Secondary sourcesAbram, A., “Women Traders in Medieval London,” Economic Journal 26 (1916), 276–85
Alexander, Sally, Women's Work in Nineteenth-Century London: A Study of the Years 1820–1850 (London: Journeyman Press, 1983)
Alexander, Sally, Becoming a Woman and Other Essays in 19th and 20th Century Feminist History (New York: New York University Press, 1995)
Allen, Robert C., Enclosure and the Yeoman: The Agricultural Development of the South Midlands 1450–1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992)
Allen, Robert C. and Cormac, O Gráda, “On the Road Again with Arthur Young: English, Irish and French Agriculture during the Industrial Revolution,” Journal of Economic History 48 (1988), 93–116
Allen, R. G. D., Mathematical Analysis for Economists (New York: St. Martin's Press, [1938] 1964)
Anderson, Michael, “Mis-Specification of Servants' Occupations in the 1851 Census: A Problem Revisited,” Local Population Studies 60 (1998), 58–64
Atack, Jeremy, Bateman, Fred, and Margo, Robert, “Productivity in Manufacturing and the Length of the Working Day: Evidence from the 1880 Census of Manufactures,” Explorations in Economic History 40 (2003), 170–94
August, Andrew, “How Separate a Sphere? Poor Women and Paid Work in Late-Victorian London,” Journal of Family History 19 (1994), 285–309
Bailey, Martha, “More Power to the Pill: The Impact of Contraceptive Freedom on Women's Life Cycle Labor Supply,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 121 (2006), 289–320
Bardsley, Sandy, “Women's Work Reconsidered: Gender and Wage Differentiation in Late Medieval England,” Past and Present165 (1999), 3–29
Becker, Gary, The Economics of Discrimination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957)
Bekaert, Geert, “Caloric Consumption in Industrializing Belgium,” Journal of Economic History 51 (1991), 633–55
Ben-Amos, Ilana Krausman, “Women Apprentices in the Trades and Crafts of Early Modern Brisol,” Continuity and Change 6 (1991), 227–52
Benjamin, Dwayne and Brandt, Loren, “Markets, Discrimination, and the Economic Contribution of Women in China: Historical Evidence,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 44 (1995), 63–104
Berg, Maxine, The Age of Manufactures, 1700–1820 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986)
Berg, Maxine, “Women's Work, Mechanisation and the Early Phases of Industrialisation in England,” in Joyce, Patrick, ed., The Historical Meanings of Work (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987)
Berg, Maxine, “What Difference Did Women's Work Make to the Industrial Revolution?” History Workshop Journal 35 (1993), 22–44
Bergmann, Barbara, “The Effect on White Incomes of Discrimination on Employment,” Journal of Political Economy 79 (1971), 294–313
Bergmann, Barbara, “Occupational Segregation, Wages and Profits when Employers Discriminate by Race or Sex,” Eastern Economic Journal 1 (1974), 103–10
Blau, Francine and Kahn, Lawrence, “Gender Differences in Pay,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (2000), 75–99
Booker, John, “A History of the Ancient Chapel of Denton,” Remains Historical and Literary connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester, The Chetham Society, vol. 37 (1861)
Borjas, George, “The Substitutability of Black, Hispanic, and White Labor,” Economic Inquiry 21 (1983), 93–106
Borjas, George and Bronars, Stephen, “Consumer Discrimination and Self-Employment,” Journal of Political Economy 97 (1989), 581–605
Boserup, Ester, Women's Role in Economic Development (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1970)
Boyd, Percival, Roll of the Drapers' Company of London: Collected from the Company Records and Other Sources (Croydon: J. A. Gordon, 1934)
Boyer, George, An Economic History of the English Poor Law, 1750–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990)
Boyer, George and Hatton, Timothy, “Did Joseph Arch Raise Agricultural Wages? Rural Trade Unions and the Labour Market in Late Nineteenth-Century England,” Economic History Review 47 (1994), 310–34
Bradley, L. Barbara and Black, Anne, “Women Compositors and the Factory Acts,” Economic Journal 9 (1899), 261–6
Brenner, Johanna and Ramas, Maria, “Rethinking Women's Oppression,” New Left Review 144 (1984), 33–71
Broad, John, “Regional Perspectives and Variations in English Dairying, 1650–1850,” in Hoyle, R., ed., People, Landscape and Alternative Agriculture (Exeter: British Agricultural History Society, 2004)
Brooke, Christopher, A History of the University of Cambridge, vol. IV (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993)
Brooks, George and Fahey, Thomas, Exercise Physiology (New York: John Wiley, 1984)
Browne, Kingsley, Divided Labours: An Evolutionary View of Women at Work (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999)
Brunt, Liam, “Rehabilitating Arthur Young,” Economic History Review 56 (2003), 265–99
Burchardt, Jeremy, The Allotment Movement in England, 1793–1873 (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2002)
Burke, Gill, “The Decline of the Independent Bâl Maiden: The Impact of Change in the Cornish Mining Industry,” in John, Angela, ed., Unequal Opportunities (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986)
Burnette, Joyce, “‘Laborers at the Oakes’: Changes in the Demand for Female Day-Laborers at a Farm near Sheffield during the Agricultural Revolution,” Journal of Economic History 59 (1999), 41–67
Burnette, Joyce, “The wages and employment of female day-labourers in English agriculture, 1740–1850,” Economic History Review 57 (2004), 664–90
Burnette, Joyce, “How Skilled Were English Agricultural Labourers in the Early Nineteenth Century?” Economic History Review 59 (2006), 688–716
Burnette, Joyce, “Married with Children: The Family Status of Female Day-Labourers at Two South-Western Farms,” Agricultural History Review 55 (2007), 75–94
Burnley, James, The History of Wool and Woolcombing (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1889)
Bythell, Duncan, The Handloom Weavers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969).
Bythell, Duncan, The Sweated Trades (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978)
Bythell, Duncan, “Women in the Work Force,” in Patrick, O'Brien and Quinault, Roland, eds., The Industrial Revolution in British Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993)
Campbell, Alan, “The Scots Colliers' Strikes of 1824–1826,” in John Rule, ed., British Trade Unionism, 1750–1850: The Formative Years (New York: Longman, 1988)
Campbell, Carl and Kamlani, Kunal, “The Reasons for Wage Rigidity: Evidence from a Survey of Firms,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (1997), 759–89
Card, David and Krueger, Alan, Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995)
Chartres, John, “English Landed Society and the Servants Tax of 1777,” in Negley Harte and Roland Quinault, eds., Land and Society in Britain, 1700–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996)
Christian, E. B. V., A Short History of Solicitors (London: Reeves and Turner, 1896)
Clark, Alice, Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century (London: Routledge, 1919)
Clark, Gregory, “Agriculture and the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1850,” in Mokyr, Joel, ed., The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993)
Cockburn, Cynthia, Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change, 2nd edn (London: Pluto Press, 1991)
Cohen, Jacob, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edn (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988)
Cole, G. D. H., Attempts at General Union: A Study in British Trade Union History, 1818–1834 (London: Macmillan, 1953)
Collier, Frances, The Family Economy of the Working Classes in the Cotton Industry (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1964)
Collins, E. J. T., “Harvest Technology and Labour Supply in Britain, 1790–1870,” Economic History Review 22 (1969), 453–73
Combs, Mary Beth, “‘A Measure of Legal Independence’: The 1870 Married Women's Property Act and the Portfolio Allocations of British Wives,” Journal of Economic History 65 (2005), 1028–57
Cooper, John, Adrian, Marlene, and Glassow, Ruth, Kinesiology (St. Louis: C. V. Mosby, 1982)
Cowan, Ruth Schwartz, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (New York: Basic Books, 1983)
Cox, Donald and Nye, John Vincent, “Male–Female Wage Discrimination in Nineteenth-Century France,” Journal of Economic History 49 (1989), 903–20
Craig, Lee A. and Elizabeth, Field-Hendrey, “Industrialization and the Earnings Gap: Regional and Sectoral Tests of the Goldin-Sokoloff Hypothesis,” Explorations in Economic History 30 (1993), 60–80
Crouzet, François, ed., Capital Formation in the Industrial Revolution (London: Methuen, 1972)
Crouzet, François, The First Industrialists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985)
Cunningham, Hugh, “The Employment and Unemployment of Children in England,” Past and Present 126 (1990), 115–50
David, Paul, Technical Choice, Innovation and Economic Growth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975)
Davidoff, Leonore, “The Role of Gender in the ‘First Industrial Nation’: Agriculture in England 1780–1850,” in Rosemary, Crompton and Mann, Michael, eds.,Gender and Stratification (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986)
Davidoff, Leonore and Hall, Catherine, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987)
Davidoff, Leonore and Hall, Catherine, “ ‘The Hidden Investment’: Women and the Enterprise,” in Sharpe, P., ed., Women's Work: The English Experience, 1650–1914 (London: Arnold, 1998)
Shani, D'Cruze, “‘To Acquaint the Ladies’: Women Traders in Colchester c. 1750 – c. 1800,” The Local Historian 17 (1986), 158–61
DeVries, Jan, “Between Purchasing Power and the World of Goods: Understanding the Household Economy in Early Modern Europe,” in Sharpe, Pamela, ed., Women's Work: The English Experience, 1650–1914 (London: Arnold, 1998)
Digby, Anne, Making a Medical Living: Doctors and Patients in the English Market for Medicine, 1720–1911 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)
Dobson, C. R., Masters and Journeymen: A Prehistory of Industrial Relations (London: Croom Helm, 1980)
Donnison, Jean, Midwives and Medical Men (London: Historical Publications, 1988)
Doraszelski, Ulrich, “Measuring Returns to Scale in Nineteenth-Century French Industry,” Explorations in Economic History 41 (2004), 256–81
Drake, Barbara, Women in Trade Unions (London: Virago Press, [1920] 1984)
Duncan, O. D. and Duncan, B., “A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes,” American Sociological Review 20 (1955), 210–17
Dunlop, O. Jocelyn, “Some Aspects of Early English Apprenticeship,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 3rd series, 5 (1911), 193–208
Dunlop, O. Jocelyn, English Apprenticeship and Child Labor (New York: Macmillan, 1912)
Dunlop, O. Jocelyn and Denman, Richard, English Apprenticeship and Child Labour: A History (London: Unwin, 1912)
Earle, Peter, “The Female Labour Market in London in the Late Seventeenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries,” Economic History Review 42 (1980), 328–53
Edgeworth, F. Y., “Equal Pay to Men and Women for Equal Work,” Economic Journal 32 (1922), 431–57
Feinstein, Charles, “New Estimates of Average Earnings in the United Kingdom, 1880–1913,” Economic History Review 43 (1990), 595–632
Feinstein, Charles, “Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution,” Journal of Economic History 58 (1998), 625–58
Felkin, William, A History of the Machine-Wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1867)
Fogel, Robert W., “Nutrition and the Decline in Mortality since 1700: Some Preliminary Findings,” in Engerman, S. and Gallman, R., eds., Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986)
Freeman, Richard, “The Effect of Demographic Factors on the Age–Earnings Profiles,” Journal of Human Resources 14 (1979), 289–318
Freeman, Richard and Medoff, James, What Do Unions Do? (New York: Basic Books, 1984)
Freifeld, Mary, “Technological Change and the ‘Self-Acting’ Mule: A Study of Skill and the Sexual Division of Labour,” Social History 2 (1986), 319–43
Frohse, Franz , Brodel, Max, and Schlossberg, Leon, Atlas of Anatomy (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1961)
Gardner, Phil, The Lost Elementary Schools of Victorian England (London: Croom Helm, 1984)
Garner, S. Paul, Evolution of Cost Accounting (University of Alabama Press, 1954)
George, Dorothy, London Life in the Eighteenth Century (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1925)
George, Dorothy, “The Combination Laws,” Economic History Review 6 (1936), 172–8
Gielgud, Judy, “Nineteenth Century Farm Women in Northumberland and Cumbria: The Neglected Workforce,” unpublished PhD thesis, University of Sussex, 1992
Gilboy, Elizabeth Waterman, “Labour at Thornborough: An Eighteenth Century Estate,” Economic History Review 3 (1932), 388–98
Goldin, Claudia, Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)
Goldin, Claudia, “The Changing Economic Role of Women: A Quantitative Approach,” in Whalpes, Robert and Betts, Dianne, eds., Historical Perspectives on the American Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)
Goldin, Claudia, Katz, Lawrence, and Kuziemko, Ilyana, “The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 (2006), 133–56
Goldin, Claudia and Sokoloff, Kenneth, “The Relative Productivity Hypothesis of Industrialization: The American Case, 1820 to 1850,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 99 (1984), 461–87
Grant, James and Hamermesh, Daniel, “Labour Market Competition among Youths, White Women and Others,” Review of Economics and Statistics 63 (1981), 354–60
Grier, L., “Women's Education at Oxford,” Handbook of the University of Oxford (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969)
Gross, Edward, “Plus Ça Change …? The Sexual Structure of Occupations over Time,” Social Problems 16 (1968), 198–208
Gullickson, Gay, Spinners and Weavers of Auffay: Rural Industry and the Sexual Division of Labor in a French Village, 1750–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986)
Gullickson, Gay, “Love and Power in the Proto-Industrial Family,” in Maxine, Berg., ed., Markets and Manufacture in Early Industrial Europe (London: Routledge, 1991)
Haegeland, Torbjorn and Klette, Tor Jakob, “Do Higher Wages Reflect Higher Productivity? Education, Gender and Experience Premiums in a Matched Plant-Worker Data Set,” in Haltwanger, J., Lane, J., Spletzer, J. R., Theeuwes, J., and Troske, K., eds., The Creation and Analysis of Employer–Employee Matched Data (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1999)
Hall, Catherine, White, Male and Middle-Class: Explorations in Feminism and History (New York: Routledge, 1992)
Hall, Kermit, ed., The Oxford Companion to American Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)
Hamermesh, Daniel, Labor Demand (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993)
Hamermesh, Daniel, Frazis, Harley, and Stewart, Jay, “Data Watch: The American Time Use Survey,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 (2005), 221–32
Hammond, J. L. and Hammond, B., The Skilled Labourer, 1760–1832 (London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1920)
Hanks, Patrick and Hodges, Flavia, A Dictionary of First Names (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)
Harrison, Brian, “Class and Gender in Modern British Labour History,” Past and Present 124 (1989), 121–58
Hartmann, Heidi, “Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 1 (1976), 137–69
Hartmann, Heidi, “The Family as the Locus of Gender, Class, and Political Struggle: The Example of Housework,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6 (1981), 336–94
Hatton, Timothy and Bailey, Roy, “Women's Work in Census and Survey, 1911–1931,” Economic History Review 54 (2001), 87–107
Hatton, T. J., Boyer, G. R., and Bailey, R. E., “The Union Wage Effect in Late Nineteenth-Century Britain,” Economica 61 (1994), 435–56
Hatton, Timothy and Williamson, Jeffrey, “Integrated and Segmented Labor Markets: Thinking in Two Sectors,” Journal of Economic History 51 (1991), 413–25
Hausman, J. A., “Specification Test in Econometrics,” Econometrica 46 (1978), 1251–71
Heaton, H., “Benjamin Gott and the Industrial Revolution in Yorkshire,” Economic History Review 3 (1931), 45–66
Hellerstein, Judith, Neumark, David, and Troske, Kenneth, “Wages, Productivity, and Worker Characteristics: Evidence from Plant-Level Production Functions and Wage Equations,” Journal of Labor Economics 17 (1999), 409–46
Hicks, J. R., The Theory of Wages (New York: Peter Smith, [1932] 1948)
Higgs, Edward, “Domestic Service and Household Production,” in Angela, John, ed., Unequal Opportunities (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986)
Higgs, Edward, “Women, Occupations and Work in the Nineteenth Century Censuses,” History Workshop Journal 23 (1987), 59–80
Higgs, Edward, Making Sense of the Census: The Manuscript Returns for England and Wales, 1801–1901 (London: HMSO, 1989)
Hill, Bridget, Women, Work and Sexual Politics in Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989)
Hill, Bridget, “Women, Work and the Census: A Problem for Historians of Women,” History Workshop Journal 35 (1993), 78–94
Hill, Bridget and Hill, Christopher, “Catherine Macaulay and the Seventeenth Century,” Welsh History Review 3 (1967), 381–402
Hindle, Steve, “‘Waste’ Children? Pauper Apprenticeship under the Elizabethan Poor Laws, c. 1598–1697,” in Lane, P., Raven, N., and Snell, K. D. M., eds., Women, Work and Wages in England, 1600–1850 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004)
Hobsbawm, E. J. and Rudé, George, Captain Swing (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1969)
Honeyman, Katrina, Women, Gender and Industrialisation in England, 1700–1870 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000)
Honeyman, Katrina and Goodman, Jordan, “Women's Work, Gender Conflict, and Labour Markets in Europe, 1500–1900,” Economic History Review 44 (1991), 608–28
Horn, Pamela, “The Dorset Dairy System,” Agricultural History Review 26 (1978), 100–7
Horrell, Sara and Humphries, Jane, “Women's Labour Force Participation and the Transition to the Male-Breadwinner Family, 1790–1865,” Economic History Review 48 (1995), 89–117
Howe, Ellic, A List of London Bookbinders (London: The Bibliographical Society, 1950)
Huberman, Michael, Escape from the Market: Negotiating Work in Lancashire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Hudson, Pat and Lee, W. R., “Women's Work and the Family Economy in Historical Perspective,” in Hudson, P. and Lee, W. R., eds., Women's Work and the Family Economy in Historical Perspective (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990)
Humphries, Jane, “Class Struggle and the Persistence of the Working-Class Family,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 1 (1977), 241–58
Humphries, Jane, “Protective Legislation, the Capitalist State, and Working Class Men: The Case of the 1842 Mines Regulation Act,” Feminist Review 7 (1981), 1–33
Humphries, Jane, “ ‘… The Most Free from Objection …’ The Sexual Division of Labor and Women's Work in Nineteenth-Century England,” Journal of Economic History 47 (1987), 929–50
Humphries, Jane, “Enclosures, Common Rights, and Women: The Proletarianization of Families in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteeth Centuries,” Journal of Economic History 50 (1990), 17–42
Hunt, E. H., Regional Wage Variations in Britain, 1850–1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973)
Hunt, Felicity, “Opportunities Lost and Gained: Mechanization and Women's Work in the London Bookbinding and Printing Trades,” in Angela, John, ed., Unequal Opportunities (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986)
Hutchins, B. L. and Harrison, A., A History of Factory Legislation (Westminster: P. S. King & Son, Orchard House, 1903)
Hutton, Diane, “Women in Fourteenth Century Shrewsbury,” in Lindsey Charles and Lorna Duffin, eds., Women and Work in Pre-Industrial England (London: Croom Helm, 1985)
Jacoby, Hanan, “Productivity of Men and Women and the Sexual Division of Labor in Peasant Agriculture of the Peruvian Sierra,” Journal of Development Economics 37 (1992), 265–87
John, Angela V., “Colliery Legislation and Its Consequences: 1842 and the Women Miners of Lancashire,” Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 61 (1978), 78–114
John, Angela V., By the Sweat of their Brow: Women Workers at Victorian Coal Mines (London: Croom Helm, 1980)
Johnson, Paul, “Age, Gender and the Wage in Britain, 1830–1930,” in Peter Scholliers and Leonard Schwarz, eds., Experiencing Wages: Social and Cultural Aspects of Wage Forms in Europe since 1500 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2003)
Johnstone, Frederick, Class, Race and Gold: A Study of Class Relations and Racial Discrimination in South Africa (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976)
Jones, Bruce, Bovee, Matthew, and Knapik, Joseph “Associations among Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Injury in Men and Women Army Trainees,” in Marriott, B. and Gumstrup-Scott, J., eds., Body Composition and Physical Performance (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992)
Jones, Philip E., The Butchers of London (London: Secker and Warburg, 1976)
Jordan, Ellen, “The Exclusion of Women from Industry in Nineteenth-Century Britain,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 31 (1989), 273–96
Joshi, Heather and Paci, Pierella, Unequal Pay for Women and Men: Evidence from the British Birth Cohort Studies (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998)
Jupp, Edward Basil and Pocock, William Willmer, An Historical Account of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters of the City of London (London: Pickering and Chatto, 1887)
Juster, F. Thomas and Stafford, Frank P., “The Allocation of Time: Empirical Findings, Behavioral Models, and Problems of Measurement,” Journal of Economic Literature 29 (1991), 471–522
Kahn, Lawrence, “Customer Discrimination and Affirmative Action,” Economic Inquiry 29 (1991), 555–71
Kay, Alison, “Retailing, Respectability and the Independent Woman in Nineteenth-Century London,” in Beachy, Robert, Craig, Beatrice, and Owens, Alastair, eds., Women, Business and Finance in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Rethinking Separate Spheres (Oxford: Berg, 2006)
Kelsall, Keith, “Wage Regulations under the Statute of Artificers,” reprinted in Minchinton, W. E., ed., Wage Regulation in Pre-Industrial England (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, [1938] 1972)
Kendrick, W., “Cast Iron Hollow-ware, Tinned and Enamelled, and Cast Ironmongery,” in Timmins, Samuel, ed., The Resources, Products, and Industrial History of Birmingham and the Midland Hardware District (London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866)
Khan, B. Zorina, “Married Women's Property Laws and Female Commercial Activity: Evidence from United States Patent Records, 1790–1895,” Journal of Economic History 56 (1996), 356–88
King, Peter, “Customary Rights and Women's Earnings: The Importance of Gleaning to the Rural Labouring Poor, 1750–1850,” Economic History Review 44 (1991), 461–76
King, Steven, “‘Meer pennies for my baskitt will be enough’: Women, Work and Welfare, 1700–1830,” in Lane, P., Raven, N., and Snell, K. D. M., eds., Women, Work and Wages in England, 1600–1850 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2004)
Kirby, Peter, Child Labour in Britain, 1750–1870 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2003)
Kirby, R. G. and Musson, A. E., The Voice of the People: John Doherty, 1798–1854, Trade Unionist, Radical and Factory Reformer (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1975)
Kotlikoff, Laurence, “Quantitative Description of the New Orleans Slave Market, 1804 to 1862,” in Fogel, R. W. and Engerman, S. L., eds., Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery, Markets and Production: Technical Papers, vol. I (New York: Norton, 1989)
Kussmaul, Ann, Servants in Husbandry in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981)
Lacey, Kay E., “Women and Work in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century in London,” in Charles, Lindsay and Duffin, Lorna, eds., Women and Work in Pre-Industrial England (London: Croom Helm, 1985)
Land, Hilary, “The Family Wage,” Feminist Review 6 (1980), 55–77
Lane, Joan, Apprenticeship in England, 1600–1914 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996)
Lane, Penelope, “A Customary or Market Wage? Women and Work in the East Midlands, c. 1700–1840,” in Lane, P., Raven, N., and Snell, K. D. M., eds., Women, Work and Wages in England, 1600–1850 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004)
Larson, Magali Sarfatti, The Rise of Professionalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977)
Lazonick, William, “Industrial Relations and Technical Change: The Case of the Self-Acting Mule,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 3 (1979), 231–62
Levitt, Ian and Smout, Christopher, “Farm Workers' Incomes in 1843,” in Devine, T. M., ed., Farm Servants and Labour in Lowland Scotland, 1770–1914 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1984)
Lewenhak, Sheila, Women and Trade Unions (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977)
Lindert, Peter and Williamson, Jeffrey, “English Workers' Living Standards during the Industrial Revolution: A New Look,” Economic History Review 36 (1983), 1–25
Lindle, R. S., et al., “Age and Gender Comparisons of Muscle Strength in 654 Women and Men aged 20–93,” Journal of Applied Physiology 83 (1997), 1581–7
Lynch, N. A., et al., “Muscle Quality. I. Age-associated Differences between Arm and Leg Muscle Groups,” Journal of Applied Physiology 86 (1999), 188–94
Lyon, John, “Family Response to Economic Decline: Handloom Weavers in Early Ninteenth-Century Lancashire,” in Ransom, R., ed., Research in Economic History, vol. XII (London: JAI Press, 1989)
Madoc-Jones, Beryl, “Patterns of Attendance and Their Social Significance: Mitcham National School, 1830–39,” in McCann, Phillip, ed., Popular Education and Socialization in the Nineteenth Century (London: Methuen, 1977)
Malcolmson, Patricia, English Laundresses: A Social History, 1850–1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986)
de Lacy Mann, Julia, The Cloth Industry in the West of England from 1640 to 1880 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971)
Marriott, Bernadette and Judith, Grumstrop-Scott, “Introduction and Background,” in Marriott, Bernadette and Grumstrup-Scott, Judith, eds., Body Composition and Physical Performance (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992)
Marvel, Howard P., “Factory Regulation: A Reinterpretation of Early English Experience,” Journal of Law and Economics 20 (1977), 379–403
McCann, Phillip, “Popular Education, Socialization, and Social Control: Spitalfields 1812–1824,” in McCann, Phillip, ed., Popular Education and Socialization in the Nineteenth Century (London: Methuen, 1977)
McCulloch, Frank and Bornstein, Tim, The National Labor Relations Board (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1974)
McKay, John, “Married Women and Work in Nineteenth-Century Lancashire: The Evidence of the 1851 and 1861 Census Reports,” Local Population Studies 61 (1998), 25–37
McKendrick, Neil, “Home Demand and Economic Growth: A New View of the Role of Women and Children in the Industrial Revolution,” in McKendrick, Neil, ed., Historical Perspectives: Studies in English Thought and Society (London: Europa, 1974)
McMurry, Sally, “Women's Work in Agriculture: Divergent Trends in England and America, 1800 to 1930,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 34 (1992), 248–70
Merrilees, William, “Labor Market Segmentation in Canada: An Econometric Approach,” Canadian Journal of Economics 15 (1982), 458–73
Middleton, Christopher, “The Familiar Fate of the Famulae: Gender Divisions in the History of Wage Labour,” in Pahl, R. E., ed., On Work (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988)
Miller, C., “The Hidden Workforce: Female Fieldworkers in Gloucestershire, 1870–1901,” Southern History 6 (1984), 139–61
Minchinton, W. E., ed., Wage Regulation in Pre-Industrial England (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1972)
Mitch, David, The Rise of Popular Literacy in Victorian England: The Influence of Private Choice and Public Policy (Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1992)
Mitchell, B. R., Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962)
Mokyr, Joel, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)
Mokyr, Joel, “Editor's Introduction: The New Economic History and the Industrial Revolution,” in Mokyr, J., ed., The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993)
Mokyr, Joel, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002)
Montoye, Henry and Lamphiear, Donald, “Grip and Arm Strength in Males and Females, Age 10 to 69,” Research Quarterly 48 (1977), 109–20
Natalia, Mora-Sitja, “Labour Supply and Wage Differentials in an Industrialising Economy: Catalonia in the Long Nineteenth Century,” unpublished PhD thesis, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, 2006
Morgan, Carol, “Work for Girls? The Small Metal Industries in England, 1840–1915,” in Maynes, Mary Jo, Soland, Birgitte, and Benninghaus, Christina, eds., Secret Gardens, Satanic Mills: Placing Girls in European History, 1750–1960 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005)
Morris, Jenny, “The Characteristics of Sweating: The Late-Nineteenth-Century London and Leeds Tailoring Trade,” in John, Angela, ed., Unequal Opportunities (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986)
Morris, R. J., Men, Women, and Property in England, 1780–1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)
Neff, Wanda Fraiken, Victorian Working Women: An Historical and Literary Study of Women in British Industries and Professions, 1832–1850 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1929)
Nicholson, John, Men and Women: How Different Are They? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984)
Rosemary, O'Day, Education and Society, 1500–1800 (New York: Longman, 1982)
Ogilvie, Sheilagh, A Bitter Living: Women, Markets, and Social Capital in Early Modern Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)
Ogilvie, Sheilagh, “Guilds, Efficiency, and Social Capital: Evidence from German Proto-Industry,” Economic History Review 57 (2004), 286–333
Olmstead, Alan and Rhode, Paul, “‘Wait a Cotton Pickin’ Minute!” A New View of Slave Productivity,” presented at the Economic History Association Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, September 17, 2006
Olson, Mancur, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965)
Olson, Mancur, The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982)
Osterud, Nancy Grey, “Gender Divisions and the Organization of Work in the Leicester Hosiery Industry,” in John, Angela, ed., Unequal Opportunities (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986)
Overton, Mark, Agricultural Revolution in England: The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy 1500–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Pelling, Margaret and Webster, Charles, “Medical Practitioners,” in Webster, C., ed., Health, Medicine, and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979)
Perkin, Harold, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780–1880 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969)
Perkin, Harold, The Rise of Professional Society (London: Routledge, 1989)
Perkin, Joan, Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century England (London: Routledge, 1989)
Phillips, Nicola, Women in Business, 1700–1850 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2006)
Pinchbeck, Ivy, Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution 1750–1850 (London: Routledge, 1930)
Pinker, Steven, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (New York: Penguin Books, 2003)
Plummer, Alfred, The Witney Blanket Industry: The Records of the Witney Blanket Weavers (London: Routledge, 1934)
Postan, M. M., “Recent Trends in the Accumulation of Capital,” in Crouzet, François, ed., Capital Formation in the Industrial Revolution (London: Methuen, 1972)
Power, Eileen, Medieval Women, ed. Postan, M. M. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975)
Pressnell, L. S., Country Banking in the Industrial Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956)
Prior, Mary, Women in English Society, 1500–1800 (London: Methuen, 1985)
Randall, Adrian, Before the Luddites (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
Reader, W. J., Professional Men: The Rise of the Professional Classes in Nineteenth-Century England (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966)
Rendall, Jane, Women in an Industrializing Society: England 1750–1880 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990)
Richards, Eric, “Women and the British Economy since about 1700: An Interpretation,” History 59 (1974), 337–57
Roach, John, A History of Secondary Education in England, 1800–1870 (London: Longman, 1986)
Roberts, Elizabeth, Women's Work, 1840–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [1988] 1995)
Roberts, Michael, “Sickles and Scythes: Women's Work and Men's Work at Harvest Time,” History Workshop 7 (1979), 3–28
Roberts, Michael, ‘“Words They Are Women, and Deeds They Are Men”: Images of Work and Gender in Early Modern England’, in Charles, Lindsay and Duffin, Lorna, eds., Women and Work in Pre-Industrial England (London: Croom Helm, 1985)
Roberts, Michael, “Sickles and Scythes Revisited: Harvest Work, Wages and Symbolic Meanings,” in Lane, P., Raven, N., and Snell, K. D. M., eds., Women, Work and Wages in England, 1600–1850 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004)
Robson, Robert, The Attorney in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959)
Rose, Sonya, “‘Gender at Work’: Sex, Class and Industrial Capitalism,” History Workshop Journal 21 (1986), 113–31
Rose, Sonya, “Gender Segregation in the Transition to the Factory: The English Hosiery Industry, 1850–1910,” Feminist Studies 13 (1987), 163–84
Rose, Sonya, “Gender Antagonism and Class Conflict: Exclusionary Strategies of Male Trade Unionists in Nineteenth-Century Britain,” Social History 13 (1988), 191–208
Rose, Sonya, Limited Livelihoods: Gender and Class in Nineteenth-Century England (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992)
Roy, A. D., “Some Thoughts on the Distribution of Earnings,” Oxford Economic Papers 3 (1951), 135–46
Rule, John, The Experience of Labour in Eighteenth-Century English Industry (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981)
Rule, John, The Labouring Classes in Early Industrial England (London: Longman, 1986)
Rule, John, “The Formative Years of British Trade Unionism: An Overview,” in Rule, John, ed., British Trade Unionism, 1750–1850: The Formative Years (New York: Longman, 1988)
Samuel, Raphael, “Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand Technology in Mid-Victorian Britain,” History Workshop 3 (1977), 6–72
Samuel, Raphael, “Mechanization and Hand Labour in Industrializing Britain,” in Berlanstein, Lenard R., ed., The Industrial Revolution and Work in Nineteenth-Century Europe (London: Routledge, 1992)
Sanderson, Elizabeth, Women and Work in Eighteenth-Century Edinburgh (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996)
Sattinger, Michael, “Comparative Advantage and the Distributions of Earnings and Abilities,” Econometrica 43 (1975), 455–68
Sattinger, Michael, “Assignment Models of the Distribution of Earnings,” Journal of Economic Literature 31 (1993), 831–80
Sax, Leonard, Why Gender Matters: What Parents and Teachers Need To Know about the Emerging Science of Sex Differences (New York: Broadway Books, 2005)
Schofield, R. S., “Dimensions of Illiteracy, 1750–1850,” Explorations in Economic History 10 (1973), 437–54
Scholliers, Peter and Schwarz, Leonard, “The Wage in Europe since the Sixteenth Century,” in Scholliers, P. and Schwarz, L., eds., Experiencing Wages: Social and Cultural Aspects of Wage Forms in Europe since 1500 (New York: Berghahn, 2003)
Schwartz, Eleanor Brantley, “Entrepreneurship: A New Female Frontier,” Journal of Contemporary Business 5 (1976), 47–76
Schwarz, L. D., London in the Age of Industrialisation: Entrepreneurs, Labour Force and Living Conditions, 1700–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)
Scott, Joan and Tilly, Louise, “Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth-Century Europe,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (1975), 36–64
Seccombe, Wally, “Patriarchy Stabilized: The Construction of the Male Breadwinner Wage Norm in Nineteenth-Century Britain,” Social History 11 (1986), 53–76
Sharpe, Pamela, “Literally Spinsters: A New Interpretation of Local Economy and Demography in Colyton in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” Economic History Review 44 (1991), 46–65
Sharpe, Pamela, “Time and Wages of West Country Workfolks in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” Local Population Studies 55 (1995), 66–8
Sharpe, Pamela, Adapting to Capitalism: Working Women in the English Economy, 1700–1850 (London: Macmillan, 1996)
Sharpe, Pamela, “‘The bowels of compation’: A Labouring Family and the Law, c. 1790–1834,” in Hitchcock, Tim and King, Peter, eds., Chronicling Poverty: The Voices and Strategies of the English Poor, 1640–1840 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997)
Sharpe, Pamela, “Commentary,” in Sharpe, P., ed., Women's Work: The English Experience 1650–1914 (London: Arnold, 1998)
Sharpe, Pamela, “The Female Labour Market in English Agriculture during the Industrial Revolution: Expansion or Contraction?” Agricultural History Review 47 (1999), 161–81
Sharpe, Pamela, “Gender at Sea: Women and the East India Company in Seventeeth-Century London,” in Lane, P., Raven, N., and Snell, K. D. M., eds., Women, Work and Wages in England, 1600–1850 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004)
Leigh, Shaw-Taylor, “Diverse Experience: The Geography of Adult Female Employment in England and the 1851 Census,” in Goose, Nigel, ed., Women's Work in Industrial England: Regional and Local Perspectives (Hatfield: Local Population Studies, 2007)
Shephard, Roy, Physical Activity and Growth (Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1982)
Shiman, Lilian Lewis, Women and Leadership in Nineteenth-Century England (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992)
Shorter, Edward, “Women's Work: What Difference Did Capitalism Make?” Theory and Society 3 (1976), 513–27
Simonton, Deborah, “Apprenticeship: Training and Gender in Eighteenth-Century England,” in Berg, Maxine, ed., Markets and Manufactures in Early Industrial Europe (London: Routledge, 1991)
Simonton, Deborah, A History of European Women's Work: 1700 to the Present (London: Routledge, 1998)
Smith, F. B., The People's Health, 1830–1910 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979)
Smith, James, and Ward, Michael, “Time-Series Growth in the Female Labor Force,” Journal of Labor Economics 3 (1985), S59–S90
Smith, Maurice G., “Robert Clough, Grove Mill, Keighley: A Study in Technological Redundancy, 1835–65,” MA thesis, University of Leeds, 1982
Snell, K. D. M., Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England, 1660–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985)
Sokoloff, Kenneth, “Productivity Growth in Manufacturing during Early Industrialization: Evidence from the American Northeast, 1820–1860,” in Engerman, Stanley and Gallman, Robert, eds., Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986)
Souden, David, “Migrants and the Population Structure of Later Seventeenth-Century Provincial Cities and Market Towns,” in Clark, Peter, ed., The Transformation of English Provincial Towns, 1600–1800 (London: Hutchinson, 1984)
Speechley, Helen, “Female and Child Agricultural Day Labourers in Somerset, c. 1685–1870,” unpublished PhD thesis, University of Exeter, 1999
Spenceley, G. F. R., “The English Pillow Lace Industry 1840–80: A Rural Industry in Competition with Machinery,” Business History 19 (1977), 68–87
Tawney, R. H., “The Assessment of Wages in England by the Justices of the Peace,” reprinted in Minchinton, W. E., ed., Wage Regulation in Pre-Industrial England (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1972)
Taylor, A. J., “ ‘The Miners’ Association of Great Britain and Ireland, 1842–48: A Study in the Problem of Integration,” Economica 22 (1955), 45–60
Taylor, Barbara, Eve and the New Jerusalem: Socialism and Feminism in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983)
Thale, Mary, ed., The Autobiography of Francis Place (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972)
Thomas, Janet, “Women and Capitalism: Oppression or Emancipation? A Review Article,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 30 (1988), 534–49
Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage Books, 1966)
Todd, Barbara, “The Remarrying Widow: A Stereotype Reconsidered,” in Prior, Mary, ed., Women in English Society, 1500–1800 (London: Methuen, 1985)
Toman, J. T., “The Gang System and Comparative Advantage,” Explorations in Economic History 42 (2005), 310–23
Tropp, Asher, The School Teachers: The Growth of the Teaching Profession in England and Wales from 1800 to the Present Day (London: William Heinemann, 1957)
Turner, Raymond, “English Coal Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” American Historical Review 27 (1921), 1–23
Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, “Wheels, Looms and the Gender Division of Labor in Eighteenth-Century New England,” William and Mary Quarterly 55 (1998), 3–38
Valenze, Deborah, Prophetic Sons and Daughters: Female Preaching and Popular Religion in Industrial England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985)
Valenze, Deborah, “The Art of Women and the Business of Men: Women's Work and the Dairy Industry, c 1740–1840,” Past and Present 139 (1991), 142–69
Valenze, Deborah, The First Industrial Woman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995)
Veblen, Thorstein, The Theory of the Leisure Class (Boston: Houghton Mifflin [1899] 1973)
Verdon, Nicola, Rural Women Workers in Nineteenth-Century England: Gender, Work and Wages (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2002)
Verdon, Nicola, “The Rural Labour Market in the Early Nineteenth Century: Women's and Children's Employment, Family Income, and the 1834 Poor Law Report,” Economic History Review 55 (2002), 299–323
Verdon, Nicola, “‘ … subjects deserving of the highest praise’: Farmers' Wives and the Farm Economy in England, c. 1700–1850,” Agricultural History Review 51 (2003), 23–39
Vickery, Amanda, “Golden Age to Separate Spheres? A Review of the Categories and Chronology of English Women's History,” Historical Journal 36 (1993), 383–414
Vogel, James and Friedl, Karl, “Army Data: Body Composition and Physical Capacity,” in Marriot, Bernadette and Grumstrup-Scott, Judith, eds., Body Composition and Physical Performance (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992)
Waldfogel, Jane, “The Price of Motherhood: Family Status and Women's Pay in a Young British Cohort,” Oxford Economic Papers 47 (1995), 584–610
Waldfogel, Jane, “Understanding the ‘Family Gap’ in Pay for Women with Children,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (1998), 137–56
Walker, Andrew, “‘Pleasurable Homes’? Victorian Model Miners” Wives and the Family Wage in a South Yorkshire Colliery District,” Women's History Review 6 (1997), 317–36
Webb, Sidney, “The Alleged Differences in the Wages Paid to Men and to Women for Similar Work,” Economic Journal 1 (1891), 635–62
Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice, The History of Trade Unionism (London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1894)
Welch, Finis and Cunningham, James, “Effects of Minimum Wages on the Level and Age Composition of Youth Employment,” Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (1978), 140–5
Wells, Roger, “Tolpuddle in the Context of English Agrarian Labour History,” in Rule, John, ed., British Trade Unionism, 1750–1850: The Formative Years (New York: Longman, 1988)
Wiesner, Merry, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
Williams, Samantha, “Caring for the Sick Poor: Poor Law Nurses in Bedfordshire, c. 1700–1834,” in Lane, P., Raven, N., and Snell, K. D. M., eds., Women, Work and Wages in England, 1600–1850 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004)
Williamson, Jeffrey, “Did English Factor Markets Fail during the Industrial Revolution?” Oxford Economic Papers 3 (1987), 641–78
Wood, George Henry, The History of Wages in the Cotton Trade during the Past Hundred Years (London: Sherratt and Hughes, 1910)
Woodward, Donald, “The Determination of Wage Rates in the Early Modern North of England,” Economic History Review 47 (1994), 22–43
Wright, Sue, “‘Churmaids, Huswyfes and Hucksters’: The Employment of Women in Tudor and Stuart Salisbury,” in Charles, Lindsay and Duffin, Lorna, eds., Women and Work in Pre-Industrial England (London: Croom Helm, 1985)
Wrigley, E. A., People, Cities, and Wealth (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987)
Wrigley, E. A. and Schofield, R. S., The Population History of England, 1541–1871 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981)
Wyman, A. L., “The Surgeoness: The Female Practitioner of Surgery 1400–1800,” Medical History 28 (1984), 22–41
