Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T13:22:14.857Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - Conclusions

Police Science and the Future of Evidence-Based Policing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2023

David Weisburd
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem and George Mason University, Virginia
Tal Jonathan-Zamir
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Gali Perry
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Badi Hasisi
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Get access

Summary

We titled this volume The Future of Evidence-Based Policing, because in it we sought to take stock of where the field of EBP has been and where it is heading. In this concluding chapter we address the latter question, and make the argument that the future of EBP as a meaningful paradigm with substantial influence on police practice lies in a better science of policing. Based on the contributions in our volume, we identify and elaborate on six key areas where improvement in the science of policing is required. These include “second generation” studies, the quality and breadth of scientific methods, comparative research, the science of street level behavior, implementation science, and normative dimensions.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abell, P., & Engel, O. (2019). Subjective causality and counterfactuals in the social sciences: Toward an ethnographic causality?. Sociological Methods & Research, 0049124119852373.Google Scholar
Ariel, B. (2018). “Not all evidence is created equal”: on the importance of matching research questions with research methods in evidence based policing. Evidence Based Policing: An Introduction, 63.Google Scholar
Bayley, D. H., & Bittner, E. (1984). Learning the skills of policing. Law and Contemporary Problems, 47, 3559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, D. (1971). The social organization of arrest. Stanford Law Review, 23, 10871111.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A., Turchan, B. S., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2019). Hot spots policing and crime reduction: An update of an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 15(3), 289311.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A., Welsh, B. C., Papachristos, A. V., Schnell, C., & Grossman, L. (2014). The growth of randomized experiments in policing: The vital few and the salience of mentoring. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10, 128.Google Scholar
Brekke, J. S. (2012). Shaping a science of social work. Research on Social Work Practice, 22(5), 455464.Google Scholar
Brown, J., Belur, J., Tompson, L., McDowall, A., Hunter, G., & May, T. (2018). Extending the remit of evidence-based policing. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 20(1), 3851.Google Scholar
Bunge, M. (1985). Treatise on basic philosophy: Volume 7 (Part II). D. Reidel Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Burch, J. H. (this volume). Support for evidence-based policing at the national level – More help than harm? In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G. & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The Future of Evidence-Based Policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chalmers, I. (2003). Trying to do more good than harm in policy and practice: the role of rigorous, transparent, up-to-date evaluations. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 589(1), 2240.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (2006). A half century of randomized experiments on crime and justice. Crime and Justice, 34(1), 55132.Google Scholar
Floyd v. City of New York, 959 F. Supp. 2d 540 (S.D.N.Y. 2013a).Google Scholar
Floyd v. City of New York, 959 F. Supp. 2d 668 (S.D.N.Y. 2013b).Google Scholar
Garner, J. H., & Visher, C. A. (2003). The production of criminological experiments. Evaluation Review, 27(3), 316335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gill, C. (this volume). Rethinking the role of the community in proactive policing. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G. & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The Future of Evidence-Based Policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Giluk, T. L., & Rynes, S. L. (2012). Research findings practitioners resist: Lessons for management academics from evidence-based medicine. In Rousseau, D. M. (Ed.), The Oxford hand-book of evidence-based management (pp. 130164). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, D. C., Cook, T. D., Gardner, F. E., Gorman-Smith, D., Howe, G. W., Sandler, I. N., & Zafft, K. M. (2015). Standards of evidence for efficacy, effectiveness, and scale-up research in prevention science: Next generation. Prevention Science, 16(7), 893926.Google Scholar
Greene, J.R. (2014). New directions in policing: Balancing prediction and meaning in research, Justice Quarterly, 31(2), 193228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmon, R. (this volume). Evidence-based policing and the law: The American Perspective. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G. & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The Future of Evidence-Based Policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hasisi, B., Weisburd, D., Litmanovitz, Y., Carmel, T., Tshuva, S., & Trachtenberg, T. (2019). EMUN evaluation report: Traffic disturbances and reckless driving. Research Essence: A Collection of Studies on Police and Criminology, 29–60.Google Scholar
Jaitman, L. (this volume). Towards implementing evidence-based policing: Challenges in Latin America and Caribbean. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G. & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The Future of Evidence-Based Policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jindra, I. W. (2018). The emerging ‘science of social work’ in the United States and German-speaking countries: A comparison. International Social Work, 61(6), 930942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonathan-Zamir, T., & Weisburd, D. (this volume). Practitioners’ inclination to rely on experience: What does this mean for evidence-based policing? In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G. & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The Future of Evidence-Based Policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Laycock, G. (2012). In support of evidence-based approaches: A response to Lum and Kennedy. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 6(4), 324326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. (1974). Causation. The Journal of Philosophy, 70(17), 556567.Google Scholar
Lipsey, M. W. (2003). Those confounded moderators in meta-analysis: Good, bad, and ugly. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 587(1), 6981.Google Scholar
Litmanovitz, Y., Weisburd, D., & Hasisi, B. (this volume). Implementing evidence-based policing: Findings from a process evaluation of the EMUN Reform in the Israel Police. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G. & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The Future of Evidence-Based Policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lösel, F., & Schmucker, M. (2005). The effectiveness of treatment for sexual offenders: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1(1), 117146.Google Scholar
Lum, C. (2009). Translating police research into practice. Ideas in American Policing, 11.Google Scholar
Lum, C., & Koper, C. S. (2017). Evidence-based policing: Translating research into practice. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lum, C., Koper, C.S., Gill, C., Telep, C., & Robinson, L. (2016). An evidence-assessment of the recommendations of the president’s task force on 21st century policing: Implementation and research priorities. Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University. International Association of Chiefs of Police. http://cebcp.org/wp-content/evidence-based-policing/IACP-GMU-Evidence-Assessment-Task-Force-FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
Mastrofski, S.D. (1988). Community policing as reform. In Greene, J. R. & Mastrofski, S. D. (Eds.), Community policing: Rhetoric or reality? (pp. 4767). Praeger.Google Scholar
Maxwell, J. A. (2004). Causal explanation, qualitative research, and scientific inquiry in education. Educational Researcher, 33(2), 311.Google Scholar
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). The importance of qualitative research for causal explanation in education. Qualitative Inquiry, 18(8), 655661.Google Scholar
Maxwell, J. A. (2019). Evidence for what? How mixed methods expands the evidence for causation in educational research. Qualitative Inquiry.Google Scholar
Mazerolle, L., Eggins, E., Hine, L., & Higginson, A. (this volume). The role of randomized experiments in developing the evidence for evidence-based policing. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G. & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The Future of Evidence-Based Policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCord, J. (2003). Cures that harm: Unanticipated outcomes of crime prevention programs. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 587(1), 1630.Google Scholar
Nelken, D. (2009). Comparative Criminal Justice: Beyond Ethnocentrism and Relativism. European Journal of Criminology, 6(4), 291311.Google Scholar
Neyroud, P. W. (2017). Learning to Field Test in Policing: Using an analysis of completed randomised controlled trials involving the police to develop a grounded theory on the factors contributing to high levels of treatment integrity in Police Field Experiments. [Doctoral thesis, University of Cambridge]. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.14377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neyroud, P., & Weisburd, D. (this volume). Re-inventing policing: Using science to transform policing. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G. & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The Future of Evidence-Based Policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Perry, G., Jonathan-Zamir, T., & Willis, J. (this volume). The potential contribution of subjective causality to policing research: The case of the relationship between procedural justice and police legitimacy. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G. & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The Future of Evidence-Based Policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Perry, S., & Wolfowitz, M. (this volume). The role of the “Super Evidence Cop” in evidence-based policing: The Israeli Case. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G. & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The Future of Evidence-Based Policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reiss, A. J. (1971). The police and the public. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ruscio, J. (2010). Irrational beliefs stemming from judgment errors: Cognitive limitations, biases, and experiential learning. In David, D., Lynn, S. J., & Ellis, A. (Eds.), Rational and irrational beliefs: Research, theory, and clinical practice (pp. 291312). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Salas, E., Rosen, M. A., & DiazGranados, D. (2010). Expertise-based intuition and decision making in organizations. Journal of Management, 36(4), 941973.Google Scholar
Sherman, L. (2013). The rise of evidence-based policing: targeting, testing, and tracking. Crime and Justice in America, 1975–2025, 42.1(2013), 377451.Google Scholar
Sherman, L. W. (this volume). Three tiers for evidence-based policing: Targeting “minimalist” policing with a risk-adjusted disparity index. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G., & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The future of evidence-based policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skidelsky, R. (1992). John Maynard Keynes: A biography. Vol. 2: The economist as saviour, 1920–1937. MacmillanGoogle Scholar
Skogan, W. G., & Frydl, K. (Eds.) (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices. The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Skogan, W. G., Van Craen, M., & Hennessy, C. (2015). Training police for procedural justice. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11(3), 319334.Google Scholar
Sommerfeld, P. (2014). Social work as an action science: A perspective from Europe. Research on Social Work Practice, 24(5), 586600.Google Scholar
Sparrow, M. (2016). Handcuffed: What holds policing back and the keys to reform. Brooking Institution Press.Google Scholar
Stephens, D. (this volume). Looking Back on the Challenges to Evidence-Based Policing: A Chief’s Perspective. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G. & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The future of evidence-based policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tacq, J. (2011). Causality in qualitative and quantitative research. Quality & Quantity, 45(2), 263291.Google Scholar
Telep, C. W., & Lum, C. (2014). The receptivity of officers to empirical research and evidence-based policing: An examination of survey data from three agencies. Police Quarterly, 17(4), 359385.Google Scholar
Telep, C. W., & Weisburd, D. (this volume). A review of systematic reviews in policing. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G., & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The future of evidence-based policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Telep, C. W., & Winegar, S. (2015). Police executive receptivity to research: A survey of chiefs and sheriffs in Oregon. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 10(3), 241249.Google Scholar
Thacher, D. (2004). Police research and the humanities. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593(1), 179191.Google Scholar
Tonry, M. (2015). Is cross-national and comparative research on the criminal justice system useful? European Journal of Criminology, 12(4), 505516.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D. (2003). Ethical practice and evaluation of interventions in crime and justice: The moral imperative for randomized trials. Evaluation Review, 27(3), 336354.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D. (2016). Does hot spots policing inevitably lead to unfair and abusive police practices, or can we maximize both fairness and effectiveness in the new proactive policing. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 661–690.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., Braga, A. A., & Majmundar, M. (this volume). What do we know about Proactive Policing’s effects on Crime and Community?: Drawing conclusions from a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Report. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G., & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The Future of Evidence-Based Policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., Hasisi, B., Litmanovitz, Y., Carmel, T., & Tshuva, S. (2020). Institutionalizing problem‐oriented policing: An evaluation of the EMUN reform in Israel. Criminology & Public Policy, 19(3), 941964.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., & Majmundar, M. K. (Eds.) (2018). Proactive policing: Effects on crime and communities. Committee on proactive policing: Effects on crime, communities, and civil liberties. Committee on law and justice, division of behavioral and social sciences and education. The National Academies Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weisburd, D., & Neyroud, P. (2011). Police science: Toward a new paradigm. New Perspectives in Policing, January, 1–23.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., & Telep, C. W. (2014). Hot spots policing: What we know and what we need to know. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2), 200220.Google Scholar
Willis, J. J., & Toronjo, H. (this volume). A way ahead: Re-envisioning the relationship between evidence-based policing and the Police Craft. In Weisburd, D., Jonathan, T., Perry, G., & Hasisi, B., (Eds.), The Future of Evidence-Based Policing. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. B. (2019). Developing a theory of effective juvenile delinquency programming through an examination of change-levers rather than program types: Preliminary evidence from a large juvenile delinquency meta-analysis [PDF slides]. www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Pages/bocsar_seminar_series/2019-Conference-Slides.aspxGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×