1 - Egologies: Goethe, Entoptics, and the Instruments of Writing Life

Summary

On 13 April 1813, Goethe received a small booklet in the mail titled “Einige neue Versuche und Beobachtungen über Spiegelung und Brechung des Lichtes” (A few new experiments and observations on the reflection and refraction of light). It was an offprint of an article that had appeared in the Journal für Chemie und Physik written by Goethe's friend thomas Seebeck, who was now residing in nuremberg. it concerned the question of the polarity of light, which was observable through the combined effects of double refraction and multiple reflection and which had been treated two years earlier in a prize-winning article by the French researcher Etienne Louis Malus, “Théorie de la double réfraction” (1811).

Malus's work would go on to become the single most important influence for optical research for the next two decades until the wider acceptance of Augustin Fresnel's wave theory of light over the course of the 1820s. It had begun as an inquiry into the well-known phenomenon of double refraction, the way crystals such as Iceland spar could split a ray of light into two separate rays, initially observed by Erasmus Bartholin in 1669. What interested Malus was the way the two rays behaved differently when subsequently reflected off another transparent surface.