Book contents
- From Empire to Nation State
- From Empire to Nation State
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures and Tables
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction What Is Destabilizing about China’s Ethnic Regions?
- 1 Changing Approaches to Identity
- 2 Changing Approaches to Ethnic Governance
- 3 Changing Approaches to Policy Instruments
- 4 The Rise of Identity Politics in Post-Mao China
- 5 Ethnic Autonomy and Its Discontents
- 6 Religious Revival and Its Discontents
- 7 Economic Modernization and Its Discontents
- 8 Educational Expansion and Its Discontents
- Conclusion From Empire to Nation State: Lessons and Reforms
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
Bibliography
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 September 2020
Book contents
- From Empire to Nation State
- From Empire to Nation State
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures and Tables
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction What Is Destabilizing about China’s Ethnic Regions?
- 1 Changing Approaches to Identity
- 2 Changing Approaches to Ethnic Governance
- 3 Changing Approaches to Policy Instruments
- 4 The Rise of Identity Politics in Post-Mao China
- 5 Ethnic Autonomy and Its Discontents
- 6 Religious Revival and Its Discontents
- 7 Economic Modernization and Its Discontents
- 8 Educational Expansion and Its Discontents
- Conclusion From Empire to Nation State: Lessons and Reforms
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- From Empire to Nation StateEthnic Politics in China, pp. 318 - 351Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
Primary Sources
Akçam, Taner. 2004. From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Akçam, Taner. 2013. The Young Turks’ Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Anand, Dibyesh. 2003. “A Contemporary Story of ‘Diaspora’: The Tibetan Version.” Diaspora 12.2: 211–29.Google Scholar
Bakke, Kristin M. and Wibbels, Erik. 2006. “Diversity, Disparity and Civil Conflict in Federal States.” World Politics 59 (October). 1–50.Google Scholar
Barfield, Thomas J. 1989. The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Barfield, Thomas J.. 2001. “The Shadow Empires: Imperial State Formation Along the Chinese-Nomad Frontier.” Empires. Eds. Alcock, Susan E. et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11–41.Google Scholar
Barkey, Karen and Gavrilis, George. 2016. “The Ottoman Millet System: Non-territorial Autonomy and Its Contemporary Legacy.” Ethnopolitics 15.1: 24–42.Google Scholar
Barnett, Robert. 2009. “The Tibetan Protests of Spring, 2008.” China Perspective 3: 6–23.Google Scholar
Beckett, Gulbahar H. and Postiglione, Gerard A.. 2012. China’s Assimilationist Language Policy: The Impact on Indigenous/Minority Literacy and Social Harmony. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Becquelin, Nicholas. 2004. “Staged Development in Xinjiang.” The China Quarterly 178 (June): 358–78.Google Scholar
Bellér-Hann, Ildikó et al. 2007. Situating the Uighurs between China and Central Asia. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Benson, Linda. 2004. “Education and Social Mobility among Minority Populations in Xinjiang.” Ed. Starr. 190–215.Google Scholar
Benson, Linda and Svanberg, Ingavar. 1998. China’s Last Nomads: The History and Culture of China’s Kazaks. Amonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Benton, Lauren. 2001. Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bhala, A. S. and Shufang, Qui. 2006. Poverty and Inequality among China’s Minorities. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bovingdon, Gardner. 1998. “From Qumulluq to Uyghur: The Role of Education in the Development of a Pan-Uyghur Identity.” Journal of Central Asian Studies 3.1: 19–29.Google Scholar
Bovingdon, Gardner. 2002. Strangers in Their Own Land: The Politics of Uyghur Identity in Chinese Central Asia. PhD dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Bovingdon, Gardner. 2004. Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han Nationalist Imperatives and Uyghur Discontent. East-West Center. Policy Studies 11.Google Scholar
Bovingdon, Gardner. 2010. The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Bulard, Martine. 2009. “China’s Wild West.” Le Monde diplomatique, August 2. http://mondediplo.com/2009/08/02china.Google Scholar
Bunce, Valerie. 1999. Subversive Institutions: The Design and Destruction of Socialism and the State. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca. 1998. “The Chinese Human Genome Diversity Project.” PNAS 95.20: 11501–3.Google Scholar
CECC (Congressional-executive Committee on China). 2005. China’s Regional Ethnic Autonomy Law: Does It Protect Rights. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Girardin, Luc, and Gleditsch, Kristian Skede. 2009. “Ethnonational Triads: Assessing the Influence of Kin Groups on Civil Wars.” World Politics 61.3: 403–37.Google Scholar
China Daily. 2016. “Xinjiang Issues China’s First Local Counterterrorism Law.” China Daily, August 5.Google Scholar
Clarke, Michael. 2007. “China’s Internal Security Dilemma and the ‘Great Western Development’: The Dynamics of Integration, Ethnic Nationalism and Terrorism in Xinjiang.” Asian Studies Review 31.3: 323–42.Google Scholar
Cliff, Thomas. 2016. “Interethnic Conflict as a Function of the Economic ‘Normalization’ of Southern Xinjiang.” Eds. Hillman and Tuttle. 122–50.Google Scholar
Connor, Walker. 1984. The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Crone, Patricia. 1989. Pre-industrial Societies: New Perspectives on the Past. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Crawford, Beverly. 1998. “Explaining Cultural Conflict in the Ex-Yugoslavia: Institutional Weakness, Economic Crisis, and Identity Politics.” Eds. Crawford and Lipschutz. 197–260.Google Scholar
Crawford, Beverly and Lipschutz, Ronnie D. E.. 1998. The Myth of “Ethnic Conflict”: Politics, Economics and “Cultural Violence.” Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Deutsch, Karl W. 1953. Nationalism and Social Communication. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.Google Scholar
Di Cosmo, Nicola. 1994. “Ancient Inner Asian Nomads: Their Economic Basis and Its Significance in Chinese History.” The Journal of Asian Studies 53.4: 1092–126.Google Scholar
Di Cosmo, Nicola. 2002. Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. London and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dillon, Michael. 1999. China’s Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sect. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar
Dillon, Michael. 2004. Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Far Northwest. London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar
Dreyer, June Teufel. 1976. China’s Forty Millions: Minority Nationalities and National Integration in the People’s Republic of China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dreyer, June Teufel.. 2005. “China’s Vulnerability to Minority Separatism.” Asian Affairs: An American Review 32.2: 69–86.Google Scholar
Dreyer, June Teufel.. 2006. “Economic development in Tibet under the People’s Republic of China.” Eds. Sautman and Dreyer. 411–30.Google Scholar
Duara, Prasnejit. 1997. Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Arienne. 2005. “The Minorities of China.” The Encyclopedia of the World’s Minorities. Ed. Skutsch, Carl. New York: Routledge. 286–94.Google Scholar
Fairbank, John King. 1983. The United States and China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fearon, James. 2006. “Ethnic Mobilization and Ethnic Violence.” Oxford Handbook of Political Economy. Eds. Weingast, Barry R. and Donald, Wittman. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 852–68.Google Scholar
Fei, Xiaotong. 1988. “Plurality and Unity in the Configuration of the Chinese Nation.” Tanner Lectures, November 15 and 17. Web.Google Scholar
Fischer, Martin Andrew. 2002. Poverty by Design. Montréal: The Canada Tibet Committee.Google Scholar
Fischer, Martin 2005. State Growth and Social Exclusion in Tibet: Challenges of Recent Economic Growth. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, Martin 2012. “The Geopolitics of Politico-Religious Protest in Eastern Tibet.” Hot Spot Forum, Cultural Anthropology Online, April 2. Web.Google Scholar
Fischer, Martin 2013. The Disempowered Development of Tibet in China: A Study in the Economics of Marginalization. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Fuller, Grahm E. and Lipman, N. Jonathan. 2004. “Islam in Xinjiang.” Ed. Starr. 320–52.Google Scholar
Gladney, Dru. 1991. Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People’s Republic. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gladney, Dru. 1995. “Economy and Ethnicity: The Revitalization of a Muslim Minority in Southeastern China.” The Waning of the Communist State: Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary. Ed. Walder, Andrew. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 242–66.Google Scholar
Gladney, Dru. 1998. “Clashed Civilizations: Muslim and Chinese Identities in the PRC.” Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey and the United State. Ed. Gladney, Dru. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. 105–31.Google Scholar
Gladney, Dru. 2009. “Freedom Fighters or Terrorists? Exploring the Case of the Uighur People.” Testimony to US Congress Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights and Oversight. June 16.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Melvyn et al. 2006. “Development and Change in Rural Tibet: Problems and Adaptations.” Eds. Sautman, and Dreyer, . 193–213.Google Scholar
Goodman, David. 2002. “The Politics of the West: Equality, Nation-Building and Colonization.” Provincial China 7.2: 317–34.Google Scholar
Goodman, David. 2004. “The Campaign to ‘Open Up the West’: National, Provincial-Level and Local Perspectives.” The China Quarterly 178 (June): 317–34.Google Scholar
Gustafsson, Björn and Shi, Li. 2003. “The Ethnic Minority–Majority Income Gap in Rural China during Transition.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 51.4: 805–22.Google Scholar
Hale, Henry E. 2004. “Divided We Stand: Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse.” World Politics 56 (January): 165–93.Google Scholar
Han, Enze. 2016. Contestation and Adaptation: The Politics of National Identity in China. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Han, Enze and Paik, Christopher. 2014. “Dynamics of Political Resistance in Tibet: Religious Repression and Controversies of Demographic Change.” The China Quarterly 217 (March): 69–98.Google Scholar
Harrell, Stevan. 1995. “Civilizing Projects and the Reactions to Them.” Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers. Ed. Harrell, Stevan. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 3–36.Google Scholar
Harrell, Stevan. 2001. Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Harrell, Stevan and Yongxiang, Li. 2003. “The History of the History of the Yi.” Modern China 29.3: 362–96.Google Scholar
Harris, Rachel A. 2008. The Making of a Musical Canon in Chinese Central Asia: The Uyghur Twelve Muqam. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Heberer, Thomas. 1989. China and the National Minorities: Autonomy or Assimilation? Amonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Heberer, Thomas. 2005. “Ethnic Entrepreneurship and Ethnic Identity: A Case Study among the Liangshan Yi (Nuosu) in China.” The China Quarterly 182 (June): 407–27.Google Scholar
Henry, Clemence. 2016. “The Chinese Education System as a Source of Conflict in Tibetan Areas.” Eds. Hillman, and Tuttle, . 92–121.Google Scholar
Hillman, Ben. 2016. “Unrest in Tibet and the Limits of Regional Autonomy.” Eds. Hillman, and Tuttle, . 16–39.Google Scholar
Hillman, Ben and Tuttle, Gary, eds. 2016. Ethnic Conflict and Protests in Tibet and Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University.Google Scholar
Hizb, ut-Tahri, Taqiuddin, an-Nabhani. 1998. The Islamic State. London: Al-Khilafah Publications.Google Scholar
Ho, Ping-ti. 1998. “In Defense of Sinicization.” Journal of Asian Studies 57.1: 123–55.Google Scholar
Howell, Anthony and Fan, C. Cindy. 2011. “Migration and Inequality in Xinjiang: A Survey of Han and Uyghur Migrants in Urumqi.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 52.91: 119–39.Google Scholar
Içduygu, Ahmet, Toktas, Şule, and Soner, Ali B.. 2008. “The Politics of Population in a Nation-building Process: Emigration of Non-muslims from Turkey.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31.2: 358–89.Google Scholar
ICT (International Campaign for Tibet). 2018. “Self-immolation by Tibetans.” www.savetibet.org/resources/fact-sheets/self-immolations-by-tibetans/. Last updated December 10, 2018.Google Scholar
The Independent. 2006. “A Meeting of Civilisations: The Mystery of China’s Celtic Mummies.” The Independent, August 28. Web.Google Scholar
Ilhati. 2015. “Voices from the Dark Cell.” Boxun, July 15. www.boxun.com/news/gb/china/2013/07/ 201307151423.shtml.Google Scholar
Jagchid, Sechin and Symons, Van Jay. 1989. Peace, War and Trade along the Great Wall. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Jin, Li, Hui, Li, and Wen, Bo. 2005. “Genetic Composition of the Han: The Demi-Based Diffusion of Han Culture.” Journal of Dr. Sun-Yat-sen Memorial Hall, May 16: 110–17.Google Scholar
Khazanov, Anatoly M. 1984. Nomads and the Outside World. “Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.” Asia Research Center, Murdoch University.Google Scholar
Leibold, Anatoly M. 2001. “Nomads in the History of the Sedentary World” Nomads in the Sedentary World. Eds. Anatoly M. Khazanov and André Wink. London: Routledge 1–23.Google Scholar
Kim, Si Joong. 2003. “The Economic Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in China.” Korean Diaspora in the World Economy. Eds. Bergsten, C. Fred and Choe, Inbom. London: Eurospan.Google Scholar
Koch, Jessica. 2006. “Economic Development and Ethnic Separatism in Western China: A New Model of Peripheral Nationalism.” Working Paper No. 134. Asia Research Center, Murdoch University.Google Scholar
Kradin, Nicolai N.. 2005. “From Tribal Confederation to Empire: The Evolution of the Rouran Society.” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 58: 149–61.Google Scholar
Lapidus, Gail W. and Zaslavsky, Victor, with Godman, Philip, eds. 1992. From Union to Commonwealth: Nationalism and Separatism in the Soviet Republics. New York:Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lattimore, Owen. 1940. The Inner Asian Frontiers of China. New York: American Geographical Society.Google Scholar
Leff, Skalnik Carol. 1999. “Democratization and Disintegration in Multinational States.” World Politics 51.2 (January): 205–35.Google Scholar
Leibold, James. 2013. “Ethnic Politics in China: Is Reform Inevitable?” Policy Studies No. 68. Honolulu: East-West Center.Google Scholar
Leibold, James. 2016. “Interethnic Conflict in the PRC: Tibet and Xinjiang as Exceptions?” Eds. Hillman and Tuttle. 223–50.Google Scholar
Leibold, James and Chen, Yangbin. 2014. Minority Education in China: Balancing Unity and Diversity in an Era of Critical Pluralism. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Levenson, Joseph R. 1971. Revolution and Cosmopolitanism: The Western Stage and the Chinese Stages. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Li, Hui and Kidd, Kenneth et al. 2009. “Genetic Landscape of Eurasia and ‘Admixture’ in Uyghurs.” American Journal of Human Genetics. 85.6 (December): 934–7.Google Scholar
Lipman, Jonathan N. 1998. Familiar Strangers. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Litzinger, Ralph A. 2000. Other China: The Yao and the Politics of Belonging. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Losel, Rigzin. 2011a. “Come to Tibet with an Open Mind.” New York Times: “Room for Debate” (online). September
1, 2011. Web.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2003. “Population Distribution and Relations between Ethnic Groups in the Kashgar Prefecture. Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China.” China’s Minorities on the Move. Eds. Iredale, Robyn, Bilik, Naran, and Guo, Fei. New York: M. E. Sharpe. 106–22.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2006. “Education of Ethnic Minorities in Contemporary China.” Paper presented at the International Symposium on China’s Positive Policies in Minority Education: Plural Perspectives. Dickinson College, April 14–15. 1–20.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2007. “Bilingual Education for China’s Ethnic Minorities.” Chinese Education and Society. 40.2: 9–25.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2010a. Population and Society in Contemporary Tibet: Population and Society in Tibet. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Mackerras, Colin. 1994. China’s Minorities: Integration and Modernization in the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mackerras, Colin. 2018 “Religion and the Uyghurs: A Contemporary Overview.” The Uyghur Community: Diaspora, Identity and Geopolitics. Eds. Güljanat Kurmangaliyeva Ercilasun and Konuralp Ercilasun. Palgrave Macmillan. 59–84.Google Scholar
MacPherson, S. and Beckett, G. H.. 2008. “The Hidden Curriculum of Assimilation in Modern Chinese Education: Fuelling Indigenous Tibetan and Uygur Cessation Movements.” Cultural Education/Cultural Sustainability: Identity, Tolerance, and Multicultural Issues in Minority, Diaspora, and Indigenous Education. Eds. Bekerman, Z and Kopelowitz, E. Mahwah, NJ and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. 1986. Sources of Social Power: Volume I, a History of Power from Beginning to A.D. 1760. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mansfield, Edward and Synder, Jack. 1995. “Democratization and War.” Foreign Affairs 74.3 (May/June): 79–95.Google Scholar
Martin, Terry. 2001a. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, Terry. 2001b. “An Affirmative Action Empire: The Soviet Union as the Highest Form of Imperialism.” Ed. Suny and Martin. 67–89.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Susan K. 2009. Communist Multiculturalism: Ethnic Revivalism in Southwest China. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Millward, James. 2000. “Historical Perspectives on Contemporary Xinjiang.” Inner Asia 2.2: 121–35.Google Scholar
Millward, James. 2007. Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Millward, James and Perdue, Peter C.. 2004. “Political and Cultural History of the Xinjiang Region Through the Late 19th Century.” Ed. Starr. 27–62.Google Scholar
Minogue, Kenneth and Williams, Beverly. 1992. “Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union: The Revenge of Ethnic Particularism.” Ed. Motyle. 225–42.Google Scholar
Moneyhon, Matthew D. 2002. “Controlling Xinjiang: Autonomy on China’s ‘New Frontier’.” Asia Pacific Law and Policy Journal, 3.1: 120–52.Google Scholar
Moneyhon, Matthew D.. 2004. “China’s Great Western Development Project in Xinjiang: Economic Palliative or Political Trojan Horse?” Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 31.3: 491–525.Google Scholar
Motyle, Alexander J., ed. 1992. Thinking Theoretically about Soviet Nationalities. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Moyo, Dambisa. 2010. Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & Mcintyre Ltd.Google Scholar
Mullaney, Thomas. 2010a. Coming to Terms with the Nation: Ethnic Classification in Modern China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mullaney, Thomas. 2010b. “Seeing for the State: the Role of Chinese Social Scientists in China’s Ethnic Identification Projects.” Asian Ethnicity 11.3 (October): 325–42.Google Scholar
Norbu, Jamyang. 2008. “Running Dog Propagandists.” Phayul, July 14. www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=21945.Google Scholar
Nyrén, Pär. 2019. “China’s Liberal Hawk: Yan Xuetong’s Vision for Chinese Benevolent Dominance.” The Diplomat, June 28. Web.Google Scholar
Olson, James Stuart. 1998. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Perdue, Peter. 2005. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Asia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Perlez, Jane. 2019. “China Wants the World to Stay Silent on Muslim Camps. It Is Succeeding.” The New York Times. September 25.Google Scholar
Petech, L. 1990. Central Tibet and the Mongols (Serie Orientale Roma 65). Rome: Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.Google Scholar
Pirie, F. 2005. “Segmentation Within the State: The Reconfiguration of Tibetan Tribes in China’s Reform Period.” Nomadic Peoples 9.1–2 (June–December): 83–102.Google Scholar
Pye, Lucian W. 1976. “China: Ethnic Minorities and National Security.” Current Scene 14.12 (December): 1–17.Google Scholar
Qarluq, Abduresit Jelil and McMillen, Donald Hugh. 2011. “Towards a ‘Harmonious Society’? A Brief Case Study of the Post-liberation Settlement in Beijing of Uyghur Intellectuals and Their Relations with the Majority Society.” Asian Ethnicity 12.1 (February): 1–31.Google Scholar
Quataert, Donald. 1983. Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire 1881–1908. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Rawski, Evelyn. 1996. “Re-envisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History.” Journal of Asian Studies 55.4: 829–50.Google Scholar
RFE (Radio Free Europe). 2011. “Interview: ‘I Can’t Say the Struggle Will Always Be Peaceful,’ Says Uyghur Advocate Kadeer.” February 27. Web.Google Scholar
Riga, Liliana. 2012. The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Roeder, Philip. 1991. “Soviet Federalism and Ethnic Mobilization.” World Politics 43.2 (January): 233–56.Google Scholar
Roeder, Philip. 1998. “Liberalization and Ethnic Entrepreneurs in the Soviet Successor States.” Eds. Crawford, and Lipschutz, . 78–107.Google Scholar
Roeder, Philip. 2004. “The Triumph of Nation-States: Lessons from the Collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.” After the Collapse of Communism: Comparative Lessons of Transition. Eds. MacFaul, Michael and Stoner-Weiss, Kathryn. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rozman, Gilbert. 1987. The Chinese Debate about Soviet Socialism: 1978–1985. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.Google Scholar
Rudelson, Justin Jon. 1997. Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism along China’s Silk Road. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Sautman, Barry. 1998. “Preferential Policies for Ethnic Minorities in China: The Case of Xinjiang.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 4.1–2: 86–118.Google Scholar
Sautman, Barry. 1999. Ethnic Law and Minority Rights in China: Progress and Constraints. Law & Policy 21.3 (July): 283–314.Google Scholar
Sautman, Barry. 2005. “China’s Strategic Vulnerability to Minority Separatism in Tibet.” Asian Affairs: An American Review 32.2 (July): 87–118.Google Scholar
Sautman, Barry and Dreyer, June Teufel. 2006. Contemporary Tibet: Politics, Development and Society. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Sautman, Barry and Dreyer, June Teufel. 2010. “Scaling Back Minority Rights? The Debate about China’s Ethnic Policies.” Stanford Journal of International Law 46.1: 51–120.Google Scholar
Saideman, Stephen M. 2001. The Ties that Divide: Ethnic Politics, Foreign Policy, and International Conflict. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Saideman, Stephen M.. 2002. “Discrimination in International Relations: Analyzing External Support for Ethnic Groups.” Journal of Peace Research 39.1: 27–50.Google Scholar
Schein, Louisa. 2000. Minority Rules: The Miao and the Feminine in China’s Cultural Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Ronald D. 1994. Circles of Protest: Political Ritual in the Tibetan Uprising. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
SCMP. 2017. “Armed Police Out in Full Force After Deadly Xinjiang Terror Attack.” South China Morning Post. February 15. Web.Google Scholar
Seymour, James D. 2000. “Xinjiang’s Production and Construction Corps and the Sinification of Eastern Turkestan.” Inner Asia 2: 171–93.Google Scholar
Shakya, Tsering. 2008a. “The Gulf between Tibet and Its Exiles.” Far Eastern Economic Review. May 8.Google Scholar
Shakya, Tsering. 2012. “Self-Immolation: The Changing Language of Protest in Tibet.” Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 25 (December): 19–39.Google Scholar
Slezkine, Yuri. 1994. “The USSR as a Communist Apartment or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism.” Slavic Review 53.2 (Summer): 414–52.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony D. 1992. “Ethnic Identity and Territorial Nationalism in Comparative Perspective.” Ed. Motyl. 45–65.Google Scholar
Stalin, Joseph. 1913. “Marxism and the National Question.” J. V. Stalin Archive. www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1913/03.htm.Google Scholar
Starr, S. Frederick, ed. 2004. Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Stein, Justin J. 2003. “Taking the Deliberative Turn in China: International Law, Minority Rights and the Case of Xinjiang.” Journal of Public and International Affairs 14 (Spring): 13–14.Google Scholar
Sun, Yanfei. 2017. “The Rise of Protestantism in Post-Mao China: State and Religion in Historical Perspective.” American Journal of Sociology 122.6: 1664–725.Google Scholar
Suny, Ronald Grigor. 1992. “State, Civil Society and Ethnic Consolidation in the USSR: Roots of the National Question.” Eds. Lapidus and Zaslavsky. 22–42.Google Scholar
Suny, Ronald Grigor.. 1993. The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism. Revolution and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Suny, Ronald Grigor and Martin, Terry, eds. 2001. A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Synder, Jack. 2000. From Voting and Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar
Took, Jennifer. 2005. Native Chieftaincy in Southwest China. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishing.Google Scholar
Tsering, Topgyal. 2011. “Insecurity Dilemma and the Tibetan Uprising in 2008.” Journal of Contemporary China 20.69: 183–203.Google Scholar
Treisman, Daniel. 1997. “Russia’s ‘Ethnic Revival’: The Separatist Activism of Regional Leaders in a Post-Communist Order.” World Politics 49 (January): 212–49.Google Scholar
Ungor, Ugur Umit. 2012. The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Van Wie, Davis, Elizabeth. 2008. Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China. Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. January 2008. www.apcss.org/uyghur-muslim-ethnic-separatism-in-xinjiang-china/.Google Scholar
Wang, Juan. 2017. The Sinews of State Power: The Rise and Demise of the Cohesive Local State in Rural China. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Lixiong. 2002. “Reflections on Tibet.” The New Left Review 14 (March–April): 79–111.Google Scholar
Wang, Lixiong. 2006. “Indirect Representation Versus a Democratic System: Relative Advantages for Resolving the Tibet Question.” Eds. Sautman and Dreyer. 107–28.Google Scholar
Wang, Lixiong. 2012a. “What Else If Not Self-Immolation?” Tibet Telegraph. December 29. www.tibettelegraph.com/2012/12/what-else-if-not-self-immolation.html.Google Scholar
Wellens, Koen. 2009. “Negotiable Rights? China’s Ethnic Minorities and the Right to Freedom of Religion.” International Journal of Minority and Groups Rights 16.3: 433–54.Google Scholar
Wen, Bo, et al. 2004. “Genetic Evidence Supports Demi Diffusion of Chinese Culture.” Nature 431.16 (September): 302–5.Google Scholar
White, Sydney D. 1998. “State Discourse, Minority Policies, and the Politics of Identity in the Lijiang Naxi People’s Autonomous County.” Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China. Ed. Safran, William. Portland, OR: Frank Cass. 9–27.Google Scholar
Williams, Erin Elizabeth. 2008. “Ethnic Minorities and the State in China: Conflict, Assimilation, or a ‘Third Way’?” CPSA 2008. www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Williams.%20Erin.pdf.Google Scholar
Wimmer, Andreas and Min, Brian. 2006. “From Empire to Nation State: Explaining War in the Modern World: 1816–2001.” American Sociological Review 71.6: 867–97.Google Scholar
Wong, Edward. 2009. “Autonomy Is the Solution for Tibet, Dalai Lama Says.” New York Times. May 28.Google Scholar
Wu, Xiaogang and Song, Xi. 2014. “Ethnic Stratification amid China’s Economic Transition: Evidence from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.” Social Science Research 44: 158–72.Google Scholar
Wu, Xiaogang and Treiman, Donald J.. 2004. “The Household Registration System and Social Stratification in China, 1955–1996.” Demography 41.2: 363–84.Google Scholar
Wylie, Turnell V. 1977. “The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 37.1: 103–33.Google Scholar
Yang, Fenggang. 2006. “The Red, Black and Grey Markets of Religion in China.” Sociological Quarterly 47.1: 93–122.Google Scholar
Yang, Fenggang. 2012. Religion in China: Survival and Revival under Communist Rule. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yash, Ghai. 2000. Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-ethnic States. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yeh, E. T. 2003. “Tibetan Range Wars: Spatial Politics and Authority on the Grasslands of Amdo.” Development and Change 34.3: 499–523.Google Scholar
Zang, Xiaowei. 2010. “Affirmative Action, Economic Reforms, and Uyghur-Han Variation in Job Attainment in Urumqi.” The China Quarterly 202 (June): 307–26.Google Scholar
Zang, Xiaowei. 2012. “Age and the Cost of Being Uyghurs in Ürümchi.” The China Quarterly 210 (June): 419–34.Google Scholar
Zaslavsky, Victor. 1992. “The Evolution of Soviet Separatism Under Gorbachev.” Eds. Lapidus and Zavslasky. 71–97.Google Scholar
Zenz, Adrian. 2013. “Tibetanness” Under Threat? Neo-integrationism, Minority Education and Career Strategies in Qinghai, P.R. China. Leiden: Global Oriental.Google Scholar
Zenz, Adrian. 2018a. “‘Thoroughly Reforming Them Towards a Healthy Heart Attitude’: China’s Political Re-education Campaign in Xinjiang.” Central Asian Survey 28.4: 347–60.Google Scholar
Zenz, Adrian. 2018b. “New Evidence for China’s Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang.” China Brief 18.10 (May 15). Web.Google Scholar
Zhang, Zhuoni and Xiaogang, Wu. 2017. “Occupational Segregation and Earnings Inequality: Rural Migrants and Local Workers in Urban China.” Social Science Research 61: 57–74.Google Scholar
Zhao, Dingxin. 2001. The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Zhao, Dingxin. 2015. The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zhao, Y. B. et al. 2011. “Ancient DNA Evidence Supports the Contribution of Di-qiang People to the Han Chinese Gene Pool.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144.2: 258–68.Google Scholar
Zhou, Minglang. 2003 Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Zhou, Minglang. 2012. “Historical Review of the PRC’s Minority/Indigenous Language Policy and Practice: Nation-State Building and Identity Construction.” Eds. Becket and Postiglione. 18–30.Google Scholar
Zhou, Minglang and Hongkai, Sun, eds. 2004. Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishing.Google Scholar
Zhou, Zunyou. 2017. “China’s Strategy for De-radicalization.” Terrorism and Political Violence, DOI:10.1080/09546553.2017.1330199.Google Scholar
Secondary Sources
Abdugheni, . 2011. Zaijing weiwu’erzu liudong renkou diaocha yanjiu [A study of Uighur migrants in Beijing]. PhD dissertation, Minzu University of China.Google Scholar
Junde, Ao. 2001. “Minzu quyu zizhifa shi zenme xiugai de?” [How was the law on ethnic autonomous regions amended]. Zhongguo minzu 4: 4–7.Google Scholar
Azad, M. 2010. “Zui furao de tudishang de yili weiwu’e ren de xiagang daijia” [The price of being laid off for Uighurs in the endowed land of Ili]. Uighurbiz.net, April 13. www.uighurbiz.net/html/2010/0413/13435.html.Google Scholar
Bingtuan, . 2013. “Xinjiang nanbeijiang renkou chayi jiqi yu quyu xietiao fazhan de yingxiang” [Demographic differences in northern and southern Xinjiang and their impact on regional development]. Bingtuan sheke guihua ban, July 1. Web.Google Scholar
Cai, Caidan. 2008. “Menyuan hanzu de laiyuan” [Sources of Han People in Menyuan].Qinghai Xinhua net, May 21. Web.Google Scholar
Cao, Ying and Liu, Suhua. 2004. “Lun zaoqi weixinpai de zhuquan guan” [On the early reformers’ conception of sovereignty]. Changsha ligong xuebao 19.4 (December): 86–94.Google Scholar
CCP (Central Committee). 1980a. “Guanyu zhuanfa ‘Xizang gongzuo huiyi jiyao’ de tongzhi” [Notification on Forwarding the Minutes of Work Symposium on Tibet], April 7. In CCP (Document Research Center).Google Scholar
CCP (Central Committee Secretariat). 1980b. Zhongyang shujichu taolun Xinjiang gongzuo wenti de jiyao” [Minutes from the CCP Central Committee Secretariat’s Discussion of its Work on Xinjiang]. July 16. www.people.com.cn/item/20years/newfiles/c1030.html.Google Scholar
CCP (Central Committee and the State Council). 1991. “Zhonggong zhongyang, guowuyuan guanyu jinyibu zuohao zongjiao gongzuo ruogan wenti de tongzhi” [The CCP Central Committee and the State Council notification on several issues regarding improvement of religious work]. 1991[6], February 5. http://cqlx.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx.Google Scholar
CCP (Central Committee and the State Council). 2001b. Mao Zedong Xizang gongzuo xuanbian [Selected collection of Mao Zedong on Tibet (related) work]. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
CCP (Central Committee and the State Council). 2005. Xizang gongzuo wenxian xuanbian [Selected collection of documents on Tibet (related) work]. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
CCP (Central Committee and the State Council). 2018. “Zhonggong zhongyang guowuyuan guanyu shishi xiangcun zhenxin zhanlue de yijian” [CCP Central Committee and the State Council opinion on implementing the strategy to revive rural villages]. February 5. Web.Google Scholar
CCP (Document Research Center). 1982. Sanzhongquanhui yilai zhongyao wenxian xuanbian [Selected important documents since the 3rd plenum]. Vols. 1 and 2. Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
CCP (Organization Department). 2001a. 2000–2001 zhongguo diaocha baogao: xin xingshi xia de renmin neibu maodun [2000–2001 investigative report on China: contradictions among the people in new times]. Beijing: Zhongyang bianyi chubanshe.Google Scholar
CCTB (Central Compilation and Translation Bureau). 1989. Gongchan guoji dashiji [Major events of the Comintern]. Ha’erbin: Heilongjiang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
CCTV1. 2018. “Xinjiang: Jujiao nanjiang sidi.sanzhou jingzhun tuopin” [Xinjiang: precision anti-poverty in the four prefectures of southern Xinjiang]. Wanjian xinwen, August 9.Google Scholar
CE (Zhongguo jingji wang). 2013. “Xizang ge dishi shuji, shizhang (xingshu zhuanyuan) mingdan + jianli” [Names and resumes of party secretaries and chief executives at prefectural and municipal levels in the TAR]. Last updated July 2013. http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/sf/xz/ds/201206/15/t20120615_23410337.shtml.Google Scholar
CE (Zhongguo jingji wang). 2019. “Xinjiang gedi shuji, shi/zhou (xingshu zhuanyuan) mingdan + jianli” [Names and resumes of party secretaries and chief executives at prefectural and municipal levels in Xinjiang]. Last updated January 11, 2019. http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/sf/xj/ds/201206/14/t20120614_1269253.shtml.Google Scholar
Chang, An. 2010. “Qingmo minchu xianzheng shijie zhong de ‘wuzu gonghe’” [‘The Five-nation republic’ in the constitutional worldview of the late Qing and early republican period]. Beida falu pinglun 2: 343–71.Google Scholar
Chang, Bao. 2011. “Xunzhao guojia: Qingmo minguo shiqi menggu difang jingying guojia rentong de yanbian yu xingcheng” [Looking for the state: The evolution and formation of national identity among local elites in Mongol areas during the late Qing and the Republican eras]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 78 (January): 1–17.Google Scholar
Chen, Fang. 2015. “Xinjiang qu jiduanhua diaocha” [Investigation of Xinjiang’s deradicalization campaign]. Ifeng, October 12. http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/special/xjqjdh/.Google Scholar
Chen, Pengfei. 2014. “1978–1989 nian dangde minzu zhengce yanbian fenxi” [An analysis of the evolution of the party’s ethnic policy during 1978–1989]. MA thesis, Xinjiang Teachers’ College.Google Scholar
Chen, Tianhua. 2002. Meng houtou, jingshi zhong [Forcefully turn head to warn the world]. Beijing: Huaxia chubanshe.Google Scholar
Chen, Weiren. 1980. “Xizang kaocha ji” [A report on (Hu Yaobang’s) investigative tour to Tibet]. Lilun dongtai 217 (July 15): 1–24.Google Scholar
Chen, Xinlin. 2010. “Cong zuqun dao minzu difang rentong yu guojia fenlei de boyi yu huhui – Tanqi shequ de shizheng yanjiu” [From ethnic groups to nationalities – competition and interaction between local identity and state classification – a case study of the Tanqi community]. Zhongnan minzu daxue xuebao 6: 38–42.Google Scholar
Chen, Xinyuan. 2012. “Wode liangwei weizu shangji” [My two Uyghur superiors]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 125 (December): 24–36.Google Scholar
Chen, Yuning. 1994. Zhongguo minzu ningjuli de lishi tansuo [A historical exploration of ethnic cohesion in China]. Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Chen, Zhibin and Xiao, Sun. 2011. “Yita shijian: 1962 nian 60 wan Xinjiangren pantao sulian neimu” [The Yili-Tacheng incident: the inside story of the escape of sixty thousand Xinjiang residents to the Soviet Union in 1962]. Gongshi wang, November 7. www.21ccom.net/articles/lsjd/lccz/article_2011110748308.html.Google Scholar
Cheng, Min. 2013. “Wu Jinghua shengqian pibo ‘Deng Liqun zishu: shi’er ge chunqiu” [Wu Jinghua’s refutation of Deng Liqun’s memoir]. Hybsl, July 11. www.hybsl.cn/ybsxyj/shengpingyusixiang/2013–07–11/38587.html.Google Scholar
Cheng, Min. 2014a. “‘Liangshao yikuan’ zhengce de xingcheng guocheng” [The formation of the policy of “two less and one lax”]. Hybsl, March 17. www.hybsl.cn/zt/smnhy/ssssss1/2014–03–17/45297.html.Google Scholar
Cheng, Min. 2014b. “Cheng Min: 80 niandai shi Xinjiang diqu zui wending de shiqi” [The 1980s was the most stable period in Xinjiang]. Hu Yaobang shiliao xinxi wang, March 28. www.cssn.cn/mzx/llzc/201404/t20140404_1058615.shtml.Google Scholar
Cheng, Min. 2014c. “Yaobang tongzhi yu Kunming baokong an youhe guanxi?” [What does Comrade Yaobang have to the Kunming terror case?]. Hybsl, May 9. www.hybsl.cn/zt/smnhy/ssssss1/20140509/46192.html.Google Scholar
Cheng, Xuejiao. 2016. “Xinjiang shaoshu minzu gaokao jiafen zhengce cunzai de wenti ji duiche” [Problems of Xinjiang’s preferential policies in college admissions and solutions]. Lilun yanjiu 6: 158–9.Google Scholar
China. 2017. “Zhijing Xinjiang fanbaokong xisheng de yinglie” [Salute to Xinjiang’s heroes who died fighting terror]. April 4. https://military.china.com/11103358/20170404/30386580.html.Google Scholar
Chinacourt. 2014. “1979 nian Chen Yonggui weihe ma Hu Yaobang shi ‘Hu Luanbang’?” [Why did Chen Yonggui call Hu YaoHuabang “Hu the wrecker” in 1979]. September 6. http://mqxfy.chinacourt.gov.cn/article/detail/2014/09/id/1433540.shtml.Google Scholar
Chinanews. 2014. “Xinjiang jiang choudiao 20 wan ming jiguan ganbu xiajiceng sannian fugai wancun” [Xinjiang will send 200,000 officials from state agencies to grass-roots for three years covering 10,000 villages]. February 15. www.chinanews.com/gn/2014/02–15/5841799.shtml.Google Scholar
Chopel, Khedrup. 2005. “Dang de zongjiao zhengce zai Xizang de guanche zhixing” [Implementation of the party’s ethnic policy in Tibet]. Zhongguo zangxue 3: 158–68.Google Scholar
Dai, Xiaoming. 1999. “Xin zhongguo minzu fazhi jianshe: Shiji zhijiao de huigu yu qianzhan” [Construction of law on minorities in China: Looking back and forward at the turn of the millennium]. Minzu yanjiu 5: 21–32.Google Scholar
Dajia bao. 2016. “2016 nian Xinjiang xinnongcun hezuo yiliao xin zhengce” [New policies for Xinjiang’s new cooperative healthcare in 2016]. March 8. www.dajiabao.com/zixun/20299.html.Google Scholar
Dang, Yulin and Yuxi, Zhang. 2003. Dangdai Xinjiang jianshi [A brief history of Xinjiang]. Beijing: Dangdai zhongguo chubanshe.Google Scholar
Deng, Liqun. 2006. Deng Liqun zishu: shi’erge chunqiu (1975–1987) [Deng Liqun’s memoir: Twelve years (1975–1987)]. Hong Kong: Dafeng chubanshe.Google Scholar
Deng, Liqun. 2008. “Deng Liqun zishu li dui 1980 nian Xizang wenti de huiyi” [Deng Liqun’s recollection of the Tibet issue in 1980 in his memoir]. Makeszhuyi pinglun, April 28. www.reviewing.cn/2008/0428/8318.html.Google Scholar
Dong, Bumin. 2019. “Shequ jiaozheng de fazhan lishi ji xianzhuang” [Evolution and current state of community correction]. July 10. http://china.findlaw.cn/lawyers/article/d722752.html.Google Scholar
Du, Yongbin. 2005. “Han yiben 2005 nian ban qianyan – ge’ersitan: meiguo de ‘xizang tong” [Forward to the 2005 edition – Goldstein: America’s Tibet expert]. Lama wangguo de fumie [The Demise of the Lamaist State]. Mei Ge’ersitan (Melvin Goldstein). Beijing: Zhongguo zangxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Duan, Qiming. 2012. “Guanche 19 hao wenjian de deyushi” [Gains and losses in implementing Document 19]. Kexue yu wushen lun 4: 14–22, 64.Google Scholar
Dute wang. 2017. “2017 nian Xinjiang fanfu zuixin xiaoxi, Xinjiang tanguan mindan daquan” [Latest anti-corruption news of 2017 from Xinjiang: A complete list of corrupt officials]. January 9. www.9d4d.com/lianghui/211894.html.Google Scholar
EdB. 1979. Editorial Board of Modern Chinese History, ed., Zhongguo jindai shi [Contemporary Chinese history]. Beijing: Zhonghua chubanshe.Google Scholar
EdB. 1986. Editorial Board of Encyclopedia Sinica, ed., Zhonghua da baike quanshu (minzu ji) [Encyclopedia Sinica: collection on ethnic groups]. Beijing: Zhongguo baike chubanshe.Google Scholar
EdB. 1987. Editorial Board of Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Regions, ed., Guangxi zhuangzu shehui lishi diaocha [A historical investigation of the Zhuang community of Guangxi]. Nanning: Guangxi Minzu Press.Google Scholar
EdB. 1989. Editorial Board of Chronicles of Work on Ethnic Affairs, ed., Dangdai zhongguo minzu gongzuo dashiji [Major events in ethnic work in contemporary China]. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
EdB. 1993. Editorial Board of Contemporary China, ed., Dangdai zhongguo minzu [Ethnic groups in contemporary China]. Beijing: Dangdai zhongguo chubanshe.Google Scholar
EdB. 2009. Editorial Board of Tibet in Contemporary China, ed., Dangdai zhongguo de Xizang [Tibet in contemporary China]. Beijing: Dangdai zhongguo chubanshe.Google Scholar
Edu.sina. 2004. “2004 nian gedi gaokao luqu fenshuxian” [The 2004 cut-off scores for college admissions in all provinces]. Undated. http://edu.sina.com.cn/focus/04gkcf/.Google Scholar
Edu.sina. 2006. “Xinjiang zhaoweihui gongbu 2006 nian zuidi toudang kongzhi fenshuxian” [Xinjiang College Admissions Committee announces the lowest qualifying scores for 2006]. June 28. http://edu.sina.com.cn/exam/2006–06–28/135444006.html.Google Scholar
EOL (Zhongguo jiaoyu zaixian). 2018. “Xinjiang linian gaokao fenshuxian” [The cut-off scores for college admissions in Xinjiang in past years]. April 8. http://gaokao.eol.cn/xin_jiang/dongtai/ 201804/ t20180408 _1594248.shtml.Google Scholar
Fan, Ke. 2011. “‘Bianjiang fazhan’ xian yi” [Disputing “frontier development”]. Zhongnan minzu daxue xuebao 1: 1–7.Google Scholar
Fei, Xiaotong. 1980. “Guanyu woguo minzu de shibie wenti” [On the problem of ethnic classification in our country]. Zhongguo shehui kexue 1: 147–63.Google Scholar
Fu, Maoji. 1954. “Yunnan shaoshu minzu yuwen de yiban qingkuan” [The general state of Yunnan’s minority languages]. Xin Jianshe, March 1954.Google Scholar
Gao, Tianding. 2015. Hu Yaobang yu xinshiqi fan yuanjia cuoan yanjiu [Hu Yaobang and rectification of wrongful cases in the new era]. PhD dissertation, the Central Party School.Google Scholar
Gao, Zhonglun and Jianglong, Mu. 2011. “Quanguo duikou zhiyuan xia Xinjiang jingji shehui fazhan de sikao” [On Xinjiang’s economic and social development under partner assistance programs]. Dangdai jingji 1: 88–9.Google Scholar
Gaosan, . 2017. “2017 gaokao shaoshu minzu jiafen zhengce jiedu” [Explaining bonus points policy for college admissions in 2017]. June 20. www.gaosan.com/gaokao/153823.html.Google Scholar
Gaosan, . 2019. “2019 Xinjiang gaokao jiafen ji youxian luqu zhengce” [Preferential policies in college admissions for Xinjiang, 2019]. May 21. www.gaosan.com/gaokao/245559.html.Google Scholar
Ge, Fengjiao. 2011. “Quanguo shaoshu minzu diqu shuangyu jiaoxue qingkuang gaishu” [An overview of bilingual education in minority regions]. Xinjiang jiaoyu xuebao 27.1: 69–76.Google Scholar
Gong, Xuezeng. 2003. “Xinzhongguo chuli minzu wenti de lilun yu shijian” [The theory and practice of new China in dealing with minority issues]. Zongjiao yu minzu 2: 2–26.Google Scholar
Gong, Zhixiang. 2009. Minzu zhengce guocheng ji shizheng fenxi [Minority policy decision making and an empirical analuysis]. Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Gongwuyuan. 2016. “2016 nian Xinjiang gongwuyuan kaoshi jianzhang” [Guidelines to Xinjiang’s 2016 civil service exam]. March 21. https://gongwuyuan.eol.cn/difang/skzx/201603/t20160321_1378459.shtml.Google Scholar
Gu, Guoliang, et al. 2012. Meiguo duihua zhengce zhong de Xinjiang wenti [The Xinjiang issue in American policy towards China]. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Guan, Kai. 2007. Zuqun zhengzhi [Ethnic politics]. Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Guan, Kai. 2011. “Manzu minzuxing: Diguo shidai de zhengzhihua jiegou yu houdiguo shidai de qu zhengzhiuhua jiegou” [The Manchus’ ethnicity: politicization during imperial times and depoliticization in post-imperial times]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 78: 18–27.Google Scholar
Guan, Kai. 2013. “Zhongguo de minzu zhengce: Bubian de huayu yu bianhua de shijian” [China’s ethnic policy: unchanging discourse and changing realities]. Wenhua zongheng 6: 26–33.Google Scholar
Guan, Wei. 2004. “Lun zhongguo jindai guojifa guannian de zhaoxing” [On the rise of the concept of international law in modern China]. Zhengfa luncong 3: 84–9.Google Scholar
Guan, Yanbo. 2007. “Lun tangdai neidi yu bianjiang de ‘hushi’ he ‘chaogong’ maoyi” [On the trading and tribute system between the interior and frontier regions during the Tang dynasty]. Heilongjiang minzu congkan 4: 84–8.Google Scholar
Guancha. 2014a. “Xinjiang yanda baokong bannian: dadiao kongbu tuanhuo 115 ge, jiupu 334 ming zaitao xianyiren” [Half a year of intensified crackdown in Xinjiang: crushed 115 terror groups, arrested 334 suspects]. November 25. www.guancha.cn/local/2014_11_25_301560.shtml.Google Scholar
Guancha. 2014b. “Kelamayi jiang juban zizhiqu yundonghui, jinzhi wuzhong yizhuang renyuan chengzuo gongjiao” [Kelamayi will hold XUAR’s sports meet and ban five types of dressing styles from public busses]. August 5. www.guancha.cn/local/2014_08_05_253709.shtml.Google Scholar
Guancha. 2015. “Xinjiang hetian shiwei fu shuji, shizhang Adeli Nu’ermaimaiti bei shuangkai” [Deputy Party Secretary and Mayor of Hotan Adeli Nurmehmet faced double expulsions]. February 19. www.guancha.cn/FaZhi/2015_02_19_%20309936.shtml.Google Scholar
Guancha. 2016. “Xinjiang: Jinzhi jiazhang youdao, qiangpo haizi canjia zongjiao” [Xinjiang: Prohibit parents from goading or forcing their children to participate in religious activities]. October 13. https://news.qq.com/a/20161013/001198.htm.Google Scholar
Guancha. 2019. “Yangshi bochu zhenhan shipin! Tashuo: ruguo meiyou jiaopei, wo dengdai de keneng shi diyu” [CCTV broadcasts rattling video clips from Xinjiang: He says, without the education and training center, I may be in hell]. March 19. www.guancha.cn/politics/2019_03_19_ 494248.shtml.Google Scholar
Guliyan, . 2010. “Xuexiao jinzhi zongjiao huodong de falü yiju” [The legal basis for banning religious activities in schools]. Xinjiang shehui zhexue kexue wang, September 13. https://wenku.baidu.com/view/e4529e6048d7c1c708a14539.html.Google Scholar
Ha, Zhengli. 2009. “Dangdai zhongguo shaoshu minzu zongjiao zhengce jianping” [A brief analysis of policies towards minority religions in contemporary China]. Zhonggong jinan shiwei dangxiao xuebao 2: 102–6.Google Scholar
Han, Ting. 2015. Dangde Xinjiang minzu zhengce de lishi diaocha [An investigation of the party’s ethnic policy in Xinjiang]. MA thesis, Xinjiang sifan daxue.Google Scholar
Hao, Shiyuan. 2012. “Hao Shiyuan Pingxi ‘di’erdai minzu zhengce’ shuo jiexuan” [Excerpts of Hao Shiyuan’s comments on the second generation of minority policies]. Zhongguo minzu bao, February 3, 10, and 17; March 2, 9, and 16; April 13 and 30; May 11.Google Scholar
Hao, Shiyuan, Haiyang, Zhang, and Rong, Ma. 2013. “Goujian xinxing minzu guanxi” [Building a new type of ethnic relations]. Lingdaozhe 53 (August): 79–100.Google Scholar
He, Fang. 2009. “Hu Yaobang yu minzu quyu zizhi” [Hu Yaobang and autonomy in minority regions]. Ai sixiang, August 24. www.aisixiang.com/data/29752.html.Google Scholar
He, Junfang. 1998. Zhongguo minzu shuangyu wenti yanjiu: Lishi yu xianshi [A study of bilingual education in China: history and reality]. Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Longqun, He. 2010. “Zhou Enlai yu Guangxi minzu diqu de fazhan” [Zhou Enlai and development of minority areas in Guangxi]. Zhongguo qingnian wang April 28. Web.Google Scholar
HQSB (Huangqiu shibao). 2009. “Dai Xu: Xizang Xinjiang chuyu meijun banxiaoshi huoli daji quannei” [Dai Xu: Tibet and Xinjiang located within half an hour of American military attack]. August 20, 2009.Google Scholar
HQSB. 2014. “Sheping: Baigong gai cheng Xinjiang ‘kongbuxiji’ zhide guli” [Op-ed: The White House deserves to be commended for reversing itself and referring to Xinjiang’s “terrorist attack”]. May 24.Google Scholar
Hu, Anang and Lianhe, Hu. 2010. “Yushijujin tuidong minzu jiaorongyiti shi guojia changzhijiu’an de zhiben zhi ce” [Changing with the times and promoting ethnic integration is the fundamental policy to ensure China’s long-term stability]. Tansuo 5: 151–5.Google Scholar
Hu, Anang and Lianhe, Hu. 2011. “Di’erdai minzu zhengce: cujin minzu jiaorong yiti he fanrong yiti” [The second generation of ethnic policy: Promoting ethnic integration and common prosperity]. Xinjiang shifan daxue xuebao 5: 1–13.Google Scholar
Hu, Hongbao and Limei, Zhang. 2009. “Minzu shibie yuanze de bianhua yu minzu renkou” [Changes in criteria for classifying ethnic groups and ethnic populations]. Xinan minzu daxue xuebao 30.4: 9–13.Google Scholar
Hu, Lingming. 2011. “Guanyu xiugai wanshan ‘minzu quyu zizhifa de jidian sikao’” [Some reflections on amending “Law on Autonomy of Ethnic Regions.”]. Minzu luntan 11: 17–20.Google Scholar
Hu, Youze and Rong, Cheng. 2016. “Xinshiqi ‘liangshao yikuan’ minzu zhengce yanjiu” [An analysis of the “two less and one lax” policy in the new era]. Qinghai minzu yanjiu 27.2: 81–5.Google Scholar
Hualv. 2012. “Shequ jiaozheng de yiyi younaxie?” [What is the significance of community correction]. February 8. www.66law.cn/topic2010/sqjzdyy/2063.shtml.Google Scholar
Hualv. 2019. “Xinjiang pinkunhu biaozhun” [Allowances for poor households in Xinjiang]. January 16. www.66law.cn/laws/735363.aspx.Google Scholar
Huang, Guangxue and Lianhu, Si. 2005. Zhongguo de minzu shibie [China’s ethnic classification]. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Huang, Mu and Wu, Keya. 2001. “Zhongguo gudai shaoshu minzu chaogongzhi chutan” [A preliminary analysis of the tribute system for ethnic minorities in ancient China]. Qinghai minzu yanjiu 12.4: 33–5.Google Scholar
Huang, Rongqing. 2009. “Xibu shaoshu minzu renkou yu fazhan” [Ethnic populations and development in western China]. Zhongguo renkou January 12: 1–29.Google Scholar
Huang, Wei. 2008. “Minzu zizhi difang zhengfu yu qita difang zhengfu xingzheng quanli de bijiao yanjiu” [A comparison of the administrative powers of local governments in autonomous and other regions]. Minzu yanjiu 3: 1–10.Google Scholar
Huang, Xingtao. 2002. “Minzu zijue yu fuhao rentong” [Ethnic self-consciousness and identity markers]. Zhongguo shehui kexue pinglun (Hong Kong) February Web.Google Scholar
Huang, Zhangjin. 2011. “Kemu de xuanze” [Kemu’s choice]. Fenghuang zhoukan September 5. Web.Google Scholar
Huang, Zhangjin. 2012. “Xinjiang weizu shehui zheng xianru shenzhong weiji” [Xinjiang’s Uighur society in deep crisis]. Yangguang shiwu zhoukan (Hong Kong), 35 (December): 42–22.Google Scholar
Huang, Zhangjin. 2013. “Shizi lukou de Xinjiang” [Xinjiang at crossroads]. Fenghuang zhoukan 478 (July 25). Web.Google Scholar
Huang, Zhangjin. 2014. “Xinjiang minzu zongjiao wenti de youlai he xianzhuang” [The origin and state of Xinjiang’s ethnic and religious problems]. March 28. https://cinacn.blogspot.com/2014/03/blog-post_28.html.Google Scholar
Huatu. 2011. “Xinjiang gongwuyuan kaoshi zuire zhi 1100 baokao, 280 ge ‘lingbaokao’” [The most popular civil service job attracts 1,100 applicants, while 280 openings receive zero applicants]. May 3. www.huatu.com/a/gwy/news/xinjiang/2011/0503/84449.html.Google Scholar
Jia, Youjun, Qungao, Qi, and Yingzi, Wang. 2006. “Xinjiang shaoshu minzu daxuesheng jiuye wenti yu chengyin fenxi” [Analyzing obstacles to employment for minority students in Xinjiang]. Jiaoyu yu zhiye 14: 55–6.Google Scholar
Jian, Zhixiang. 2006. Zuqun guishu de ziwo yu shehui dingyi [Self-identification and social definition of ethnic belonging]. Beijing: Minzhu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Jian, Zhixiang. 2009. “Zuqun youhui zhengce yu zuqun rentong” [Ethnic preferential policies and ethnic Identity]. Ed. Ma (2009a). 141–58.Google Scholar
Jian, Zhixiang. 2011. “Ma Qi de shenfen zhuanhuan yu zhengzhi jueze – jianyi minguo shiqi difang geju shili de guojia yishi” [Ma Qi’s identity transformation and political choice: national identity of local warlords during the Republican era]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 78: 28–39.Google Scholar
Jiang, Ping and Zhu, Huang, eds. 1994. Zhongguo minzu lilun yu shijian [Theory and practice of China’s minorities]. Beijing: Zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe.Google Scholar
Jin, Wei. 2008. “Duikou yuanzu yu Xizang de jingji fazhan” [Partner assistance and Tibet’s economic development]. Xibei minzu yanjiu 59.4: 10–19.Google Scholar
Jin, Wei. 2010a. Xizang: Yuanzu yu fazhan [Tibet: Aid and development]. Lhasa: Xizang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Jin, Wei. 2010b. “Ganbu yuanzang de chengjiu yu juxian” [The achievements and limitations of cadre assistance to Tibet]. Kexue shehui zhuyi 6: 66–8.Google Scholar
Jin, Wei. 2011. “Guangxi minzu wenti diaocha baogao” [Investigative report on ethnic problems in Guangxi]. Kexue shehui zhuyi 5: 131–4.Google Scholar
Jin, Wei. 2016. “Xizang’s de shouyuan yu kechixu fazhan” [Aid to Tibet and its sustainable development]. Xibei minzu yanjiu 2: 5–14.Google Scholar
Kuximake, Parr hatti, and WufuLi, Gulnar, 2008. “Yanjiu pipan Yizabute: Daxue laoshi de zeren” [College faculty’s responsibility to study and criticize Hizb ut-Tahrir]. Kashgar shifan xueyuan xuebao 29:2: 80–4.Google Scholar
LAER. 2001. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo minzu quyu zizhi fa [PRC Law on Ethnic Autonomous Regions]. Zhongguo zhengfu menhu wangzhan. Web.Google Scholar
Li, Fanwen. 2005. Xixia tongshi [A general history of west Xia]. Yinchuan: Ningxia remin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Li, Hongliang. 2017. “Xinjiang weiwu’er daxuesheng jiuye jiazhi quxiang de yindao cuoshi” [Measures to guide employment preferences of Xinjiang’s Uighur students]. Caizi 5: 165.Google Scholar
Li, Jianglin. 2010. “Qinghai ‘Xunhua shijian’ shimo” [The origin of the Xunhua incident]. http://biweeklyarchive.hrichina.org/article/307.html.Google Scholar
Li, Jiansheng. 2004. “Dangqian Xinjiang diqu de feifa zongjiao huodong jiqi e’zhi he yufang” [Illegal religious activities in Xinjiang at present and their curtailment and prevention]. Xinjiang sifan daxue xuebao 2: 32–6.Google Scholar
Junqing, Li. 2009. Chonggou yu chaoyue：Minzu diqu gonggong guanli xianzhuang diaocha yu fenxi [Restructuring: An investigation of public administration in ethnic regions]. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Li, Shiyu. 2001. “Cong kangqian minzu zhengce kan xibu kaifa” [Ethnic policies during Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong and the development of western regions]. Guizhou daxue xuebao 19.4: 73–80.Google Scholar
Li, Shuguang and Wanling, Cai. 2012. “Xinjiang shaoshu minzu xiaoxue shuangyu jiaoyu cunzai de wenti ji duice” [Problems in bilingual education at Xinjiang’s ethnic elementary schools and remedies]. Hetian shifan zhuanke xuexiao xuebao 31.3: 85–7.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoqiang, Kui, Long, and Weixuan, Lü. 2017. “Xinjiang gongke yuanxiao shaoshu minzu tongxue jiuye quxiang tezheng yanjiu” [A study of job destinations for minority graduates from Xinjiang’s STEM colleges]. Keji feng, September (I): 241.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2001. “Xinjiang minhan hexiao de yanbian yu fazhan qianjing” [The evolution and future of mixed Han and ethnic schools in Xinjiang]. Xinjiang daxue xuebao 29.2: 22–8.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2005a. “Xinjiang gaokao zhaosheng zhong de shaoshu minzu kaosheng youhui zhengce fenxi” [An analysis of preferential policies for minority students in Xinjiang’s college admissions]. Xinjiang daxue xuebao 33.1: 77–88.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2009a. “Xinjiang gaokao zhaosheng zhong de shaoshu minzu kaosheng youhui zhengce fenxi” [An analysis of preferential policies for minority students in Xinjiang’s college admissions]. Eds. Ma and Guo. 154–91.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2009b. “Xinjiang daxue shaoshu minzu dazhongzhuan biyesheng de jiuye wenti” [The employment issue for minority graduates of four-year and two-year colleges in Xinjiang]. Ed. Ma (2009a). 387–93.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2011a. “Nanjiang weihan nongmin de shengchan jiaowang diaocha” [An investigative report of interaction among Uighur and Han farmers in southern Xinjiang]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 84: 1–15.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2011b. “Xinjiang minzu guanxi zouxiang jiqi yingxiang yinsu fenxi” [An analysis of the factors affecting trends in ethnic relations in Xinjiang]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 94: 1–9.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2012a. “Xinjiang shehui jingji fazhan diaocha baogao” [An investigative report on social and economic development in Xinjiang]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 108: 21–9.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2012b. “Xinjiang zongjiao shiwu guanli zhengce fenxi” [An analysis of state regulation of religious affairs in Xinjiang]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 117: 1–8.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2012c. “Xinjiang: kuayueshi jingji fazhan xia ruhe shixian changzhi jiu’an” [Xinjiang: How to ensure long-term stability under leap-forward economic development]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 125: 14–22.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2013a. “Xinjiang e’zhi feifa zongjiao huodong zhengce fenxi” [An analysis of state policies to contain illegal religious activities in Xinjiang]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 140: 23–31.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2013b. “Xinjiang zongjiao shiwu guanli zhengce fenxi – yi jinzhi siban jingwen ban weili” [An analysis of state regulation of religious affairs in Xinjiang – the case of banning private madrasas]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 140: 32–40.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2013c. “Xinjiang zongjiao shiwu guanli zhengce fenxi – yi zongjiao jiaozhi renyuan shenghuo butie weili” [An analysis of state regulation of religious affairs in Xinjiang – the case of subsidies for the clergy], Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 136: 11–19.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2015. “Xinjiang shaoshu minzu chanye gongren fazhan ji xianzhuang fenxi” [An analysis of the evolution and status of minority industrial workers in Xinjiang]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 187: 29–40.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2016. “Xinjiang zongjiao jiduan sixiang chuanbo tedian ji diyu zhengce fenxi” [An analysis of the spread of religious extremism in Xinjiang and counter strategies]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 213: 1–7.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2017. “Xinjiang jiceng zuzhi jianshe yu shehui wending guanxi huisu” [The relationship between building rural governance and social stability]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 240: 29–36.Google Scholar
Li, Weiwei. 2012. “Jiangsu Yixing de shequ jiaozheng zhongxin hen renxinghua” [The community correction centers in Yixing, Jiangsu, are very humane]. Sina blog. May 5. http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_7ccbc9ef01013thx.html.Google Scholar
Li, Yongfeng. 2013. “Minjian jingwen xuexiao: zuoyou Xinjiang weilai de an’liu” [The undercurrent that will determine Xinjiang’s future: private madrassas]. Fengsheng, November 6. http://fengshenghk.blogspot.com/2013/11/blog-post_6.html.Google Scholar
Li, Yueming. 2010. “Gedi duikou zhiyuan Xinjiang qingkuang yilan” [Provincial distribution of partner assistance to Xinjiang]. Shishi qiushi 3: 115.Google Scholar
Li, Yunquan. 2006. “Chaogong zhidu de lilun yuanyuan yu shidai tezhen” [The theoretical sources of the tribute system and its characteristics in different historical periods]. Zhongguo bianqiang shidi yanjiu 16.3: 37–48.Google Scholar
Li, Yuwei. 2004a. “Minguo shiqi guomindang zhengfu de minzu zhengce ji neimenggu de minzu wenti” [Ethnic policies of the KMT government and the ethnic problem in Inner Mongolia during the Republican era]. Zhongyang minzu daxue xuebao 1: 81–7.Google Scholar
Li, Yuwei. 2004b. “Beiyang zhengfu de minzu zhengce yu neimenggu de minzu wenti” [Ethnic policies of the Beiyang government and the ethnic problem in Inner Mongolia]. Nengmenggu shehui kexue 2: 14–17.Google Scholar
Li, Zonghua and Yankai, Li. 1992. Anduo zangshi lue [A brief history of Amdo]. Xining: Qinghai remin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Jinglun, Liang. 2014. Beijing duikou zhiyuan Xinjiang Hetian diqu shijian yanjiu [A study of Beijing’s partner assistance to Hotan]. MA thesis, Minzu University of China.Google Scholar
Liang, Qichao. 1901/1963. “Guojia sixiang bianqian yitong lun” [A comparative study of changes in the conception of the state]. Xinhai geming qianshinian shi lunwenji [Collection of essays on the decade before the revolution of 1911]. Beijing: Sanlian shudian.Google Scholar
Lin, Da. 2009. “Sifa bugong shi Xinjiang wenti de yinbao dian” [Judicial unfairness is the tipping point for Xinjiang’s problems]. Yazhou zhoukan 30: 35.Google Scholar
Lin, Huixiang. 1936. Zhongguo minzu shi [Ethnic history of China]. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.Google Scholar
Liu, Dan. 2010. “Xinjiang yimin wenti fenxi” [An analysis of the migration problem in Xinjiang]. Xibei renkou 31.6: 115–19, 125.Google Scholar
Liu, Tong. 1998. Tangchao jimi fuzhou yanjiu [A study of loose rein prefectures in the Tang dynasty]. Xi’an: Xibei daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Liu, Weijun. 2010. Xiyu wenhua jingcui [Cultural essentials of western regions]. Vols. 1–2. Hong Kong: Zhonghua wenhua chubanshe. (Vols. 3–4, 2011).Google Scholar
Liu, Weijun. 2011. “Shui shi tianshan de yuanzhumin” [Who are the original inhabitants across the Tianshan areas?]. Paper presented at the conference on the development of Chinese ethnology at Xinjiang University, July 11–12.Google Scholar
Liu, Yuelan. 2007. “Xinjiang jianshe bingtuan renkou qianyi yanjiu” [A study of migration patterns in Xinjiang’s PCCs]. Xibei renkou 28.2: 111–15.Google Scholar
Liu, Yuelan. 2009a. “Gaige kaifang yilai dangde minzu zongjiao zhengce zai Hetian de chenggong shijian” [Successful implementation of the party’s ethnic and religious policy in Hetian in the reform era]. Zhonggong yili zhouwei dangxiao xuebao 2: 53–5.Google Scholar
Liu, Yuelan and Xuehua, Wang. 2008. “1954–2005 nian Xinjiang bingtuan renkou fazhan tedian ji zhiyue yinsu fenxi” [Characteristics and constraining factors in the demographic growth of Xinjiang’s PCCs, 1954–2005]. Xibei renkou 29.1: 98–102.Google Scholar
Liu, Yujin. 2014. “Xizang jiaqiang he chuangxin simiao guanli gongzuo cujin zongjiao hemu” [Tibet strengthens and innovates regulation of monasteries, promoting religious harmony]. Xizang ribao, December 24.Google Scholar
Liu, Yuewu. 2009b. “Zhongguo chuantong zongfan tizhi shulun” [On the Suzerain-vassal system in traditional China]. Nanjing Shifan daxue xuebao 6: 42–8.Google Scholar
Losel, Rigzin. 2011b. “Ruhe gei xifang ren jiang Xizang wenti” [How to explain the Tibet issue to westerners]. Lingdaozhe (April): 22–8.Google Scholar
Losel, Rigzin and Weizhong, Huang. 2012. “Cong zai neidi de zangzu liudong renkou zhuangkuan kan hanzang minzu guanxi: yi chengdu liudong renkou weili” [A look at the Han–Tibetan relations through the migratory population in interior China: The case of Chengdu]. Zhongguo zangxue 101.2: 6–8.Google Scholar
Lü, Simian. 1935. Zhongguo minzu yanjin shi [A history of the evolution of China’s ethnic groups]. Shanghai: Yazhou shukan.Google Scholar
Luo, Changpei and Maoji, Fu. 1954. “Guonei shaoshu minzu yuyan wenzi gaikuang” [An overview of minority language and scripts in our country]. Zhongguo yuyan 3.Google Scholar
Luo, Zhijia. 2016. Dang zai Xinjiang de wenhua zhili de lishi jincheng ji jiben jiaoxun yanjiu [A study of the history and lessons of the party’s cultural management of Xinjiang]. PhD dissertation, Shaanxi Normal University.Google Scholar
Ma, Dazheng. 2002. Guojia liyi gaoyu yiqie: Xinjiang wending wenti de guancha yu sikao [The supremacy of national interests: Observations and reflections on the issue of stability in Xinjiang]. Urumqi: Xinjiang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ma, Dazheng and Jianying, Xu. 2006. “Dong tujue sitan guo” mimeng de huangmie [The passing of the illusion of East Turkestan]. Urumqi: Xinjiang remmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ma, Pinyan. 2003. “Xinjiang fandui feifa zongjiao huodong yanjiu” [A study of Xinjiang’s fight against illegal religious activities]. Xinjiang shehui kexue 4: 72–8.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 1996. Xizang renkou yu shehui [Tibet’s population and society]. Beijing: Tongxin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2001. “Zhongguo ge minzu zhijian de zuji tonghun” [Interethnic marriages in China]. Minzu yu shehui fazhan [Ethnic groups and social development]. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe. 161–224.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2004. “Lijie minzu guanxi de xin silu” [New thinking in understanding ethnic relations]. Beijing daxue xuebao 6: 122–3.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. et al. 2005. “Xinjiang Wulumuqi liudong renkou jiegou tezhen yu jiuye zhuangkuan” [The structure and employment of migrant population in Urumqi, Xinjiang]. Xibei minzu yanjiu 3: 5–42.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2008a. “Sidalin shifou zai minzu wenti shang fanle lishixing cuowu?” [Did Stalin make a historical mistake on the ethnic issue?]. Minzu shehu xue yanjiu tongxun 46: 1–8.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2008b. “Xizang zizhiqu renkou de jiegou yu bianhua” [The structure and transformation of Tibet’s population]. Zhongguo Xizang 3: 167–83.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2009a. Ed. Shaoshu mionzu shehui fazhan yu jiuye [Development and employment in minority society]. Beijing: shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2009b. “Xinjiang minzu jiaoyu de fazhan yu shuangyu jiaoyu de shijian” [Development of minority education and implementation of bilingual education in Xinjiang]. Eds. Ma and Guo. 30–64.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2009c. “Xinjiang minzu jiaoyu yu daxuesheng jiuye wenti zuotanhui jilu zhengli” [Minutes from symposium on minority education and employment for Xinjiang’s college students]. Ed. Ma (2009a). 394–406.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2009d. “Neimenggu chaoyuan muqu de menghan guanxi yanbian ji yingxiang yinsu – yi ximengdongwu qi yige muye shequ wei ge’an” [The dynamics of the Han–Mongolian relations in pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia: A case study of Ximengdongwu Banner]. Xibei minzu yanjiu 4: 8–31.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2010a. “Zhongguo shehui de linyilei ‘er’yuan jiegou’” [Another “dual structure” in Chinese society]. Beijing daxue xuebao 47.3: 93–103.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2010b. “Zhongguo chuantong ‘zuqun guan’ yu xianqin wenxian ‘zu’ zi shiyong qianxi” [A brief analysis of traditional Chinese conceptions of ethnicity and the use of “zu” in pre-Qin classic texts]. Ed. Xie. 205–38.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2011a. “Er’shiyi shiji zhongguo shifou cunzai guojia fenlie de fengxian” [Is China vulnerable to separatism in the twenty-first century?]. Lingdaozhe (February and April): 88–108 and 72–85.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2011c. “Xinjiang chengzhen fazhan yu shuangyu jiaoyu jincheng” [Urban development and progress in bilingual education in Xinjiang]. Xibei minzu yanjiu 69.2: 159–72.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2011d. “Xizang shehui fazhan yu shuangyu jiaoyu” [Tibet’s social development and bilingual education]. Zhongguo zangxue 2 (February): 114–45.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2011e. “Minguo shiqi shaoshu minzu jingying: Lijie zhongguo cong ‘tianxia diguo’ zhuanxiang ‘minzu guojia’ de yaoshi” [Minority elites during the Republican era: Understanding the key to China’s evolution from a “celestial empire” to a “nation-state”]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 78 (January): 1–5.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2012. “Zhongguo de minzu wenti yu 20 shiji 50 niandai de ‘minzu shibie’” [China’s current minority problems and the “ethnic classification” of the 1950s]. Xibei minzu yanjiu 74.3: 13–28.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2013a. “Guanyu dangqian woguo minzu wenti de jinyibu taolun – yetan ‘di’erdai minzu zhengce’” [Further thinking on ethnic issues in China – on the “second-generation ethnic policy”]. Zhongyang minzu daxue xuebao 4:5–10.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong. 2013b. “Xinjiang duikou zhiuyuan xiangmu shishi qingkuan diaocha” [An investigation of the implementation of partner assistance projects in Xinjiang]. Minzu shehui xue yanjiu tongxun 147 (November): 1–12.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong and Tenzin, Drolop. 2008. “Lasa liudong renkou de diaocha baogao” [An investigative report on Lhasa’s migratory population]. Xibei minzu yanjiu 4: 124–71.Google Scholar
Ma, Rong and Zhigang, Guo, eds. 2009. Zhongguo xibu diqu shaoshu minzu jiaoyu de fazhan [Development of minority education in China’s western regions]. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ma, Yao. 2001. Minzuxue yu minzu gongzuo lunwen ji [Collection of papers from ethnic studies and ethnic work]. Kunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ma, Yin. 1984. Zhongguo shaoshu minzu changshi [General knowledge about China’s ethnic groups]. Beijing: Zhongguo qingnian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Mao, Weihua. 2018. “Xinjiang ‘shuangyu’ jiaoyu de duominuogu xiaoyin” [The domino effect of Xinjiang’s bilingual education]. China Daily, May 16. Web.Google Scholar
wang, Meiwen. 2017. “2007 nian Xinjiang gongkai kaoshi luqu gongwuyuan, gongzuo renyuan gonggao” [Public announcement for Xinjiang’s 2007 civil service exam]. May 11. www.wenjiwu.com/doc/klpgni.html.Google Scholar
Memet, Adil and Halewjan, Guljawer. 2018. “Shilun Xinjiang shuangyu jiaoyu cunzai de wenti yu duice” [Problems in Xinjiang’s bilingual education and solutions]. Xibu xuekan 71.2: 35–8.Google Scholar
Memet, Dilshati. 2018. “Jiaqiang Xinjiang shuangyu jiaoyu, cujin shaoshu minzu rencai peiyang” [Strengthen bilingual education in Xinjiang, promote training of minority talent]. Dangdai jiaoyu lilun yu jiaoxue shijian 4: 41–2.Google Scholar
Mi, Shoujiang and Jia, You. 2004. Zhongguo yisilan jiao [Islam in China]. Beijing: Zhongguo zhouji chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yuan, Min. 2014. “Yu Zhu Weiqun tan Xinjiang qingzhensi shuliang wenti” [Debating Mr. Zhu Weiqun on the number of mosques in Xinjiang]. Zhongguo shuzi shidai, May 1. Web.Google Scholar
Ming, Hao. 2012. “Minzu ‘shijue’ huhuan yushijujin – tan dangqian minzu yanjiu zhong de redian huati” [Enhancing the “ethnic perspective” in contemporary ethnic studies]. Yunnan minzu daxue xuebao 29.5: 5–21.Google Scholar
Ming, Hao. 2015. “Qiangdiao duoyang xing youhe ‘guofen’” [What is excessive about emphasizing diversity?]. Zhongguo minzu bao, July 17.Google Scholar
Mo, Yueyan. 1996. “Li Weihan dui jiejue zhongguo minzu wenti daolu de tansuo” [Li Weihan’s search for solutions to China’s ethnic problems]. Minzu yanjiu 3: 1–9.Google Scholar
MOE (Ministry of Education). 1983. “Jiaoyubu guanyu zhengque chuli shaoshuminzu diqu zongjiao ganrao xuexiao jiaoyu wenti de yijian” [Ministry of Education on properly handling the problem of religious interference in public school education in minority regions]. February 17. www.china.com.cn/guoqing/zwxx/2011–10/02/content_23540452.htm.Google Scholar
MOE (Ministry of Education). 1998. “Mianxiang 21 shiji jiaoyu zhenxing xingdong jihua” [A plan of action for strengthening education for the twenty-first century]. December 24. http://old.moe.gov.cn//publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_177/200407/2487.html.Google Scholar
MOF (Ministry of Finance). 1993–2017. Zhongguo caizheng nianjian [Finance yearbook of the PRC]. Beijing: Zhongguo caizheng zazhishe.Google Scholar
MUF (Ministry of United Front). 1991. Minzu wenti wenjian huibian [Collection of documents on ethnic issues]. Beijing: Zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe.Google Scholar
Na, La. 2010. Qingmo minguo shiqi Xinjiang youmu shehui yanjiu [A study of Xinjiang’s pastoral society in the late Qing and Republican eras]. Beijing: Sheke xueshu chubanshe.Google Scholar
NFRB (Nanfang ribao). 2009. “6.26 Shaoguan shijian wei faxian waibu shili he heishehui chashou” [No external forces or organized crime involved in the 6.26 Shaoguan incident]. July 7. Print.Google Scholar
NFZM (Nanfang zhoumo). 2007. “1990–2007: Zhongguo fanji dongtu 17 nian” [1990–2007: 17 Years of fighting East Turkistan]. January 11. Print.Google Scholar
Nijatkar, . 2012. “2012 Xinjiang weiwu’er zizhiqu gongwuyuan kaoshi: Jueda duoshi gangwei xianding hanzu” [Xinjiang’s 2012 civil service exams: most positions require Han applicants]. August 27. www.uighurbiz.net/archives/5151.Google Scholar
Niyaz, Abiz. 2004. “Dangqian Xinjiang fan fenlie douzheng yu Yisilanjiao guanxi de jige wenti” [Several issues in the linkages between Xinjiang’s battles against separatism and Islam). Xinjiang shifan daxue xuebao 2 (June): 15–20.Google Scholar
Pan, Jiuyan. 2009. Quanguo yuanzang jingji fenxi [The whole country assists Tibet: An economic analysis]. Chengdu: Sichuan daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Pan, Jiuyan and Hongfang, Zhou. 2010. “‘Quanguo yuanzang’: Gaige lujing yu zhengce huiyin” [On “the whole country assists Tibet”: Reform paths and policy responses]. Zhonggong Sichuan shengwei shengji jiguan dangxiao xuebao 2: 61–4.Google Scholar
Pei, Shengyu. 2012. “Jianchi zhongguo tese minzu lilun zhengce, pibo ‘di’erdai minzu zhengce’ shuo” [Uphold Chinese ethnic theory and policy, criticize proposals for the “second generation of ethnic policy”]. Yunnan minzu daxue xuebao 3.2: 163.Google Scholar
Peng, Jianying. 2004. Zhongguo gudai jimi zhengce de yanbian [The evolution of loose rein policies in ancient China]. Beijing: Zhongguo shekeyuan chubanshe.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 2017. “Xinjiang jiaoyuting yuan tingzhang Sattar Sawut deng qiren jieshou diaocha” [Head of Xinjiang’s department of education Sattar Sawut and six others under investigation]. February 9. http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0209/c1001–29070296.html.Google Scholar
Qi, Qungao and Jianzhong, He. 2007. “Xinjiang shaoshu minzu daxuesheng jiuye xingshi yu duice fenxi” [An analysis of employment trends for minority students in Xinjiang and coping policies]. Jiaoyu yu zhiye 3: 165–7.Google Scholar
Qi, Ruoxiong. 2000. “Wushi niandai zhongguo gongchandang chuli Xinjiang shaoshu minzu zongjiao wenti de fangzhen yu shijian” [The principles and practices of the party in dealing with minority religious issues in Xinjiang in the 1950s]. Zhonggong dangshi yanjiu 6: 39–45.Google Scholar
Qi wanbao. 2017. “Shandong jinxia gaokao buzai fen yierben, quxiao shaoshu minzu jiafen” [Shandong eliminates two-tier college admissions and bonus points for minorities this summer]. March 25.Google Scholar
Qin, Heping. 2013. “56 ge minzu de laili bingfei yuanyu minzu shibie” [Origin of the 56 nationalities did not originate from the classification project]. Minzu xuekan 19.5: 34–48.Google Scholar
Ren, Xinli. 2003. “Guanyu dizhi zongjiao dui jiaoyu shentou de duice yanjiu” [On policies to constrain the infiltration of religion in the educational field]. Xinjiang shifan daxue xuebao 24:3: 29–31.Google Scholar
Renaguli, Xiakere, et al. 2011. “Shaoshu minzu xuesheng jiuye wenti fenxi” [An analysis of employment issues for minority students]. Meili zhongguo 5: 525–6.Renmin ribao. 2019. “Diqici quanguo duikou zhiyuan Xinjiang gongzuo huiyi zhaokai, Wang Yang chuxi bing jianghua” [The seventh national conference on partner assistance to Xinjiang convenes, Wang Yang attends and speaks]. July 7. Print.Google Scholar
Reyilai, . 2013. “Shinian hou, huigu Xinjiang ‘neigao ban’” [Looking back at the Xinjiang class a decade later]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 147: 33–5.Google Scholar
Sakhon, Samut Erken. 2010. “Lun xinshiqi ‘liangshao yikuan’ xingshi zhengce de guanche ji wanshan – yi Xinjiang diqu de sifa shijian weili” [On implementing and improving the “two less and one lax” policy in the new era – The case of Xinjiang’s judicial practice]. Fazhi yu shehui 11 (November): 108–10.Google Scholar
SBG (Statistics Bureau of Guangxi). 2001. 2003. 2010. Guangxi tongji nianjian (Statistical yearbook of Guangxi). Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.Google Scholar
SBIM (Statistics Bureau of Inner Mongolia). 2001. 2003. 2010. Neimenggu tongji nianjian [Statistical yearbook of Inner Mongolia]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji nianjian.Google Scholar
SBN (Statistics Bureau of Ningxia). 2001. 2003. 2010. Ningxia tongji nianjian [Statistical yearbook of Ningxia]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji nianjian.Google Scholar
SBS (Statistics Bureau of the State). 2006. Zhongguo tongji nianjian [Statistical yearbook of China]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji nianjian.Google Scholar
SBT (Statistics Bureau of Tibet). 1989–2010. Xizang tongji nianjian [Statistical yearbook of Tibet]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.Google Scholar
SBT (Statistics Bureau of Tibet). 2011. “Xizang zizhiqu 2010nian diliuci quanguo renkou pucha zhuyao shuju gongbao” [Major data on the TAR from the 6th national census in 2010]. Xizang ribao, May 4.Google Scholar
SBS and SEAC, eds. 2003. 2000 nian renkou pucha zhongguo minzu renkou ziliao [Data for China’s ethnic populations from the 2000 national census]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.Google Scholar
SBX (Statistics Bureau of Xinjiang). 1995. 1997. 1999. 2003. 2006. 2010. Xinjiang tongji nianjian. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.Google Scholar
SCCO and SBS (State Council Census Office and Statistics Bureau of the State). 1985. Zhongguo 1982 nian renkou pucha ziliao [The 1982 national census of China]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji nianjian.Google Scholar
SCCO and SBS (State Council Census Office and Statistics Bureau of the State). 1993. Zhongguo 1990 nian renkou pucha ziliao [The 1990 national census of China]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji nianjian.Google Scholar
SCCO and SBS (State Council Census Office and Statistics Bureau of the State). 2002. Zhongguo 1982 nian renkou pucha ziliao [The 1982 national census of China]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji nianjian.Google Scholar
SEAC. 1991. SEAC Educational Bureau, Xin shiqi minzu jiaoyu shouce [Manual on minority education in the new era]. Beijing: Minzu daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
SEAC. 2002. “Guojia minwei, guojia jingmaowei, gong’anbu, guojia lǚyouju, guojia gongshang guanliju guanyu jiuzheng xiaji shaoshu bingguan fandian lǚdian jujue shaoshu minzu renyuan ruzhu tongzhi” [Notification on rectifying a small group of hotels’ practice of denying service to minority members by the SEAC, the State Commission on Economy and Trade, the Ministry of Public Security, the State Tourism Bureau and the State Bureau for Regulation of Commerce and Industry]. 2002[123], November 27. www.chinalawedu.com/falvfagui/fg22598/15565.shtml.Google Scholar
SEAC. 2007a. “Xin zhongguo minzu gongzuo shijiang zhisi, jinxing minzu shibie, queren 56 ge minzu chengfen” [The fourth of ten lectures on ethnic work in new China: Ethnic classification and establishment of 56 categories]. March 14. www.seac.gov.cn/art/2007/3/14/art_2011_69495.html.Google Scholar
SEAC. 2007b. “Xin zhongguo minzu gongzuo shijiang zhiwu, jianding buyi di shixing minzu quyu zizhi” [The fifth of ten lectures on ethnic work in new China: Firmly carry out autonomous governance in ethnic regions]. March 14. http://ww.seac.gov.cn/art/2007/3/14/art_2011_69494.html.Google Scholar
SEAC. 2018. “Shuangyu jiaoyu, rang meihao weilai chushou keji” [Bilingual education: the bright future is within reach]. Zhongguo minzu bao, October 30.Google Scholar
SEAC and SBS. 2007. SEAC Economic Development Bureau and SBS National Economy Statistics Department, eds., Zhongguo minzu nianjian 2006 [2006 yearbook of China’s nationalities]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji nianjian.Google Scholar
SEC (State Education Commission). 1995. Office of Minority Education, ed., Shengshi zizhiqu shaoshu minzu jiaoyu gongzuo wenjian huibian 1977–1990. [Collected documents on minority education work from provinces, metropolises and autonomous regions 1977–1990]. Chengdu: Sichuan Minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shan, Xun. 2013. “Wangzhen jiangjun sixing Xinjiang yu wuci Xinjiang gongzuo huiyi” [General Wang Zhen’s four trips to Xinjiang and the fifth work conference on Xinjiang]. Liaowang dongfang zhoukan, July 27. Web.Google Scholar
Shen, Haimei. 2013. “Minzu guojia yu guishu de xingbie zhengzhi: jiyu Yunnan minzu shibie de taolun” [The nation state and the gender politics of belonging: A discussion based on ethnic classification in Yunnan]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 142: 33–44.Google Scholar
Zhihua, Shen. 1999. “Zhongsu jiemeng yu sulian Xinjiang zhengce de bianhua” [Sino-Soviet alliance and changes in Soviet policy towards Xinjiang]. Jindai shi yanjiu 3: 213–27.Google Scholar
Shi, Chunyan. 2012. Gongchandang Xinjiang minzu gongzuo [The CCP’s ethnic work in Xinjiang]. PhD dissertation, Suzhou University.Google Scholar
Yun, Shu. 2017. “Neimenggu shengchan jianshe bingtuan zujian shimo” [The origins of the founding of PCCs in Inner Mongolia]. Chongqing ribao, December 21.Google Scholar
Si, Jianxing. 2003. “Guojifa de shuru yu zhongguo jindai zhuquan guannian de faren” [The influx of international law and the rise of the concept of state sovereignty in modern China]. Nanping shizhuan xuebao 3: 46–50.Google Scholar
Sohu. 2004. “Xinjiang nongcun gaishui shidian hui zhaokai, wunian quanmian quxiao nongye shui” [Conference on experimental tax in rural Xinjiang convenes, agrarian taxes to be eliminated in five years]. July 9. http://news.sohu.com/20040907/n221911729.shtml.Google Scholar
Sohu. 2016. “Zuixin Xinjiang renkou shuju” [Xinjiang’s latest demographic data]. December 20. www.sohu.com/a/122066430_534679.Google Scholar
Sohu. 2017. “Zhejiang lianshou Xinjiang Akesu gongjian yinran chanye yuan” [Zhejiang partners with Aksu to establish dyeing industries]. November 28. www.sohu.com/a/207316662_807353.Google Scholar
Sohu. 2018. “Beijing jiang duikou zhiyuan 220 ge yuanjiang fupin xiangmu” [Beijing’s partner assistance to Xinjiang will provide 220 anti-poverty projects]. May 8. www.sohu.com/a/230835131_381534.Google Scholar
Song, Guoqing. 2015. “Ningxia yuanjia cuo’an pingfan tedian” [Characteristics of reversing wrongful cases in Ningxia]. The Maoist Legacy, June 24. www.maoistlegacy.uni-freiburg.de/zh/2015/06/24/.Google Scholar
State Council of the PRC. 1992. Xizang de zhuquan guishu yu renquan zhuangkuang [Tibet’s sovereignty and human rights conditions]. White Paper. September 1. Web.Google Scholar
State Council of the PRC. 1994a. “Zhongrenmin gongheguo jingnei waiguoren zongjiao huodong guanli guiding” [The PRC regulations for religious activities of foreign individuals in China]. 1994[144]. January 31. http://waishi.gznc.edu.cn/info/2004/2762.htm.Google Scholar
State Council of the PRC. 1994b. (Bureau for Religious Affairs). “Zongjiao changsuo guanli tiaoli” [Regulations for places of worship]. Document 1994 [145]. April 13. www.ebaifo.com/fojiao-27083.html.Google Scholar
State Council of the PRC. 1999. Zhongguo de shaoshu minzu zhengce jiqi shijian [China’s minority policy and practice]. White Paper. September 27. Web.Google Scholar
State Council of the PRC. 2009a. Xinjiang de fazhan yu jinbu [Development and progress in Xinjiang]. White Paper. September 21. Web.Google Scholar
State Council of the PRC. 2009b. Zhongguo de minzu zhengce yu geminzu gongtong fanrong fazhan [China’s ethnic policy and common prosperity and development among ethnic groups]. White Paper. September 27. Web.Google Scholar
State Council of the PRC. 2014. Xinjiang shengchan jianshe bingtuan de lishi yu fazhan. [History and development of Xinjiang production and construction corps]. White Paper. October 5. Web.Google Scholar
State Council of the PRC. 2017a. “Guowuyuan bangongting guanyu yinfa xingbian fumin xingdong ‘shisanwu’ guihua de tongzhi” [State Council notification on the 13th five-year plan for frontier development and enrichment]. May 28. Web.Google Scholar
State Council of the PRC. 2017b. Xinjiang renquan shiye de fazhan jinbu [Development and progress in human rights in Xinjiang]. White Paper. June 1. Web.Google Scholar
State Council of the PRC (Census Office). 2000. “Diwuci renkou pucha shuju” [Data from the fifth national census]. www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/renkoupucha/2000pucha/pucha.htm.Google Scholar
Su, Keqin. 1960. “Guanyu shaoshu minzu shehui lishi diaocha yanjiu de shinian” [A decade of investigating and studying minority society and history]. Shinian minzu gongzuo chengjiu. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Sun, Longji. 2004. Lishi xuejia de jingwei xian [The latitude and longitude of historians]. Nanning: Guangxi shifan xueyuan chubanshe.Google Scholar
Sun, Yong. 2015. Weihu Xizang diqu shehui wending duice yanjiu [A study of policies to safeguard Tibet’s social stability]. Lhasa: Xizang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Sun, Yueliang. 2006. Xizang nongcun pinkun wenti fupin kaifa yanjiu [A study of poverty issues in Tibet and anti-poverty development]. MA thesis, Suzhou University.Google Scholar
Tang, Lijiu. 2014. “Xinjiang wenti shengcheng de yuanyou he qiujie zhilu” [Origins of the Xinjiang problem and paths to solutions]. Gongshi wang, March 6. www.21ccom.net/articles/zgyj/dfzl/article_20140306101798.html.Google Scholar
Wenzhao, Tao. 2018. “Zai gongtong fazhan zhong zhulao zhonghua minzu gongtongti yishi” [Solidifying a sense of the community of the Chinese nation through common development]. Guangming ribao, January 5, 2018.Google Scholar
TAR. 1987. Xizang zizhiqu fojiao simiao minzu guanli zhangcheng [TAR regulations for democratic management of Buddhist monasteries]. Lhasa: Xizang minzu zongjiao weiyuan hui.Google Scholar
TAR. 1991. “Xizang zizhiqu zongjiao shiwu guanli zanxing fa” [Temporary Regulations for Religious Affairs in the TAR]. September 20. http://code.fabao365.com/law_460447_1.html.Google Scholar
Teng, Xing and Jun, Wang. 2002. Ershi shiji zhongguo shaoshu minzu yu jiaoyu lilun yu shijian [Theory and practice of China’s minority education in the 20th century]. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Tenzin, Zhang Xiangming, , eds. 1991. Dangdai zhongguo Xizang [Tibet in contemporary China]. Beijing: Dangdai zhongguo chubanshe.Google Scholar
Thundrup, Padma. 2012. Qinghai muqu shuangyu jiaoyu fazhan wenti yanjiu baogao [A report on problems in developing bilingual education in Qinghai’s pastoral regions]. Xibei minxu yanjiu 1: 14–28.Google Scholar
Tian, Fanping. 2010. “Lun minzu zizhi difang zizhi jiguan xieshang minzhu juece jizhi de wanshan” [On perfecting the decision-making mechanisms of consultative democracy in ethnic autonomous regions]. Minzu yanjiu 4: 12–21.Google Scholar
TS (Tianshan wang). 2006. “Kongke cun geng xuyao zaoxue jizhi” [Hollowed-out villages have greater need for blood-generating capability]. March 6. Web.Google Scholar
TS (Tianshan wang). 2017a. “Xinjiang weiwu’er zizhiqu qu jiduanhua tiaoli” [XUAR regulations on deradicalization]. March 29. www.xjxnw.gov.cn/c/2017–03–30/1154866.shtml.Google Scholar
TS (Tianshan wang). 2017b. “Jinian duikou yuanjiang gongzuo zouguo guanghui 20 nian” [Two glorious decades of partner assistance to Xinjiang]. July 11. www.chinaxinjiang.cn/zixun/xjxw/201707/t20170711_555121.htm.Google Scholar
Tianya luntan. 2015. “Dui zuogunmen gongji Hu Yaobang liangshaoyikuan zhengce de huifu” [Response to the leftist hitters’ attacks on Hu Yaobang on the policy of double legal standards]. November 20. http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-no110–15453549–1.shtml.Google Scholar
Tohti, Ilham. 2009. “Zhongguo de minzu zhengce buxuyao fansi ma?” [Should we not reassess China’s ethnic policy?]. October 29. www.chinesepen.org/blog/archives/101462.Google Scholar
Tohti, Ilham. 2013. “Weiwu’er ren heyi you yizhong cuobai gan?” [Why do Uighurs feel a sense of defeat?]. June 7. http://cn.rfi.fr/.Google Scholar
Tohti, Ilham. 2014. “Dangqian Xinjiang minzu wenti de xianzhuang ji jianyi” [The state of Xinjiang’s ethnic problems at present and suggestions]. Archived at https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/2ncn/EbFlM7TnixA/rVIxbBLZuawJ.Google Scholar
Tseten, Dorjie. 1995. Xizang jingji jianshi [A brief history of Tibetan economy]. Lhasa: Xizang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Tulak, Hankis. 2013. “Weiwu’erzu nongmingong neidi chengshi shengcun yu shiyin yanjiu – yi Wuhanshi weiwu’erzu nongmingong weili” [Uighur rural migrants’ survival and adaptation in interior China: The case of Uighur rural migrants in Wuhan city]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongzxun 137: 1–25.Google Scholar
Tulak, Hankis. 2014. “Weiwu’erzu liudong renkou de neidi chengshi rongru de yanjiu – jiyu Wuhanshi de diaocha” [A study of Uighur migrants’ integration in an interior city: Investigation based on Wuhan city]. Zhongnan minzu daxue xuebao 4: 63–9.Google Scholar
Tulak, Hankis. 2012b. “Minzu zhengce bu cunzai fanxiang qishi” [There is no reverse discrimination in current ethnic policy]. Huanqiu shibao, March 16. http://opinion.huanqiu.com/1152/2012-03/2529409.html.Google Scholar
Tulak, Hankis. 2013. “Xinjiang hanwei guanxi de bianqian ji zhengjie” [The evolution and root problem of Uighur–Han relations in Xinjiang]. Yangguang shiwu 54 (May 9): 37–9.Google Scholar
Tulak, Hankis. 2014. “Nanjiang yuanjiaozhi zhuyi diaocha biji” [A field research report on the rise of fundamentalism in southern Xinjiang]. Zhongguo xinwen zhoukan 611 (May 29): 58–63.Google Scholar
Tursun, Turgunjun. 2012a. “Shaoshu minzu weihe nanyi danren diyibashou?” [Why is it difficult for minorities to become the top office holder?]. Blog.sina, January 18. http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_60f25ed70102dw9y.html.Google Scholar
Umuk, Sawuresh. 2016. “Xinjiang shaoshu minzu daxuesheng jiuye xianzhuang wenti yu duice” [Problems of employment for Xinjiang’s minority college graduates and solutions]. Xiandai qiye 4: 68–9.Google Scholar
Wang, Chen and Yungu, Dong. 2011. Xizang zhishi jieda [Questions and answers about Tibet]. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wang, Daiyuan. 2012. Quanguo zhiyuan Xizang gongzuo de jingji xiaoyi yanjiu [A study of the economic effects of the whole country’s assistance to Xinjiang]. Lhasa: Xizang guji chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wang, Dongli. 2014. “Li Weihan dui zhongguo minzu quyu zizhi zhidu de gongxian” [Li Weihan’s contribution to China’s system of autonomy in ethnic regions]. Zhongguo tongyi zhanxian 271 (July): 33–4.Google Scholar
Wang, En’mao. 1997. Wang En’mao wenji [Collected works of Wang En’mao]. Vol. 2. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wang, Jinbao. 2013. “Zhu Weiqun: yige shiqi de cuoshi shidang shi Xinjiang zongjiao wenti de bufen yuanyin” [Zhu Weiqun: Policy mistakes during a certain period is partially the reason for Xinjiang’s religious problems]. Zhongguo xinwen zhoukani, August 21. Web.Google Scholar
Wang, Ke. 2003. “‘Minzu’: yige laizi riben de wuhui” [“Minzu”: A misunderstanding from Japan]. Ershiyi shiji 77.6: 73–83.Google Scholar
Wang, Lixiong. 2001. “Ruhe kandai 17 tiao xieyi” [How to look at the 17 Point Agreement]. May 26. www.chinesepen.org/blog/archives/107048.Google Scholar
Wang, Lixiong. 2007. Wode xiyu, nide dongtu [My western region, your eastern land]. Taipei: Locus Publishing.Google Scholar
Wang, Lixiong. 2009. Tianzang [Celestial Burial]. Taipei: Locus Publishing.Google Scholar
Wang, Lixiong. 2012b. “Ranshao de yiyan – Zangren yinhe zifen?” [Burning last words: Why do Tibetans self-immolate?]. December. http://woeser.middleway.net/2012/12/blog-post_18.html.Google Scholar
Wang, Luolin and Ling, Zhu. 2005. Shichanghua yu jiceng gonggong fuwu – Xizang an’li yanjiu [Marketization and public service at grass-roots: The case of Tibet]. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wang, Shusheng. 2001. “Ulanfu he shaoshu minzu diyige dangzhibu” [Ulanfu and the first minority party branch]. Dadi, Vols. 12–13. Web.Google Scholar
Wang, Tongling. 1934. Zhongguo minzu shi [Ethnic history of China]. Beiping: Wenhua xueshe.Google Scholar
Wang, Tongling. 2010. Zhongguo minzu shi [Ethnic history of China]. Changchun: Jili chubanjituan youxian gongsi.Google Scholar
Wang, Xiaobin. 2012. “Zhenshi yu xuwang – ping Mei Ge‘ersitan’s baofeng qian de ningjing’ ji jianlun zangxue yanjiu de xinsilu” [Truth and Myth – commenting on Melvin Goldstein’s “Calm before the Storm” and on new thinking in Tibetan studies]. Xizang minzu xueyuan xuebao: Zhexue shehui kexue ban 33.5: 25–32.Google Scholar
Wang, Xi’en. 2008. “Dangdai zuji renkou liuqian yu minzu guocheng” [Interethnic migration in today’s China and the ethno-national process]. Xinan minzu daxue xuebao 5: 1–11.Google Scholar
Wang, Xi’en. 2009. “Yetan zai woguo minzu wenti shang de ‘fansi’ yu ‘shishiqiushi’” [Also on “reassessment” and “seeking truth from facts” on the ethnic issue in our country]. Xinan minzu daxue xuebao 1: 1–17.Google Scholar
Wang, Xindeng. 2003. “Kangzhan shiqi sulian dui Xinjiang de kuozhang shentou yu ‘sanqu gemin’” [Soviet expansion in Xinjiang during the Anti-Japanese War period and the “tri-region revolution”]. Ili jiaoyu xueyuan xuebao 16.2 (June). www.shehui.pku.edu.cn/upload/editor/file/20180627/20180627101342_1595.pdf.Google Scholar
Wang, Yingzi. 2006. “Shaoshu minzu xuesheng jiuye wenti de diaocha fenxi” [An investigation and analysis of minority students’ employment problems in Xinjiang]. Zhongguo daxuesheng jiuye 16: 35–8.Google Scholar
Wang, Yu. 1998. “Dangde zhengzhi luxian de zhanlue zhuanbian zai Qinghai de weida shijian” [Implementation of the party’s strategic political transformation in Qinghai]. Gaige qiushi chuangxin – Qinghai jinian dangde shiyijie sanzhong quanhui ershi zhounian youxiu lunwen ji [Collected essays in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the 3rd plenum of the 11th party conference]. Ed. Tian, Yuan. Xining: Zhonggong Qinghai shengwei. 261–71.Google Scholar
Wang, Zuo’an. 2003. Zhongguo de zongjiao wenti he zongjiao zhengce [China’s ethnic problems and ethnic policy]. Beijing: Zongjiao wenhua chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wen, Jun. 2006. Xizang nongye ke chixu fazhan zhanlue yanjiu [A study of a sustainable strategy for Tibet’s agriculture]. Lhasa: Xizang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wu, Chi-ne. 2009. “Minzu zizhi yu zhongyang jiquan” [Ethnic autonomy and centralized authoritarianism]. Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindai yanjiushi jikan (Taiwan) 65 (September): 81–137.Google Scholar
Wu, Chi-ne. 2013. “Renqun de fenlei yu guozu zhenghe” [Classification of ethnic groups and integration of a nation]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 138: 1–32.Google Scholar
Wu, Chi-ne. 2014. “Zhonghua minzu zongzu lun yu zhonghua minguo de bianjiang zizhi shijian” [The clan theory of the Chinese nation and the implementation of frontier autonomy in the Republic Era]. Minzu shehuixue tongxun 158: 38–59.Google Scholar
Wu, Chuke. 2005. Bianjiang zhengzhi xue [The political science of frontiers]. Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wu, Chuke. 2011. “Goujian zhongguo xin diyuan anquan zhanlue de lilun zhunbei yu sikao” [Theoretical reflections on China’s new geopolitical security strategy]. Wujing xueyuan xuebao 27.3: 5–12.Google Scholar
Wu, Dahua. 2005. “Lun ‘liangshao yikuan’ de shaoshu minzu fanzhui xingshi zhengce” [On the policy of “two less and one lax” for minority offenders]. Fanzuixue luncong 3: 105–14.Google Scholar
Wu, Fuhuan. 2001. “‘Sange zhuyi’ dui Xinjiang jiaoyu lingyu de shentou ji duice” [Infiltration of the “three-ism” into Xinjiang’s educational arena]. 2001 niandu guojia sheke jijin tebie weituo xiangmu [Special project of the national social science foundation in 2001]. http://bianjiang.blogspot.com/2013/08/blog-post_4961.html.Google Scholar
Wuyoukao wang. 2018. “2018 nian Xinjiang Wulumuqi zhongkao luquxian yi gongbu” [The qualifying scores for high school admissions in Urumqi, Xinjiang, are announced]. August 3. www.51test.net/show/9024642.html.Google Scholar
WYZX. 2009. “Weishenme wo buman Hu Luanbang” [Why do I complain about Hu Luanbang?]. Wu You Zhi Xiang, November 13. http://zlk.wyzxsx.com/Article/lishi/2010/09/138846.html.Google Scholar
WYZX. 2013. “Jianzheng Xinjiang you zhi dao luan” [Witnessing Xinjiang turning from governance to chaos]. Wu You Zhi Xiang, November 6. www.wyzxwk.com/Article/lishi/2011/08/243037.html.Google Scholar
Xia, Liyang. 2001. “Lun shaoshu minzu gongmin xingshi fanzhui anjian zhong xingfa ji ‘liangshao yikuan’ zhengce de shiyong” [The application of criminal law and the policy of “two less and one lax” in criminal cases involving minority citizens]. Zhongnan minzu xueyuan xuebao 21.2: 25–8.Google Scholar
Xiao, Yang. 1996. Zhongguo xingshi he celue wenti [Criminal offense and policy matters in China]. Beijing: Falu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Xiaohe, , 2007. “1952 nian Wang Zhen zao pipan hou chezhi likai Xinjiang neimu jiemi” [The inside story of Wang Zhen’s departure from Xinjiang after censure and demotion]. Wenshi jinghua, December.Google Scholar
Xie, Lizhong, ed. 2010. Lijie minzu guanxi xin silu: Shaoshu minzu wenti de qu zhengzhi hua [New thinking in understanding ethnic relations: De-politicization of minority issues]. Beijing: Shekewenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2011. “Shenglaobingsi you butie: Xizang nongmin xisuan ‘youhui zhengce’ zhang” [There are subsidies for all aspects of life: Tibetan farmers calculate benefits from preferential policies]. May 8. http://news.ifeng.com/c/7fZfwn9Xl2n.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2012. “Xizang 2011 nian yinjie gaoxiao biyesheng jiben shixian quanbu jiuye” [Full employment for TAR’s college graduates of 2011]. January 11. http://news.cntv.cn/20120111/108740.shtml.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2019. “Jianli meili Xinjiang” [Building beautiful Xinjiang]. August 1. http://shenlan.haiwainet.cn/n/2019/0801/c3544063–31602900.html.Google Scholar
Xinjiang ribao. 2011. “Xinjiang zizhiqu 2011nian gaoxiao biyesheng chuci jiuyelǚ da 71.25%” [71.25% employment rate for XUAR’s college graduates of 2011]. November 14. www.gov.cn/gzdt/2011–11/14/content_1992316.htm.Google Scholar
Xinjiang ribao.2019. “2019 nian Xinjiang gaokao fenshuxian gongbu” [The cut-off scores in Xinjiang’s college admissions for 2019 announced]. June 27. www.xjbs.com.cn/news/2019-06/27/cms2171331article.shtml.Google Scholar
Xinnonghe. 2013. “Xinjiang zaici tiaogao xinnonghe renjun chouzi biaozhun” [Xinjiang raises insurance premiums for new cooperative healthcare]. March 4. www.xinnonghe.org/show_title.php?id=172.Google Scholar
Xindong fang. 2018. “2018 nian Xinjiang gaokao jiafen zhengce” [Bonus points for college admissions in Xinjiang, 2018]. May 7. http://gaokao.xdf.cn/201805/10778807.html.Google Scholar
Xiong, Kuixin and Qing, Yan. 2006. “Hongjun changzheng de shengli yeshi dangde minzu zhengce de shengli” [The victory of the Long March is also a victory of the party’s ethnic policy]. Zhongguo minzu 11: 35–8.Google Scholar
Xizang ribao. 2012. “Xizang daxuesheng ‘quan jiuye’ toushi: Gongzhi gangwei zhan bacheng” [Full employment for college graduates of TAR residency, 80% of it in public sectors]. December 26.Google Scholar
Xjass (Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences). 2010. “Xinjiang weiwen xin siwei: Fan baoli, jiang fazhi, jiang zhixu” [New thinking for maintaining social stability in Xinjiang: Oppose violence, respect law and order]. December 27. www.xjass.com/zy/content/ 2010–12/27/content_182660.htm.Google Scholar
Xu, Lili. 2005. Lun minzu guanxi yu minzu guanxi wenti [On ethnic relations and problems in ethnic relations]. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Xu, Lili and Xiaofeng, Yu. 2009. “Lun bianjiang minzu diqu fei chuantong anquan wenti ji yindui” [Non-traditional security problems in frontier ethnic regions and coping strategies]. Minzu yanjiu 5: 34–43.Google Scholar
Xu, Xiaoping and Xin, Jin. 2008. Zhongguo minzu wenti baogao [Report on China’s ethnic issues]. Beijing: Zhongguo sheke chubanshe.Google Scholar
XUAR. 1988. “Xinjiang weiwu’er zizhiqu zongjiao huodong changsuo zanxing guize” [XUAR temporary regulations for regulating places of religious activities]. XUAR Chair, 1988[2]. November 9. www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx.Google Scholar
XUAR. 1994. “Xinjiang weiwu’er zizhiqu zongjiao guanli tiaoli” [XUAR regulations for regulating religion]. XUAR People’s Congress, July 16. Expired January 1, 2015. www.law-lib.com/law/law_view.asp.Google Scholar
XUAR. 1997. “Guanyu jieding feifa zongjiao huodong de yijian” [Opinions on defining illegal religious activities]. XUAR Party Committee, 1997[1]. https://wenku.baidu.com/view/f32a694a767f5acfa1c7cd44.html.Google Scholar
XUAR. 2011. “Guanyu jieding feifa zongjiao huodong de yijian” [Opinions on defining illegal religious activities]. XUAR Party Committee, 2011[1]. www.doc88.com/p-7456857262981.html.Google Scholar
XUAR. 2013. “Guanyu jinyibu yifa zhili feifa zongjiao huodong e’zhi zongjiao jiduan sixiang shentou gongzuo de ruogan zhidao yijian” [Guiding opinions for regulating illegal religious activities according to law and curtailing infiltration of religious extremism]. XUAR Party Committee, 2013[11]. http://qmx.xjkunlun.cn/tzgz/zcfg/2014/515095.htm.Google Scholar
XUAR. 2014a. “Xinjiang weiwu’er zizhiqu zongjiao shiwu tiaoli” [XUAR Regulations on Religious Affairs]. XUAR Party Committee, November 28. www.xinjiang.gov.cn/2017/05/15/130318.html.Google Scholar
XUAR. 2014b. “Shibie zongjiao jiduan huodong (75 zhong juti biaoxian) jiben zhishi” [Basic knowledge for distinguishing (75 specific manifestations of) extremist religious activities]. November www.taodocs.com/p-169649155.html.Google Scholar
XUAR. 2014c. “Guanyu jinyibu jiaqiang he wanshan yisilanjiao gongzuo de ruogan yijian” [Several opinions on further strengthening and improving our work regarding Islam]. XUAR Party Committee, 2014 [28]. www.zaidian.com/jiaoshiwenzhang/453918.html.Google Scholar
XUAR. 2017. “Xinjiang weiwu’er zizhiqu renkou yu jihua shengyu tiaoli” [XUAR regulations for population and family planning]. XUAR weisheng jiandu, August. www.xjwsjd.gov.cn/flfg/jgsyfg/xjwwezcgbb/14509.htm.Google Scholar
Xue, Xiantian. 2008. “Shi tuidong gemin haishi weihu zishen anquan? Guanyu sulian tiaoting sanqu gemin de minzu yinsu” [Promoting revolution in Xinjiang or protecting its own security? Ethnic factors in the Soviet mediation of the tri-region revolution]. Zhonghua minguo shi yanjiu sanshinian 1972–2002 [Three decades of research into the Republican era 1972–2002]. Ed. CASS. Beijing: Sheke wenxian chubanshe. 345–59.Google Scholar
Xuezi. 2015. “Zangzu daxuesheng jiuye yixiang wenjuan diaocha baogao” [A survey report on job preferences among Tibetan college students]. Xuezi 10 (October). www.shehui.pku.edu.cn/upload/editor/file/20180829/20180829111208_895 3.pdf.Google Scholar
Yan, Canghong, Anhui, Li, and Shoubin, Wu. 2012. “Lun minguo shiqi de minzu zhengce” [On ethnic policies during the Republican era]. Lanzhou daxue xuebao, 40.1: 2–7.Google Scholar
Yan, Fu. 1986. “Lun shibian zhi ji” [On the urgency of reform]. Yan Fu ji [Collection of Yan Fu], Vol. 1. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Yang, Fuqiang. 2011. “‘Duikou yuanjiang’ zhengce huigu yu fansi” [Reflections on the policy of partner assistance for Xinjiang]. Xibei minzu daxue xuebao 5: 109–15.Google Scholar
Yang, Minghong. 2014. “Duikou yuanzang youxiaoxing de lilun renshi yu shixian lujing yanjiu” [Analyzing theoretical understanding and practical paths to effective partner assistance to Tibet]. Zhongguo Zangxue 3: 126–32.Google Scholar
Yang, Shu, Jie, Li, and Wei, Cao. 2019. “Dui ‘sanqugeming’ de chongxin renshi yu pingjia” [Reassessing the “tri-revolution”]. Xinjiang yanjiu tongxun 6: 1–7.Google Scholar
Yang, Xuechen, 1993. “Qingchao de minzu zhengce” [Ethnic policy of the Qing dynasty]. Zhongguo lidai minzu zhengce [Ethnic policies of Chinese imperial dynasties]. Eds. Jizhou, Tian et al. Xining: Qinghai renmin chubanshe. 309–55.Google Scholar
Yongjun, Yang. 1999. “Gudai zhongguo zhongguo jimi zhengce de bianqian jiqi yuanyin tanjiu” [On the transformation of loose rein policies in ancient China and its causes]. Xibei shidi 2: 43–50.Google Scholar
Yao, Xinyong. 2009. “Minzu zhengce de cuoluan yu zuqun chongtu de jihua” [Distorted ethnic policy and intensified ethnic conflict]. Er shi yi shiji 12: 58–66.Google Scholar
Yao, Xinyong. 2012. “Shishi’erfei de minzu ganbu yibashou queshi lun” [The dubious issue of a shortage of minorities holding the top office]. Blog.sina, January 18. http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_60f25ed70102dw9y.html.Google Scholar
Yao, Xinyong. 2013a. “Hanzu zhishifenzi yanzhong de Xinjiangren: Lansan de Xinjiangren” [The idle people of Xinjiang – Xinjiang’s people in the eyes of Han intellectuals]. Yangguang shi wu zhoukan 54 (May 9). Web.Google Scholar
Yao, Xinyong. 2013b. “Di’erdai minzu zhengce: guojia zhongzu zhuyi de gaobai” [The second generation of ethnic policy: Confession of state racism]. Blog.sina, June 6. http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/2614085431.Google Scholar
Yao, Xinyong. 2014a. “Zhuanzhi yaobude, minzu zizhi yexu shenxing” [No to authoritarianism but also caution on ethnic autonomy]. Gongshi wang, March 17. www.21ccom.net/articles/gsbh/2014/0317/102562.html.Google Scholar
Yao, Xinyong. 2014b. “Yu yiwei weiwu’erzu pengyou tan qiwu zhihou Xinjiang jiuye deng de jiji bianhua” [Talking to a Uighur friend about positive changes in employment after the 7.5 incident]. Blog.sina, May 12. http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_60f25ed70102eimy.html.Google Scholar
Yi, Fuxian. 2009. “Xinjiang 7.5 shijian de renkou jingjixue yinsu” [Demographic economics in the 7.5 incident of Xinjiang]. Blog.sina, July 10, 2009. http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5d98d17f0100e7j7.html.Google Scholar
Yu, Zidong. 2003. “Lun Qingchao de shaoshuminzu jiaoyu zhengce” [On the Qing dynasty’s educational policy for ethnic minorities]. Minzu jiaoyu yanjiu 14.3: 39–43.Google Scholar
Wenwu, Zeng. 1936. Zhongguo jingyin xiyu shi [A history of China’s management of western regions]. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.Google Scholar
Zhang, Chi. 2013a. “Xinjiang jiduan shili neikong baogao” [A report on curbing extremist forces in Xinjiang]. Fenghuang zhoukan 472 (June 14). Web.Google Scholar
Zhang, Chi. 2013b. “Xinjiang: Baoshou sichao de weixian xinhao” [Xinjiang: Dangerous signs of conservatism]. Fenghuang zhoukan 492 (December 16). Web.Google Scholar
Zhang, Chi. 2014. “Kongbao luxiang shentou Xinjiang” [Videos about violence and terror spread widely in Xinjiang]. Fenghuang zhoukan 508 (March 2). Web.Google Scholar
Zhang, Haiyang. 2014a. “Buyao gei ‘liangge fanshi’ maidan” [Stop paying price for the “two whatevers” policy]. Gongshi wang, March 26. www.21ccom.net/articles/sxwh/shsc/article_20140326103115.html.Google Scholar
Zhang, Haiyang. 2014b. “Minzu wenti de genzi zai nali?” [What is the root of ethnic problems] Fenghuang daxuewen, August 13. https://i.ifeng.com/news/news?aid=87711835.Google Scholar
Zhang, Ligang. 2010. “Lun ‘liangshao yikuan’ zhengce” [On the “two less and one lax” policy]. Shandongsheng qingnian ganbu guanli xueyuan xuebao 143.1: 97–101.Google Scholar
Zhang, Mei. 2009. “Xinjiang shaoshu minzu shuangyu jiaoyu moshi jiqi yuyan shiyong wenti” [Models of bilingual education for minority students in Xinjiang and the problem of language use]. Minzu jiaoyu yanjiu 20.4: 96–101.Google Scholar
Zhang, Shanyu. 1997. Zhongguo renkou dili [Demographic geography of China]. Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan.Google Scholar
Zhang, Shanyu, Jizuo, Peng, and Aihua, Mao. 2006. “Xibu diqu renkou qianyi xingshi jiqi yingxiang fenxi” [An analysis of migration trends in western regions and their impact]. Neimenggu shehui kexue 27.1: 95–9.Google Scholar
Zhang, Shiming. 2004. “Qingdai zongfan guanxi de lishi faxue duowei toushi fenxi” [A historical and legal analysis of the suzerain–vassal state relationships in the Qing dynasty]. Qingshi yanjiu 1 (February): 21–8.Google Scholar
Zhang, Shuangzhi. 2003. “Nanjing minguo zhengfu de minzu sixiang he zhengce” [Ethnic doctrine and policy of the Republican government of Nanjing]. Zhongguo zangxue 64.4: 46–53.Google Scholar
Zhang, Shuangzhi. 2010. “Qingchao waifan zhizhinei de chaojin nianban yu jingong zhidu” [The annual pilgrimages and the tribute system for vassal states in the Qing Dynasty]. Qingshi yanjiu 3 (August): 106–15.Google Scholar
Zhang, Taiyan. 1977. “Du ribenguo zhi” [On reading Annuals of Japan]. Zhang Taiyan zhenglunwen ji [Collection of Zhang Taiyan’s political essays]. Vol. 1. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Zhang, Wenguang. 2010. “Minzu diqu caizheng tizhi gaige fangxiang tanxi” [Exploring directions of reforming the fiscal system in ethnic regions]. Minzu yanjiu 3: 25–34.Google Scholar
Zhang, Xiuming. 2009. Xinjiang fan fenlie touzheng he wending gongzuo de shijian yu sikao [Reflections on battles against separatism and maintenance of social stability in Xinjiang]. Urumqi: Xinjiang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhang, Yunde. 2009. “Qiantan ‘yizabute’ zai Xinjiang shentou pohuai de benzhi” [Analysis of the nature of infiltration and sabotage activities in Xinjiang by Hizb-ut-Tahrir]. Xinjiang shehui kexue 2: 58–64.Google Scholar
Zhang, Zhengming. 1990. “Lun heqin zhengce” [On policy of kinship alliances]. Zhongguo gudai bianjiang zhengce yanjiu [A study of frontier policy in ancient China]. Ed. Dazheng, Ma. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhao, Rukun. 2012. “Er’shi shiji wuliushi niandai de zhongguo bianjiang yimin” [China’s frontier immigration in the 1950s and 1960s]. Zhonggong dangshi yanjiu 2: 52–64.Google Scholar
Zhao, Yancai and Kaifang, Wei. 2003. “Zhongguo chuantong zongfan zhidu jiben tezhen shulun” [On the basic features of China’s traditional suzerain-vassal system]. Yunnan shehui kexue 1: 81–95.Google Scholar
Zheng, Changde. 2013. “2000 nian yilai zhongguo shaoshu minzu renkou zengzhang yu fenbu” [The growth and distribution of China’s minority population since 2000]. Xibei renkou 2.34: 1–5.Google Scholar
Zheng, Yongnian. 2012. “Weishenme ziyuan sheng biancheng le wenti sheng?” [Why have resource rich provinces become problem provinces]. Lianhe zaobao, January 10.Google Scholar
Zhonggong jiaoyu. 2017. “Kepu: Gongwuyuan, shiye danwei he cangong shi shenme?” [What is a civil servant, a public service entity and a quasi-civil servant?]. October 17. www.zgsydw.com/shanghai/20171017/332210_1.html.Google Scholar
Zhonggong jiaoyu. 2018. “Linian Xinjiang gongwuyuan kaoshi fenshuxian” [The cutoff scores for the civil service exams in Xinjiang in the past years]. February 24. http://xj.offcn.com/html/2018/02/41580.html.Google Scholar
Zhongguo ribao wang. 2014. “Kunming kongbu xiji nübaotu yi qingxing bing zhaogong, nübaotu zhengmianzhao baoguang jin 16 sui” [Female assailant in the Kunming terror attack woke up to give confession, only 16 years old]. March 6. Reposted at http://news.e23.cn/content/2014–03–06/2014030600007.html.Google Scholar
Zhou, Enlai. 1957a. “1957 nian 3 yue 25 ri zhongguo renmin zhengzhi xieshang huiyi guanyu Guangxi zhuangzu zizhiqu wenti zuotanhui shang de jianghua” [Speech at the CPPCC symposium on the Zhuang autonomous region on March 25, 1957]. Guangxi minzu gongzuo dang’an xuanbian 1950–65 [Selected records of Guangxi’s ethnic work]. Ed. Guangxi Autonomous Region Bureau of Archives. Beijing: Zhongguo dang’an chubanshe. 457–70.Google Scholar
Zhou, Enlai. 1957b. “Guanyu woguo minzu zhengce de jige wenti” [Several issues in our country’s ethnic policy], Hebei sheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui, August 4. www.hebmzt.gov.cn/html/jdls/20181206/783.html.Google Scholar
Zhou, Jinghong. 2005. “Nanjing guomindang zhengfu chuqi shinian bianjiang minzu shiwu guanli jizhi he zhengce” [Governance mechanisms and policies for minorities in the first decade of the KMT government in Nanjing]. Zhongguo bianjiang shi yanjiu 15.3: 46–56.Google Scholar
Zhou, Ping. 2008a. “Woguo de bianjiang yu bianjiang zhili” [China’s borderlands and their governance]. Zhengzhixue yanjiu 2: 67–72.Google Scholar
Zhou, Ping. 2008b. “Zhongguo bianjiang zhili yanjiu” [Studying China’s frontier governance]. Xueshu tansuo 2 (April): 28–34.Google Scholar
Zhou, Ping. 2008c. “Zhongguo de bianjiang zhili: Zuji zhuyi haishi quyu zhuyi” [China’s frontier governance: An ethnic or regional approach]. Sixiang zhanxian 3:34: 25–9.Google Scholar
Zhou, Weizhou. 1985. Tuyuhun shi [A history of Tuyuhun]. Yinchuan: Ningxia renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhu, Peimin. 2004. Zhongguo gongchandang yu Xinjiang minzu wenti [The Chinese communist party and Xinjiang’s ethnic problem]. Urumqi: Xinjiang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhu, Weiqun. 2012. “Dui dangqian minzu lingyu wenti de jidian sikao” [Some reflections on the problems in the ethnic front at present]. Xuexi shibao, February 13.Google Scholar
Zhu, Weiqun. 2015. “Zhu Weiqun: Minzu gongzuo zhong yao gengduo qiangdiao zhonghua minzu de gongtongxing he yizhixing” [More emphasis should be placed on the commonalities of the Chinese nation]. People’s Daily, March 11. http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2015/0311/c40531–26674807.html.Google Scholar
Zulhayat, Simayi. 2009. “Shaoshu minzu jiaoyu yu chenggong: Yi Xinjiang shuangyu jiaoyu weili” [Minority education and its success: The case of Xinjiang’s bilingual programs]. Ed. Ma (2009c). 84–133.Google Scholar
Zulhayat, Simayi. 2011. “Jiaoyu youhui zhengce: Xinjiang de shuanggui jiaoyu zhidu fenxi” [Preferential policies in education: An analysis of Xinjiang’s dual educational system]. Minzu shehuixue yanjiu tongxun 97: 1–12.Google Scholar