Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T19:28:25.297Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 19 - Challenging the Global Extractive Order

A Global Health Justice Imperative

from Section 3 - Analyzing Some Reasons for Poor Health and Responsibilities to Address Them

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2021

By
Ted Schrecker ,
Anne-Emanuelle Birn  and
Mariajosé Aguilera
Edited by
Solomon Benatar  and
Gillian Brock
Solomon Benatar
Affiliation:
Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Cape Town
Gillian Brock
Affiliation:
Professor of Philosophy, University of Auckland
Get access

Summary

Contemporary economic activity depends on massive throughputs of extracted material and energy, which typically cross multiple national borders in commodity, supply, or value chains – the terminology varies with the discipline – dominated by transnational corporations (TNCs). For instance, Apple’s iconic iPhone is assembled in China from components manufactured in a variety of countries, mainly in Asia, but approximately half the world’s supply of a critical ingredient – the cobalt used in lithium-ion batteries – is mined, often on an artisanal basis, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) under horrific conditions that have nothing in common with the life worlds of Apple’s shareholders and executives or of most iPhone users (Amnesty International, 2016; Clarke & Boersma, 2017).

Type
Chapter
Information
Global Health
Ethical Challenges
 , pp. 256 - 268
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguilar-Støen, M. (2016). Beyond transnational corporations, food and biofuels: the role of extractivism and agribusiness in land grabbing in Central America. Forum for Development Studies 43, 155–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alston, P., Bohoslavsky, J. P., Boly Barry, K., et al. (2018). Information received concerning the negative impacts of budget cuts, structural adjustment and austerity measures implemented since 2014, on several human rights, notably the rights to health, education, social security, food, as well as on gender equality, and in particular the negative impacts linked to the Constitutional Amendment No 95, also known as “Expenditure Ceiling”, in force for over 16 months. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva. Available at https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=23789.Google Scholar
Amnesty International (2016). “This Is What We Die For”: Human Rights Abuses in the Democratic Republic of Congo Power the Global Trade in Cobalt. London: Amnesty International. Available at www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr62/3183/2016/en/.Google Scholar
Bambas Nolen, L., Birn, A.-E., Cairncross, E., et al. (2014). Case Study on Extractive Industries Prepared for the Lancet Commission on Global Governance. Oslo: University of Oslo. Available at www.med.uio.no/helsam/english/research/global-governance-health/background-papers/extrac-indus.pdf.Google Scholar
Banerjee, A., Deaton, A., Lustig, N., et al. (2006). An Evaluation of World Bank Research, 1998–2005. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/84797-1109362238001/726454-1164121166494/RESEARCH-EVALUATION-2006-Main-Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Baumüller, H., Donnelly, E., Vines, A., & Weimer, M. (2011). The Effects of Oil Companies’ Activities on the Environment, Health and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa (EXPO/B/DEVE/FWC/2009–01/Lot5/11). Brussels: Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union, European Parliament. Available at www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2011/433768/EXPO-DEVE_ET(2011)433768_EN.pdf.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, E. S., Lutz, B. D., King, R. S., et al. (2012). How many mountains can we mine? Assessing the regional degradation of central Appalachian rivers by surface coal mining. Environmental Science & Technology 46, 8115–8122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birn, A.-E., Pillay, Y., & Holtz, T. (2017). Textbook of Global Health, 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birn, A.-E., Shipton, L., & Schrecker, T. (2018). Canadian mining and ill health in Latin America: a call to action. Canadian Journal of Public Health 109, 786–790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borras, S. M., & Franco, J. C. (2013). Global land grabbing and political reactions “from below.”. Third World Quarterly 34, 1723–1747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brain, K. A. (2017). The impacts of mining on livelihoods in the Andes: a critical overview. Extractive Industries and Society 4, 410–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branford, S., & Borges, T. (2019). Bolsonaro administration authorizes 150+ pesticides in first 100 days. Mongabay (online). Available at https://news.mongabay.com/2019/05/bolsonaro-administration-authorizes-150-pesticides-in-first-100-days/.Google Scholar
Brisbois, B. W., Reschny, J., Fyfe, T. M., et al. (2019). Mapping research on resource extraction and health: a scoping review. Extractive Industries and Society 6, 250–259.Google Scholar
Brock, G. (2009). Global Justice: A Cosmopolitan Account. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cáceres, D. M. (2015). Accumulation by dispossession and socio-environmental conflicts caused by the expansion of agribusiness in Argentina. Journal of Agrarian Change 15, 116–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cartwright, E. (2016). Mining and its health consequences: from Matewan to fracking, in Singer, M. (ed.), A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 417–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castro, M. C., Massuda, A., Almeida, G., et al. (2019). Brazil’s unified health system: the first 30 years and prospects for the future. Lancet 394, 345–356.Google Scholar
Chen, B., Han, M. Y., Peng, K., et al. (2018). Global land-water nexus: agricultural land and freshwater use embodied in worldwide supply chains. Science of the Total Environment 613–614, 931–943.Google Scholar
Clapp, J., & Isakson, S. R. (2018). Speculative Harvests: Financialization, Food, and Agriculture. Halifax: Practical Action Publishing and Fernwood Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, T., & Boersma, M. (2017). The governance of global value chains: unresolved human rights, environmental and ethical dilemmas in the Apple supply chain. Journal of Business Ethics 143, 111–131.Google Scholar
Coumans, C. (2019a). Minding the “governance gaps”: re-thinking conceptualizations of host state “weak governance” and re-focussing on home state governance to prevent and remedy harm by multinational mining companies and their subsidiaries. Extractive Industries and Society 6, 675–687.Google Scholar
Coumans, C. (2019b). Submission to the United Nations Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries: in regard to the relationship between private military and security companies and extractive industry companies from a human rights perspective in law and practice. MiningWatch Canada, Ottawa. Available at https://miningwatch.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=c89185f430617e4dc1a02762e&id=bbbec74b10&e=9e15bb0108.Google Scholar
D’Odorico, P., Davis, K. F., Rosa, L., et al. (2018). The global food-energy-water nexus. Reviews of Geophysics 56, 456–531.Google Scholar
da Rocha, D. F., Porto, M. F., Pacheco, T., & Leroy, J. P. (2018). The map of conflicts related to environmental injustice and health in Brazil. Sustainability Science 13, 709–719.Google Scholar
Davis, K. F., D’Odorico, P., & Rulli, M. C. (2014). Land grabbing: a preliminary quantification of economic impacts on rural livelihoods. Population and Environment 36, 180–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawe, D., & Drechsler, D. (2010). Hunger on the rise: number of hungry people tops one billion. Finance and Development March, 40–41.Google Scholar
De Schutter, O. (2009). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food – Addendum: Large-scale land acquisitions and leases: a set of minimum principles and measures to address the human rights challenge (No. A/HRC/13/33/Add.2). United Nations, New York. Available at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G09/177/97/PDF/G0917797.pdf?OpenElement.Google Scholar
Dell’Angelo, J., D’Odorico, P., & Rulli, M. C. (2017). Threats to sustainable development posed by land and water grabbing. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 26 –27, 120–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dell’Angelo, J., Rulli, M. C., & D’Odorico, P. (2018). The global water grabbing syndrome. Ecological Economics 143, 276–285.Google Scholar
Dell’Angelo, J., D’Odorico, P., Rulli, M. C., & Marchand, P. (2017). The tragedy of the grabbed commons: coercion and dispossession in the global land rush. World Development 92, 1–12.Google Scholar
Dobbs, R., Remes, J., Manyika, J., et al. (2012). Urban World: Cities and the Rise of the Consuming Class. Washington, DC: McKinsey Global Institute. Available at www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/dotcom/Insights%20and%20pubs/MGI/Research/Urbanization/Urban%20world%20-%20Rise%20of%20the%20consuming%20class/MGI-Urban-world_Full%20Report_June%202012.ashx.Google Scholar
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2016). Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean 2016. Santiago: ECLAC. Available at https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/40214/S1600662_en.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar
Economist (2009). Buying farmland abroad: outsourcing’s third wave. Economist, May 21.Google Scholar
Economist (2019). Black in business. Economist, June 29, pp. 54–55.Google Scholar
Eisler, R., & Wiemeyer, S. N. (2004). Cyanide hazards to plants and animals from gold mining and related water issues. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 183, 21–54.Google ScholarPubMed
Elgstrand, K., Sherson, D. L., Jørs, E., et al. (2017). Safety and health in mining, part 1. Occupational Health Southern Africa 23, 10–20.Google Scholar
Ensmenger, N. (2018). The environmental history of computing. Technology and Culture 59, S7–S33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria (2005). Gas Flaring in Nigeria: A Human Rights, Environmental and Economic Monstrosity. Amsterdam: Climate Justice Programme, Friends of the Earth International. Available at www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/gas_flaring_nigeria.pdf.Google Scholar
Feachem, R. G. A. (2001). Globalisation is good for your health, mostly. British Medical Journal 323, 504–506.Google Scholar
Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria Conservation Foundation, WWF UK, & CEESP-IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (2006). Niger Delta Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Project. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Available at https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/niger_delta_natural_resource_damage_assessment_and_restoration_project_recommendation.doc.Google Scholar
Fitzgibbon, W., Hamilton, M. M., & Schilis-Gallego, C. Ã. (2015). Australian mining companies digging a deadly footprint in Africa. International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (online). Available at www.icij.org/project/fatal-extraction/australian-mining-companies-digging-deadly-footprint-africa.Google Scholar
Gamu, J., Le Billon, P., & Spiegel, S. (2015). Extractive industries and poverty: a review of recent findings and linkage mechanisms. Extractive Industries and Society 2, 162–176.Google Scholar
Gary, I., & Karl, T. L. (2003). Bottom of the Barrel: Africa’s Oil Boom and the Poor. Baltimore: Catholic Relief Services. Available at www.justiceinitiative.org/db/resource2/fs/?file_id=15674.Google Scholar
Gettleman, J. (2017). Vanishing land fuels “looming crisis” across Africa. New York Times, July 29. Available at www.nytimes.com/2017/07/29/world/africa/africa-climate-change-kenya-land-disputes.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news.Google Scholar
Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (2019). The new ranking: top 30 flaring countries (2014–2018). World Bank (online). Available at http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/645771560185594790/pdf/New-ranking-Top-30-flaring-countries-2014-2018.pdf.Google Scholar
Global Witness (2019). At What Cost? Irresponsible Business and the Murder of Land and Environmental Defenders in 2017 (updated January 2019). London: Global Witness. Available at www.globalwitness.org/documents/19595/Defenders_report_layout_AW4_update_disclaimer.pdf.Google Scholar
Gordon, T., & Webber, J. R. (2008). Imperialism and resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin America. Third World Quarterly 29, 63–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, T., & Webber, J. R. (2016). Blood of Extraction: Canadian Imperialism in Latin America. Winnipeg: Fernwood.Google Scholar
Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2017). Letter dated 8 August 2017 from the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo extended pursuant to Security Council Resolution 2293 (2016) addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2017/672/Rev.1). United Nations Security Council, New York. Available at www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2017-672_rev_1.pdf.Google Scholar
Helwege, A. (2015). Challenges with resolving mining conflicts in Latin America. Extractive Industries and Society 2, 73–84.Google Scholar
Hendryx, M. (2015). The public health impacts of surface coal mining. Extractive Industries and Society 2, 820–826.Google Scholar
Hertz-Picciotto, I., Sass, J. B., Engel, S., et al. (2018). Organophosphate exposures during pregnancy and child neurodevelopment: recommendations for essential policy reforms. PLoS Medicine 15, e1002671.Google Scholar
High Level Panel on Illicit Financial Flows from Africa (2015). Track it, stop it, get it! Illicit financial flows, in AU/ECA Conference of Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development. Addis Ababa. Available at www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/iff_main_report_26feb_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A. (1998). King Leopold’s Ghost. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Holden, W., Nadeau, K., & Jacobson, R. D. (2011). Exemplifying accumulation by dispossession: mining and indigenous peoples in the Philippines. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 93, 141–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Human Rights Watch (2012). “Waiting Here for Death”: Forced Displacement and “Villagization” in Ethiopia’s Gambella Region. New York: Human Rights Watch. Available at www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ethiopia0112webwcover_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Imai, S., Gardner, L., & Weinberger, S. (2017). The “Canada Brand”: Violence and Canadian Mining Companies in Latin America (Legal Studies Research Paper Series No. 17). Toronto: Osgoode Hall Law School, York University. Available at https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2886584.Google Scholar
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (2015). Evicted and abandoned: the World Bank’s broken promise to the poor. International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (online). Available at www.icij.org/project/world-bank.Google Scholar
Kadandale, S., Marten, R., & Smith, R. (2019). The palm oil industry and noncommunicable diseases. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 97, 128.Google Scholar
Karl, T. L. (1999). The perils of the petro-state: reflections on the paradox of plenty. Journal of International Affairs 53, 31–48.Google Scholar
Katwala, A. (2018). The spiralling environmental cost of our lithium battery addiction. Wired (online). Available at www.wired.co.uk/article/lithium-batteries-environment-impact.Google Scholar
Kawachi, I., & Wamala, S. (2007). Poverty and inequality in a globalizing world, in Kawachi, I., & Wamala, S. (eds.), Globalisation and Health. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 122–137.Google Scholar
Kneen, J. (2009). Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo. MiningWatch Canada (online). Available at https://miningwatch.ca/blog/2009/5/6/mining-democratic-republic-congo.Google Scholar
Krieger, N. (2011). Epidemiology and the People’s Health: Theory and Context. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Land Matrix (2019). Online public database on land deals. Available at http://landmatrix.org/en/ (accessed July 4, 2019).Google Scholar
Le Billon, P. (2011). Extractive Sectors and Illicit Financial Flows: What Role for Revenue Governance Initiatives? (U4 Issue No. 13). Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2474929.Google Scholar
Lees, L., Shin, H. B., & López-Morales, E. (eds.) (2015). Global Gentrifications: Uneven Development and Displacement. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Lima, R. (2018). Austerity and the future of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS): health in perspective. Health Promotion International 34, i20–i27.Google Scholar
Lombrana, L. M. (2019). Saving the planet with electric cars means strangling this desert. Bloomberg Hyperdrive (online). Available at www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-06-11/saving-the-planet-with-electric-cars-means-strangling-this-desert.Google Scholar
London, L., & Kisting, S. (2016). The extractive industries: can we find new solutions to seemingly intractable problems? New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 25, 421–430.Google Scholar
Markham, L. (2019). Who keeps buying California’s scarce water? Saudi Arabia. Guardian, March 25. Available at www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/25/california-water-drought-scarce-saudi-arabia.Google Scholar
Mason, N. M., Jayne, T. S., Chapoto, A., & Donovan, C. (2011). Putting the 2007–2008 global food crisis in longer-term perspective: trends in staple food affordability in urban Zambia and Kenya. Food Policy 36, 350–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKeon, N. (2014). The new alliance for food security and nutrition: a coup for corporate capital. TNI Agrarian Justice Programme policy paper. Transnational Institute, Amsterdam. Available at www.tni.org/files/download/the_new_alliance.pdf.Google Scholar
Meheus, F., & McIntyre, D. (2017). Fiscal space for domestic funding of health and other social services. Health Economics, Policy and Law 12, 159–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Middeldorp, N., Morales, C., & van der Haar, G. (2016). Social mobilisation and violence at the mining frontier: the case of Honduras. Extractive Industries and Society 3, 930–938.Google Scholar
Moreda, T., & Spoor, M. (2015). The politics of large-scale land acquisitions in Ethiopia: state and corporate elites and subaltern villagers. Canadian Journal of Development Studies 36, 224–240.Google Scholar
Munarriz, G. (2008). Rhetoric and reality: the World Bank development policies, mining corporations, and Indigenous communities in Latin America. International Community Law Review 10, 431–443.Google Scholar
Ngugi, F. (2017). What makes Luanda most expensive city in the world? Face2Face Africa (online). Available at https://face2faceafrica.com/article/luanda-expensive-2.Google Scholar
Nolte, K., Chamberlain, W., & Giger, M. (2016). International Land Deals for Agriculture: Fresh Insights from the Land Matrix. Analytical Report II. Bern: Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern. Available at www.landmatrix.org/media/filer_public/ab/c8/abc8b563-9d74-4a47-9548-cb59e4809b4e/land_matrix_2016_analytical_report_draft_ii.pdf.Google Scholar
North, L. L., & Grinspun, R. (2016). Neo-extractivism and the new Latin American developmentalism: the missing piece of rural transformation. Third World Quarterly 37, 1483–1504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, E., Nhamire, B., Niu, S., et al. (2017). China spins a global food web from Mozambique to Missouri. Bloomberg News, May 22 (online). Available at www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-05-22/china-spins-a-global-food-web-from-mozambique-to-missouri.Google Scholar
Ortiz, I., Chai, J., & Cummins, M. (2011). Escalating food prices: the threat to poor households and policies to safeguard a recovery for all. Social and Economic Policy Working Paper. UNICEF, New York. Available at www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/files/Escalating_Food_Prices.pdf.Google Scholar
Ottersen, O. P., Dasgupta, J., Blouin, C., et al. (2014). The political origins of health inequity: prospects for change. Lancet 383, 630–667.Google Scholar
Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003). Final Report to the Secretary-General (S/2003/1027). United Nations, New York. Available at https://miningwatch.ca/sites/default/files/N0356736.pdf.Google Scholar
Phillips, D., & Brasileiro, D. (2019). Brazil dam disaster: firm knew of potential impact months in advance. Guardian, March 1. Available at www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/28/brazil-dam-collapse-samarco-fundao-mining.Google Scholar
Porsani, J., Caretta, M. A., & Lehtilä, K. (2019). Large-scale land acquisitions aggravate the feminization of poverty: findings from a case study in Mozambique. Geojournal 84, 215–236.Google Scholar
Prain, G. (2010). Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on the Food Security of Poor Urban Households: Synthesis Report on Five City Case Studies. Leusden: Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security Foundation. Available at www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/Synthesis%20report%20final.pdf.Google Scholar
PriceWaterhouse Coopers (2016). The Choice to Change: Africa Oil and Gas Review. PwC in South Africa. Available at www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/africa-oil-and-gas-review-2016.pdf.Google Scholar
Purdy, J. (2016). The violent remaking of Appalachia. The Atlantic (online). Available at www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/03/the-violent-remaking-of-appalachia/474603/.Google Scholar
Reed, K. (2009). Crude Existence: Environment and the Politics of Oil in Northern Angola. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ridde, V., Campbell, B., & Martel, A. (2015). Mining revenue and access to health care in Africa: could the revenue drawn from well-managed mining sectors finance exemption from payment for health? Development in Practice 25, 909–918.Google Scholar
Roche, C., Thygesen, K., & Baker, E. (eds.) (2017). Mine Tailings Storage: Safety Is No Accident. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. Available at https://gridarendal-website.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/371/original/RRA_MineTailings_lores.pdf?1510660693.Google Scholar
Ross, M. L. (2015). What have we learned about the resource curse? Annual Review of Political Science 18, 239–259.Google Scholar
Ruel, M. T., Garrett, J. L., Hawkes, C., & Cohen, M. J. (2010). The food, fuel, and financial crises affect the urban and rural poor disproportionately: a review of the evidence. Journal of Nutrition 140, 170S–176S.Google Scholar
Rulli, M. C., Casirati, S., Dell’Angelo, J., et al. (2019). Interdependencies and telecoupling of oil palm expansion at the expense of Indonesian rainforest. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 105, 499–512.Google Scholar
Rulli, M. C., & D’Odorico, P. (2014). Food appropriation through large scale land acquisitions. Environmental Research Letters 9(064030), 1–9.Google Scholar
Rulli, M. C., Passera, C., Chiarelli, D. D., & D’Odorico, P. (2018). Socio-environmental effects of large-scale land acquisition in Mozambique, in Petrillo, A., & Bellaviti, P. (eds.), Sustainable Urban Development and Globalization: New Strategies for New Challenges – With a Focus on the Global South. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 377–389.Google Scholar
Rulli, M. C., Saviori, A., & D’Odorico, P. (2013). Global land and water grabbing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 110, 892–897.Google Scholar
Sarkar, A. (2019). Environmental impact assessment of uranium mining on Indigenous land in Labrador (Canada): biases and manipulations. Environmental Justice 12, 61–68.Google Scholar
Sassen, S. (2010). A savage sorting of winners and losers: contemporary versions of primitive accumulation. Globalizations 7, 23–50.Google Scholar
Schandl, H., Fischer-Kowalski, M., West, J., et al. (2016). Global Material Flows and Resource Productivity: Assessment Report for the UNEP International Resource Panel. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11822/21557.Google Scholar
Schapiro, M. (2019). What happens to environment journalists is chilling: they get killed for their work. Guardian, June 18. Available at www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/18/environment-journalists-killed.Google Scholar
Schrecker, T., Birn, A. E., & Aguilera, M. (2018). How extractive industries affect health: political economy underpinnings and pathways. Health & Place 52, 135–147.Google Scholar
Schrecker, T., Chapman, A., Labonté, R., & De Vogli, R. (2010). Advancing health equity in the global marketplace: how human rights can help. Social Science & Medicine 71, 1520–1526.Google Scholar
Schuppert, F. (2014). Beyond the national resource privilege: towards an International Court of the Environment. International Theory 6, 68–97.Google Scholar
Skinner, E. B. (2013). Indonesia’s palm oil industry rife with human-rights abuses. Bloomberg Businessweek (online), July 18. Available at www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013–07-18/indonesias-palm-oil-industry-rife-with-human-rights-abuses.Google Scholar
Sovacool, B. K. (2019). The precarious political economy of cobalt: balancing prosperity, poverty, and brutality in artisanal and industrial mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Extractive Industries and Society 6, 915–939. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2019.05.018.Google Scholar
Stoop, N., Verpoorten, M., & van der Windt, P. (2018). More legislation, more violence? the impact of Dodd-Frank in the DRC. PLoS ONE 13, e0201783.Google Scholar
Sundaram, J. K., & von Arnim, R. (2012). Economic liberalization and constraints to development in Sub-Saharan Africa, in Noman, A., Botchwey, K., Stein, H., et al. (eds.), Good Growth and Governance in Africa. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 499–535.Google Scholar
Tweedie, N. (2018). Riddle of the sands: the truth behind stolen beaches and dredged islands. Observer, July 1. Available at www.theguardian.com/global/2018/jul/01/riddle-of-the-sands-the-truth-behind-stolen-beaches-and-dredged-islands.Google Scholar
United Nations (2019). Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (online). Available at www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/Welcomepage.aspx.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Programme (2015). National Human Development Report, 2015: Human Security and Human Development in Nigeria. New York: UNDP. Available at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_national_human_development_report_for_nigeria.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2011). Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland. Nairobi: UNEP. Available at https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/OEA/UNEP_OEA.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2003). The Challenge of Slums. London: Earthscan. Available at www.unhabitat.org/pmss/getPage.asp?page=bookView&book=1156.Google Scholar
Varkkey, H., Tyson, A., & Choiruzzad, S. A. B. (2018). Palm oil intensification and expansion in Indonesia and Malaysia: environmental and socio-political factors influencing policy. Forest Policy and Economics 92, 148–159.Google Scholar
Wallis, W. (2014). Nigeria’s super elite laps up luxury as 60% live in severe poverty. Financial Times (online). Available at www.ft.com/cms/s/0/54a6d688-bb14-11e3-948c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3L1QwcUwU.Google Scholar
Watts, J. (2019a). Jagendra Singh: the Indian journalist burned to death. Guardian, June 17. Available at www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/17/writing-truth-weighing-heavily-on-my-life-murder-jagendra-singh.Google Scholar
Watts, J. (2019b). Murder, rape, and claims of contamination at a Tanzanian goldmine. Guardian, June 18. Available at www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/18/murder-rape-claims-of-contamination-tanzanian-goldmine.Google Scholar
Wenar, L. (2008). Property rights and the resource curse. Philosophy and Public Affairs 36(1), 2–32.Google Scholar
Wenar, L. (2013). Fighting the resource curse. Global Policy 4, 298–304.Google Scholar
White, B., Borras, S., Hall, R., et al. (2012). The new enclosures: critical perspectives on corporate land deals. Journal of Peasant Studies 39, 619–647.Google Scholar
Whitehead, M., Pennington, A., Orton, L., et al. (2016). How could differences in “control over destiny” lead to socio-economic inequalities in health? A synthesis of theories and pathways in the living environment. Health & Place 39, 51–61.Google Scholar
Wolford, W., & Nehring, R. (2015). Constructing parallels: Brazilian expertise and the commodification of land, labour and money in Mozambique. Canadian Journal of Development Studies 36, 208–223.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (2016). Angola grapples with worst yellow fever outbreak in 30 years. World Health Organization (online). Available at www.who.int/features/2016/angola-worst-yellow-fever/en/.Google Scholar
Yakubu, O. H. (2017). Addressing environmental health problems in Ogoniland through implementation of United Nations Environment Program recommendations: environmental management strategies. Environments 4, 12–19. doi:10.3390/environments4020028.Google Scholar
Zeuner, B. (2018). An obsolescing bargain in a rentier state: multinationals, artisanal miners, and cobalt in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Frontiers in Energy Research 6, 123.Google Scholar
Zucman, G. (2014). Taxing across borders: tracking personal wealth and corporate profits. Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, 121–148.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×