Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T02:07:28.117Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Local landscape consequences of macro-scale policy reform: the New Zealand experiment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
Simon Swaffield
Edited by
Jørgen Primdahl  and
Simon Swaffield
Jørgen Primdahl
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Simon Swaffield
Affiliation:
Lincoln University, New Zealand
Get access

Summary

Introduction

An unusual feature of New Zealand as a developed country is the role that rural landscapes continue to play in society and the economy. Rural activities have shaped New Zealand's identity and political economy for much of the twentieth century (Bell, 1996), and agriculture focused upon exports still comprises the largest single economic sector. Tourism is also a major source of foreign currency. Together, the primary and tourism sectors account for around 33% of gross domestic product (GDP), giving New Zealand the highest economic dependence upon environment in the OECD (Oram, 2007, p. 22). New Zealand products ranging from food, to clothing, to adventure tourism all use ideals of ‘clean and green’ to differentiate themselves in a global market. New Zealand has, in effect, established itself as a ‘brand state ’ (Van Ham, 2001) based upon its rural and wilderness landscapes.

A second distinctive feature which makes New Zealand of particular interest in a comparative study of globalisation and agricultural landscape change in developed countries is the way in which the political economy and its environmental management was reformed during the 1980s. New Zealand combined economic and trade liberalisation with a radical restructuring of the public sector, and the introduction of a new environmental policy and planning regime, based upon sustainable management of the environmental effects of land use. The New Zealand ‘experiment’ (Kelsey, 1995) has created unique planning and management challenges for agricultural landscapes, the outcomes of which are still being played out (Macleod and Moller, 2006).

Type
Chapter
Information
Globalisation and Agricultural Landscapes
Change Patterns and Policy trends in Developed Countries
 , pp. 95 - 126
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arnold, H. (1994). New Zealand's Burning: The Settlers World in the mid 1880's. Wellington: Victoria University Press.Google Scholar
Baragwanath, L., McAloon, J. and Perkins, H. (2003). Globalisation and New Zealand: anchoring the leviathon in a regional context. New Zealand Geographer, 59, 2, 16–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, C. (1996). Inventing New Zealand: Everyday Myths of Pakeha Identity. Auckland: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Berke, P., Backhurst, M., Day, M., Ericksen, N. and Crawford, J. (2006). What makes plan implementation successful? An evaluation of local plans and implementation practices in New Zealand. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 33, 581–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boston, J. A. (ed.) (1991). Reshaping the State – New Zealand's Bureaucratic Revolution. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
Brockerhoff, E. G., Eckroyd, C. E. and Langer, E. R. (2001). Biodiversity in New Zealand plantation forests: policy trends, incentives and the state of our knowledge. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 46, 31–37.Google Scholar
Brooking, T. and Pawson, E. (2002). Environmental Histories of New Zealand. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brower, A. (2008). Who Owns the High Country?Palmerston North, NZ: Craig Potton Publishing.Google Scholar
Buhrs, T. and Bartlett, R. V. (1993). Environmental Policy in New Zealand: The Politics of Clean and Green?Auckland: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cadieux, K. V. (2008). Political ecology of exurban ‘lifestyle’ landscapes at Christchurch's contested urban fence. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 7, 183–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cant, G. and Kirkpatrick, R. (2001). Rural Canterbury. Wellington: Daphne Brasell Associates and Lincoln University Press.Google Scholar
,Christchurch City Council (2007). Greater Christchurch Urban Development Strategy. Christchurch, NZ: Christchurch City Council.Google Scholar
Cloke, P. (1989). State deregulation and New Zealand's agricultural sector. Sociologia Ruralis, 29, 34–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, A. J. and Fairweather, J. R. (2005). Smallholding in Selwyn District. AERU Report 280, Lincoln University, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., Groot, R. S.et al. (1997). The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crosby, A. (2004). Ecological Imperialism. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalziel, P. and Lattimore, R. (2004). The New Zealand Macroeconomy: Striving for Sustainable Growth with Social Equity. Auckland: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Davidson, J. (1984). The Prehistory of New Zealand. Auckland: Longman Paul.Google Scholar
Deans, N. and Hackwell, K. (2008). Dairying and Declining Water Quality. Wellington: Fish and Game NZ and Forest and Bird Inc.Google Scholar
Easton, B. (1997). In Stormy Seas: The Postwar New Zealand Economy. Dunedin: Otago University Press.Google Scholar
,Environmental Defence Society (2004). A Place to Stand: The Protection of New Zealand's Natural and Cultural Landscapes. Auckland: EDS Inc.Google Scholar
Ericksen, N. J., Berke, P. R., Crawford, J. L. and Dixon, J. E. (2004). Plan Making for Sustainability: The New Zealand Experience. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Ewers, R. M., Kliskey, A. D., Walker, S.et al. (2006). Past and future trajectories of forest loss in New Zealand. Biological Conservation, 133, 312–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fieldler, A., Landis, D. A. and Wratten, S. D. (2007). Maximising ecosystem services from conservation biological control: the role of habitat management. Biological Control, 45, 254–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flannery, T. (1994). The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People. Port Melbourne: Reed Books.Google Scholar
Greer, G. (2008). Socio-Economic Status of the South Island High Country. AERU Report 306, Lincoln University, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Jenkins, B. (2008). Water Management Debate Needed. Christchurch: The Press.Google Scholar
Johnsen, S. (2003). Contingency revealed: New Zealand farmers' experience of agricultural restructuring. Sociologia Ruralis, 43, 2, 128–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, L., Jakes, P. J. and Langer, E. R. (2008). The Case of a Fire Affected Community: West Melton Fire December 2003. Fire Technology Transfer Note 36. Christchurch: Scion.Google Scholar
Kelsey, J. (1995). The New Zealand Experiment: A World Model for Structural Adjustment?Auckland: Auckland University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, M. (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Auckland: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Lattimore, R. (2006). Farm Subsidy Reform Dividends. Presented to North American Agrifood Market Integration Consortium Meetings 31 May–2 June 2006, Calgary, Alberta.
Heron, R. (1992). Farm households and pluriactivity. In Changing Places in New Zealand: A Geography of Restructuring (ed.) Britton, S., Heron, R. and Pawson, E.. Christchurch, NZ: Geographical Society.Google Scholar
Leathwick, J., McGlone, M. S. and Walker, S. (2004). New Zealand's Potential Vegetation Pattern. Lincoln, NZ: Manaaki Whenua Press.Google Scholar
MacLeod, C. J. and Moller, H. (2006). Intensification and diversification of New Zealand agriculture since 1960: an evaluation of current indicators of land use change. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 115, 201–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGlone, M. S. (1989). The Polynesian settlement of New Zealand in relation to environmental and biotic changes. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 12, 115–129.Google Scholar
McGlone, M. S., Duncan, R. P. and Heenan, P. B. (2001). Endemism, species selection and the origin and distribution of the vascular plant flora of New Zealand. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 199–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Memon, A. P. (2003). Urban growth management in Christchurch, New Zealand. NZ Geographer, 59, 1, 27–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Memon, A. P. and Perkins, H. C. (2000). Environmental Planning in New Zealand. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press.Google Scholar
Memon, A. P. and Selsky, J. W. (2004). Stakeholders and the management of freshwater resources in NZ: a critical commons perspective. In Stakeholders, the Environment and Society (ed.) Sharma, S. and Starik, M.. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
,Ministry for Environment (1997). The State of the NZ Environment. Wellington: MfE.Google Scholar
,Ministry for Environment (2007). Environment New Zealand. Wellington: MfE.Google Scholar
,Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (1996). The Environmental Effects of Removing Agricultural Subsidies: The New Zealand Experience. http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/resource-management/env-effects-of-removing-subsidies/
,Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (1998). Biophysical and Ecological Impacts of Rural Subdivision. http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/rural-nz/sustainable-resource-use/land-management/impacts-of-rural-subdivision/
,Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2003). Land Use Statistics Confirm the Changing Face of Farms. http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/press/280503land-use.htm
,Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2007). Situation and Outlook for New Zealand Agriculture and Forestry (August 2007). http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/rural-nz/statistics and forecasts/sonzaf/2007
,Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2008). Situation and Outlook for New Zealand Agriculture and Forestry (August 2008). http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/rural-nz/statistics and forecasts/sonzaf/2008
,National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) (2008). Climate Change Scenarios for New Zealand. http://www.niwa.co.nz/ncc/clivar/scenarios
Oram, R. (2007). The Resource Management Act: now and in the future. In Beyond the RMA: An in depth exploration of the Resource Management Act 1991, Conference Proceedings 30–31 May 2007. Auckland: Environmental Defence Society, pp. 5–37.Google Scholar
Orange, C. (1987). The Treaty of Waitangi. Wellington: Allen and Unwin and Port Nicholson Press.Google Scholar
,Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2007). Environmental Performance Review of New Zealand. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
,Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2008). Environmental Performance of Agriculture in OECD countries since 1990. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Page, J. and Brower, A. (2007). Property law in the High Country: Statutory and Common Law leases. Waikato Law Review, 15.Google Scholar
Park, G. (1995). Nga Uruora (The Groves of Life): Ecology and History in a New Zealand landscape. Wellington: Victoria University Press.Google Scholar
,Parliamentary Commissioner for Environment (2004a). Managing Change in Paradise. Wellington: Office of the PCE.Google Scholar
,Parliamentary Commissioner for Environment (2004b). Growing for Good. Wellington: Office of the PCE.Google Scholar
,Parliamentary Commissioner for Environment (2009). Change in the High Country: Environmental Stewardship and Tenure Review. Wellington: Office of the PCE.Google Scholar
Primdahl, J. and Swaffield, S. R. (2004). Segregation and multifunctionality in New Zealand landscapes. In Sustaining Agriculture and the Rural Environment: Governance, Policy and Multifunctionality (ed.) Brouwer, F.. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 266–285.Google Scholar
Rayner, A. (1990). The seeds of change. In Farming Without Subsidies: New Zealand's Recent Experience (ed.) Sandrey, R. and Reynolds, R.. Wellington: GP Books.Google Scholar
Salmon, G. (2008). Governance of the rural environment – are existing approaches working? In EDS Annual Conference. Conflict in Paradise: The Transformation of Rural New Zealand. Auckland: EDS. http://www.edsconference.com/content/docs/papers/Salmon%2C%20G.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sandrey, R. and Reynolds, R. (ed.) (1990). Farming Without Subsidies: New Zealand's Recent Experience. Wellington: GP Books.
Saunders, C., Barber, A. and Taylor, G. (2007). Food Miles: Comparative Energy/ Emissions Performance of NZ Agricultural Products. AERU Report 285, Lincoln University, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Stevens, G., McGlone, M. S. and McCulloch, B. (1988). Prehistoric New Zealand. Auckland: Heinemann Reed.Google Scholar
Swaffield, S. R. (2005). Voluntary conservation of biodiversity and landscapes on Banks Peninsula, New Zealand (Type P5). Part II, 9. In Multifunctionality in Agriculture: What Role for Private Initiatives?Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar
Swaffield, S. R. and Fairweather, J. R. (1998). In search of Arcadia: the persistence of rural idyll in New Zealand rural subdivisions. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 41, 111–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, S. and Memon, A. P. (2007). New Zealand local government at the crossroad? Reflections on recent local government reforms. Urban Policy and Research, 25, 2, 171–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ham, P. (2001). The Rise of the Brand State. New York: Foreign Affairs Council on Foreign Relations.Google Scholar
Williams, P. A. (1983). Secondary vegetation succession on the Port Hills, Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, New Zealand. NZ Journal of Botany, 21, 237–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×