. Status dystonicus: study of five cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2005;63:2629.Google Scholar
Watts, R, Koller, W (eds.) Movement Disorders: Neurologic Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 2004.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Davis, SL, Wilson, TE, White, AT, Frohman, EM. Thermoregulation in multiple sclerosis. J Appl Physiol 2010;109:15311537.Google Scholar
Humm, AM, Beer, S, Kool, J, et al. Quantification of Uhthoff’s phenomenon in multiple sclerosis: a magnetic stimulation study. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:2493.Google Scholar
Matthews, WB (ed.) McAlpine’s Multiple Sclerosis. Churchill Livingstone, 1991.Google Scholar
Poser, CM, Paty, DW, Scheinberg, L, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol 1983;13:227231.Google Scholar
Poser, C, Presthus, J, Horstal, O. Clinical characteristics of autopsy-proved multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1966;16:791.Google Scholar
Selhorst, JB, Saul, RF. Uhthoff and his symptom. J Neuroophthalmol 1995;15:63.Google Scholar
Schumacher, GA, Beebe, G, Kibler, RF, et al. Problems with experimental therapy in multiple sclerosis: report by the panel on evaluation of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1965;122:552568.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Bartynski, WS, Valliappan, S, Uselman, JH, Spearman, MP. The adult radiographic shuntogram. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21(4):721726.Google Scholar
Browd, SR, Ragel, BT, Gottfried, ON, Kestle, JR. Failure of cerebrospinal fluid shunts: part I. Obstruction and mechanical failure. Pediatr Neurol 2006;34(2):8392.Google Scholar
Browd, SR, Gottfried, ON, Ragel, BT, Kestle, JR. Failure of cerebrospinal fluid shunts: part II. Overdrainage, loculation, and abdominal complications. Pediatr Neurol 2006;34(3):171176.Google Scholar
Chiewvit, S, Nuntaaree, S, Kanchaanapiboon, P, Chiewvit, P. Assessment lumboperitoneal or ventriculoperitoneal shunt patency by radionuclide technique: a review experience cases. World J Nucl Med 2014;13(2):7584.Google Scholar
Dewey, RC, Kosnik, EJ, Sayers, MP. A simple test of shunt function: the shuntogram. J Neurosurg 1976;44:121126.Google Scholar
Di Rocco, C, Caldwell, M. Surveillance of CSF shunt function. In Di Rocco, C (ed.) The Treatment of Infantile Hydrocephalus. CRC Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Hayden, PW, Rudd, TG, Shurtleff, DB. Combined pressure-radionuclide evaluation of suspected cerebrospinal fluid shunt malfunction: a seven-year clinical experience. Pediatrics 1980;66(5):679684.Google Scholar
Khan, AA, Jabbar, A, Banerjee, A, Hinchley, G. Cerebrospinal shunt malfunction: recognition and emergency management. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2007;68(12):651655.Google Scholar
Masinda, AJ, Guazzo, EG. Blocked ventriculoperitoneal shunt causing raised intracranial pressure diagnosed by prominent sinus pericranii. J Clin Neurosci 2009;16(12):16861687.Google Scholar
Ouellette, D, Lynch, T, Bruder, E, et al. Additive value of nuclear medicine shuntograms to computed tomography for suspected cerebrospinal fluid shunt obstruction in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2009;25(12):827830.Google Scholar
Rekate, HL. Shunt revision: complications and their prevention. Pediatr Neurosurg 1991;17(3):155162.Google Scholar
Rocque, BG, Lapsiwala, S, Iskandar, BJ. Ventricular shunt tap as a predictor of proximal shunt malfunction in children: a prospective study. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2008;1(6):439443.Google Scholar
Savoiardo, M, Solero, CL, Passerini, A, Migliavacca, F. Determination of cerebrospinal fluid shunt function with water-soluble contrast medium. J Neurosurg 1978;49:398407.Google Scholar
Sekhar, LN, Moossy, J, Guthkelch, AN. Malfunctioning ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Clinical and pathological features. J Neurosurg 1982;56(3):411416.Google Scholar
Thompson, EM, Wagner, K, Kronfeld, K, Selden, NR. Using a 2-variable method in radionuclide shuntography to predict shunt patency. J Neurosurg 2014;121(6):15041507.Google Scholar
Vassilyadi, M, Tataryn, ZL, Matzinger, MA, Briggs, V, Ventureyra, EC. Radioisotope shuntograms at the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario. Childs Nerv Syst 2006;22(1):4349.Google Scholar
Vernet, O, Farmer, JP, Lambert, R, Montes, JL. Radionuclide shuntogram: adjunct to manage hydrocephalic patients. J Nucl Med 1996;37(3):406–41.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Bernard, SA, Gray, TW, Buist, MD, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002;346(8):557563.Google Scholar
Calabró, L, Bougouin, W, Cariou, A, et al. Effect of different methods of cooling for targeted temperature management on outcome after cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2019;23(1):285.Google Scholar
Callaway, CW, Donnino, MW, Fink, EL, et al. Part 8: Post-Cardiac Arrest Care: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2015;132:S465S482.Google Scholar
Callaway, CW, Schmicker, RH, Brown, SP, et al. Early coronary angiography and induced hypothermia are associated with survival and functional recovery after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2014;85(5):657663.Google Scholar
Dragancea, I, Horn, J, Kuiper, M, et al. Neurological prognostication after cardiac arrest and targeted temperature management 33°C versus 36°C: results from a randomised controlled clinical trial. Resuscitation 2015;93:164170.Google Scholar
Dumas, F, Grimaldi, D, Zuber, B, et al. Is hypothermia after cardiac arrest effective in both shockable and nonshockable patients? Insights from a large registry. Circulation 2011;123(8):877886.Google Scholar
Faro, J, Coppler, PJ, Dezfulian, C, et al. Differential association of subtypes of epileptiform activity with outcome after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019;136:138145.Google Scholar
Kalra, R, Arora, G, Patel, N, et al. Targeted temperature management after cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analyses. Anesth Analg 2018;126(3):867875.Google Scholar
Kilgannon, JH, Jones, AE, Shapiro, NI, et al. Association between arterial hyperoxia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality. JAMA 2010;303(21):21652171.Google Scholar
Knight, WA, Hart, KW, Adeoye, OM, et al. The incidence of seizures in patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Epilepsy Res 2013;106(3):396402.Google Scholar
Lucas, JM, Cocchi, MN, Salciccioli, J, et al. Neurologic recovery after therapeutic hypothermia in patients with post-cardiac arrest myoclonus. Resuscitation 2012;83(2):265269.Google Scholar
Lupton, JR, Schmicker, RH, Stephens, S, et al. Outcomes with the use of bag-valve-mask ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the pragmatic airway resuscitation trial. Acad Emerg Med 2020;27:5.Google Scholar
Lybeck, A, Friberg, H, Aneman, A, et al. Prognostic significance of clinical seizures after cardiac arrest and target temperature management. Resuscitation 2017;114:146151.Google Scholar
Nichol, G, Huszti, E, Kim, F, et al. Does induction of hypothermia improve outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 2013;84(5):620625.Google Scholar
Nielsen, N, Wetterslev, J, Cronberg, T, Erlinge, D, et al. Targeted temperature management at 33°C versus 36°C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2013;369(23):21972206.Google Scholar
Perman, SM, Kirkpatrick, JN, Reitsma, AM, et al. Timing of neuroprognostication in postcardiac arrest therapeutic hypothermia. Crit Care Med 2012;40(3):719724.Google Scholar
Rab, T, Kern, KB, Tamis-Holland, JE, et al. Cardiac arrest: a treatment algorithm for emergent invasive cardiac procedures in the resuscitated comatose patient. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66(1):6273.Google Scholar
Rittenberger, JC, Weissman, A, Baldwin, M, et al. Preliminary experience with point-of-care EEG in post-cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation 2019;135:98102.Google Scholar
Roberts, BW, Kilgannon, JH, Chansky, ME, et al. Association between postresuscitation partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and neurological outcome in patients with post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Circulation 2013;127(21):21072113.Google Scholar
Seder, DB, Sunde, K, Rubertsson, S, et al. Neurologic outcomes and postresuscitation care of patients with myoclonus following cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 2015;43(5):965972.Google Scholar
Soar, J, Berg, KM, Andersen, LW, et al. Adult Advanced Life Support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 2020;156:A80A119.Google Scholar
Stanger, D, Kawano, T, Malhi, N, et al. Door-to-Targeted temperature management initiation time and outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: insights from the Continuous Chest Compressions Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8(9):e012001.Google Scholar
Szarpak, L, Filipiak, KJ, Mosteller, L, et al. Survival, neurological and safety outcomes after out of hospital cardiac arrests treated by using prehospital therapeutic hypothermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med 2020;20:S0735-6757.Google Scholar
Testori, C, Sterz, F, Behringer, W, et al. Mild therapeutic hypothermia is associated with favourable outcome in patients after cardiac arrest with non-shockable rhythms. Resuscitation 2011;82(9):11621167.Google Scholar
Yang, MC, Meng-Jun, W, Xiao-Yan, X, et al. Coronary angiography or not after cardiac arrest without ST segment elevation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020;99(41):e22197.Google Scholar
Yoshida, M, Yoshida, T, Masui, Y, et al. Association between therapeutic hypothermia and outcomes in patients with non-shockable out-of-hospital cardiac arrest developed after emergency medical service arrival (SOS-KANTO 2012 Analysis Report). Neurocrit Care 2019;30(2):429439.Google Scholar

Bibliography

Boyer, EW, Shannon, M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005;352(11):11121120.Google Scholar
Connors, NJ, Alsakha, A, Larocque, A, et al. Antipsychotics for the treatment of sympathomimetic toxicity: a systematic review. Am J Emerg Med 2019;37(10):18801890.Google Scholar
Decker, BS, Goldfarb, DS, Dargan, PI, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for lithium poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP Workgroup. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015;10(5):875887.Google Scholar
Gurney, SM, Scott, KS, Kacinko, SL, Presley, BC, Logan, BK. Pharmacology, toxicology, and adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoid drugs. Forensic Sci Rev 2014;26(1):5378.Google Scholar
Hoffman, RS, Howland, MA, Lewin, NA, Nelson, LS, Goldfrank, LR (eds.) Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies, 10th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2015.Google Scholar
Hopper, A, Vilke, G, Castillo, EM, et al. Ketamine use for acute agitation in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 2015;48(6):712719.Google Scholar
Marinac, JS. Drug- and chemical-induced aseptic meningitis: a review of the literature. Ann Pharmacother 1992;26(6):813822.Google Scholar
Moris, G, Garcia-Monco, JC. The challenge of drug-induced aseptic meningitis. Arch Intern Med 1999;159(11):11851194.Google Scholar
Neavyn, MJ, Stolbach, A, Greer, DM, et al. ACMT Position Statement: determining brain death in adults after drug overdose. J Med Toxicol 2017;13(3):271273.Google Scholar
Olson, KR, Anderson, IB, California Poison Control System. Poisoning & Drug Overdose, 7th ed. Lange Medical Books and McGraw-Hill, 2018.Google Scholar
Sud, P, Gordon, M, Tortora, L, et al. Retrospective chart review of synthetic cannabinoid intoxication with toxicologic analysis. West J Emerg Med 2018;19(3):567572.Google Scholar
Sullivan, R, Hodgman, MJ, Kao, L, Tormoehlen, LM. Baclofen overdose mimicking brain death. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012;50(2):141144.Google Scholar
Weaver, LK, Churchill, SK, Deru, K, Cooney, D. False positive rate of carbon monoxide saturation by pulse oximetry of emergency department patients. Respir Care 2013;58(2):232240.Google Scholar

Bibliography

ACOG Committee. ACOG Committee Opinion No 767, Emergent therapy for acute-onset severe hypertension during pregnancy and post-partum period, 2019.Google Scholar
ACOG Committee. ACOG Practice bulletin No. 222, Gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia, 2020.Google Scholar
ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy. Obstetr Gynecol 2004;104:647651.Google Scholar
Brown, DW, Dueker, N, Jamieson, DJ, et al. Preeclampsia and the risk of ischemic stroke among young women: results from the Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study. Stroke 2006;37(4):10551059.Google Scholar
Bushnell, CD, Jamison, M, James, AH. Migraines during pregnancy linked to stroke and vascular diseases: US population based case-control study. BMJ 2009;10(338):b664.Google Scholar
Cunningham, F, Leveno, KJ, Bloom, SL, et al. (eds.) Williams Obstetrics, 25th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2018.Google Scholar
Del Zotto, E, Giossi, A, Volonghi, I, et al. Ischemic stroke during pregnancy and puerperium. Stroke Res Treat 2011;27(2011):606780.Google Scholar
Demchuk, AM. Yes, intravenous thrombolysis should be administered in pregnancy when other clinical and imaging factors are favorable. Stroke 2013;44(3):864865.Google Scholar
Edlow, JA, Caplan, LR, O’Brien, K, Tibbles, CD. Diagnosis of acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and post-partum women. Lancet Neurol 2013;12(2):175185.Google Scholar
Falardeau, J, Lobb, BM, Golden, S, Maxfield, SD, Tanne, E. The use of acetazolamide during pregnancy in intracranial hypertension patients. J Neuroophthalmol 2013;33(1):912.Google Scholar
James, AH, Bushnell, CD, Jamison, MG, Myers, ER. Incidence and risk factors for stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106(3):509516.Google Scholar
Klein, JP, Hsu, L. Neuroimaging during pregnancy. Semin Neurol 2011;31(4):361373.Google Scholar
Kuklina, EV, Tong, X, Bansil, P, George, MG, Callaghan, WM. Trends in pregnancy hospitalizations that included a stroke in the United States from 1994 to 2007: reasons for concern? Stroke 2011;42(9):25642570.Google Scholar
Moatti, Z, Gupta, M, Yadava, R, Thamban, S. A review of stroke and pregnancy: incidence, management and prevention. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014;181:2027.Google Scholar
Quincke, H. Meningitis serosa. Inn Med 1893;23:655. Cited by: Johnston I. The historical development of the pseudotumor concept. Neurosurg FOCUS 2001;11(2):19.Google Scholar
Saposnik, G, Barinagarrementeria, F, Brown, RD Jr, et al. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2011;42(4):11581192.Google Scholar
Shah, AK, Rajamani, K, Whitty, JE. Eclampsia: a neurological perspective. J Neurol Sci 2008;271(1–2):158167.Google Scholar
Tassi, R, Acampa, M, Marotta, G, et al. Systemic thrombolysis for stroke in pregnancy. Am J Emerg Med 2013;31(2):448.e13.Google Scholar
Thurtell, MJ, Wall, M. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): recognition, treatment, and ongoing management. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2013;15(1):112.Google Scholar
Treadwell, SD, Thanvi, B, Robinson, TG. Stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium. Postgrad Med J 2008;84(991):238245.Google Scholar
Worrell, J, Lane, S. Impact of pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) in pregnancy: a case report. AANA J 2007;75(3):199204.Google Scholar

Bibliography

A definition of irreversible coma. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to examine the definition of brain death. JAMA 1968;206:337340.Google Scholar
Beresford, HR. Brain death. Neurologic Clin 1999;17(2):295.Google Scholar
Greer, DM, Shernie, SD, Lewis, A, et al. Determination of brain death/death by neurologic criteria: the World Brain Death Project. JAMA 2020;324(11):10781097.Google Scholar
Landmark article August 5, 1968: A definition of irreversible coma. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to examine the definition of brain death. JAMA 1984;252(5):677679.Google Scholar
Nakagawa, TA, Ashwal, S, Mathur, M, Mysore, M, Society of Critical Care Medicine-Section on Critical Care, American Society of Pediatrics- Section on Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. Guidelines for the determination of brain death in infants and children: an update of the 1987 Task Force Recommendation. Pediatrics 2011;128(3):e720740.Google Scholar
Quality Standards Subcommittee on the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter for determining brain death and adults (summary statement). 2015.Google Scholar
Wijdicks, EFM, Varelas, PN, Gronseth, GS, Greer, DM. Evidence-based guideline update: determining brain death in adults. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2010;74:19111918.Google Scholar
Winkfield v. Children’s Hospital of Oakland, Temporary Restraining Order, No. RG13–707598, Super Ct Cal., December 23, 2013Google Scholar

Bibliography

Carson, A, Brown, R, David, A, et al. Functional (conversion) neurological symptoms: research since the millennium. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83:842850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, R. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: diagnosis and initial management. Expert Rev Neurother 2010;10(12):18031809.Google Scholar
Fekete, R, Baizabal-Carvallo, J, Ha, A, Davidson, A, Jankovic, J. Convergence spasm in conversion disorders: prevalence in psychogenic and other movement disorders compared with controls. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;83:202204.Google Scholar
Ganos, C, Aguirremozcorta, M, Batla, A, et al. Psychogenic paroxysmal movement disorders: clinical features and diagnostic clues. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014;20:4146.Google Scholar
Glick, T, Workman, T, Gaufberg, S. Suspected conversion disorder: foreseeable risks and avoidable errors. Acad Emerg Med 2000;7:12721277.Google Scholar
Hingray, C, Maillard, L, Hubsch, C, et al. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: characterization of two distinct patient profiles on the basis of trauma history. Epilepsy Behav 2011;22:532536.Google Scholar
Kaplan, M, Dwivedi, A, Privitera, M, et al. Comparisons of childhood trauma, alexithymia, and defensive styles in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures vs. epilepsy: implications for the etiology of conversion disorder. J Psychosomat Res 2013;75:142146.Google Scholar
Marquez, A, Farias, S, Apperson, M, et al. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures are associated with an increased risk of obesity. Epilepsy Behav 2004;5:8893.Google Scholar
Merskey, H. Conversion symptoms revised. Semin Neurol 1990;10(3):221228.Google Scholar
Panagos, P, Merchant, R, Alunday, R. Psychogenic seizures: a focused clinical review for the emergency medicine practitioner. Postgrad Med 2010;122(1):3438.Google Scholar
Parra, J, Iriarte, J, Kanner, A. Are we overusing the diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic events? Seizure 1999;8:223227.Google Scholar
Razvi, S, Mulhern, S, Duncan, R. Newly diagnosed psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: health care demand prior to and following diagnosis at a first seizure clinic. Epilepsy Behav 2012;23:79.Google Scholar
Riggio, S. Psychogenic seizures. Emerg Med Clin N Am 1994;12(4):10011012.Google Scholar
Scheidt, C, Baumann, K, Katzev, M, et al. Differentiating cerebral ischemia from functional neurological symptom disorder: a psychosomatic perspective. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:158163.Google Scholar
Schwingenschu, P, Katschnig, P, Seiler, S, et al. Moving toward “laboratory-supported” criteria for psychogenic tremor. Move Disord 2011;26(14):25092515.Google Scholar
Sevush, S, Brooks, J. Aphasia vs. functional disorder: factors in differential diagnosis. Psychosomatics 1983;24(9):847848.Google Scholar
Shaibani, A, Sabbagh, M. Pseudoneurologic syndromes: recognition and diagnosis. Am Fam Phys 1998;57(10):24852494.Google Scholar
Siket, M, Merchant, R. Psychogenic seizures: a review and description of pitfalls in their acute diagnosis and management in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin N Am 2011;29:7381.Google Scholar
Stone, J, Carson, A. Functional neurologic symptoms: assessment and management. Neurol Clin 2011;29:118.Google Scholar
Stone, J, Carson, A, Duncan, R, et al. Symptoms “unexplained by organic disease” in 1144 new neurology out-patients: how often does the diagnosis change at follow-up? Brain 2009;132:28782888.Google Scholar
Stone, J, Carson, A, Sharpe, M. Functional symptoms in neurology: diagnosis and management. ACNR 2005;4(6):811.Google Scholar
Stone, J, Carson, A, Sharpe, M. Functional symptoms and signs in neurology: assessment and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76(Suppl I):i1i12.Google Scholar
Stone, J, Smyth, R, Carson, A, et al. Systemic review of misdiagnosis of conversion symptoms and “hysteria.BMJ 2005;331(7523):989993.Google Scholar
Stone, J, Smyth, R, Carson, A, Warlow, C, Sharpe, M. La belle indifference in conversion symptoms and hysteria. Br J Psychiatry 2006;188:204209.Google Scholar
Teasell, R, Shapiro, A. Misdiagnosis of conversion disorders. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002;81:236240.Google Scholar
Young, J, Rund, D. Psychiatric considerations in patients with decreased levels of consciousness. Emerg Med Clin N Am 2010;28:595609.Google Scholar
Ziv, I, Djaldetti, R, Zoldan, Y, Avraham, M, Melamed, E. Diagnosis of “non-organic” limb paresis by a novel objective motor assessment: the quantitative Hoover’s test. J Neurol 1998;245:797802.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×