Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T23:58:37.402Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Geothermal processes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2023

Steven E. Ingebritsen
Affiliation:
United States Geological Survey, California
Ward E. Sanford
Affiliation:
United States Geological Survey, Virginia
Christopher E. Neuzil
Affiliation:
United States Geological Survey, Virginia
Get access

Summary

In this chapter we elaborate on the coupling between groundwater flow and heat transport that was addressed on a more theoretical level in Chapter 4. We begin by discussing the Earth's heat engine and conductive heat losses, and then address a variety of heat transfer problems to which fluid flow is critically important, including magma cooling and associated hydrothermal circulation; transport near the critical point of water; multiphase (steam–liquid water) flow; and the occurrence of hot springs and geysers. We will also briefly consider geothermal resources and volcanogenic ore deposits.

Active hydrothermal systems are often very dynamic from a geochemical point of view, because of the elevated temperatures and common occurrence of highly reactive (saline or acidic) fluids. However, in this chapter our emphasis is on the physical coupling between groundwater flow and heat transport, rather than the geochemical aspects. In that sense the heat transport theory outlined in Chapter 4 provides more relevant background than the solute transport theory of Chapter 3. Elsewhere we have addressed advective heat transfer by groundwater in a generalized geologic context (Section 5.4) and as it relates to ore genesis in sedimentary basins (Chapter 6) and hydrocarbon maturation (Section 7.1). Subsea hydrothermal systems – which have a globally significant influence on the Earth's thermal budget – are considered in detail in Chapter 13.

Crustal heat flow

The mean conductive heat flow measured very near the Earth's surface is approximately 70 mW/m2 (e.g., Chapman and Pollack, 1975). Correcting for the effects of hydrothermal circulation in the oceanic crust (Section 13.4.1) brings the mean global heat flux to 87 mW/m2 (Pollack and others, 1993). Integrated over the surface of the globe, this amounts to a heat loss of more than 4 × 1013 W. The sources of this heat are not completely resolved, but the radioactive decay of isotopes of uranium, thorium, and potassium is certainly the most significant. Cooling of an originally hot Earth and the gravitational energy released by its density segregation may or may not be important sources, depending on the presumed mechanism of planetary accretion and the rate and timing of core formation (Verhoogen, 1980).

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×