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26 - Inflammation in Cardiovascular Diseases

from PART V - INFLAMMATORY DISEASES/HISTOLOGY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2014

By
Kenneth K. Wu
Edited by
Charles N. Serhan ,
Peter A. Ward  and
Derek W. Gilroy
With contributions by
Samir S. Ayoub
Kenneth K. Wu
Affiliation:
University of Texas Health Science Center
Charles N. Serhan
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School
Peter A. Ward
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Derek W. Gilroy
Affiliation:
University College London
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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Inflammation has emerged as a key pathophysiological event in vascular diseases and the consequent cardiac and cerebral ischemic injury. There is ample evidence that inflammation is intimately involved in atherosclerosis. It mediates the initiation of atherosclerosis, promotes progression of the atherosclerotic lesions, and regulates atheromatous plaque stability [1, 2]. There is also good evidence that inflammation plays a crucial role in ischemia-reperfusion cardiac and cerebral injury [3, 4].

Inflammation is a complex process involving multiple cellular and molecular components. It is triggered by diverse proinflammatory mediators (PIM) which are generated directly and indirectly by microbial invasion, endotoxins, immune complexes, and cytokines. Vascular endothelium is subjected to pro inflammatory insults, as it is in constant contact with circulating blood and along with it many environmental stressful factors. Fortunately, endothelium is endowed with potent anti-inflammatory molecules that confer resistance to damage by transient proinflammatory attacks. Once the insulting factors dissipate, endothelial cells return to its basal state. The mechanisms by which endothelial cells resist insults are likely to be very complex. One model is stress-coupled induction of anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective genes [5]. This mechanism allows for timely defense against transient insults. However, when insults by PIMs become persistent, this protective property wears out resulting in endothelial cell damage and functional defects and eventually endothelial apoptosis and necrosis.

Type
Chapter
Information
Fundamentals of Inflammation , pp. 317 - 328
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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