Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T15:57:10.608Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 6 - Anxiety Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2024

By
Ayomipo J. Amiola ,
Reena Tharian  and
Regi T. Alexander
Edited by
David M. L. Branford ,
Satheesh K. Gangadharan ,
Mary Barrett  and
Regi T. Alexander
David M. L. Branford
Affiliation:
Independent Pharmacy Consultant
Satheesh K. Gangadharan
Affiliation:
Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust
Mary Barrett
Affiliation:
Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust
Regi T. Alexander
Affiliation:
Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust
Get access

Summary

Anxiety disorders are common mental health problems and include panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. The chapter presents an overview of the condition, the treatments and medication available, and their relevance to people with intellectual disability.

Keywords

generalised anxiety disorderpanic disorderstepped-care modelpsychological interventionsrelaxation trainingrelaxation therapycognitive-behavioural therapy
Type
Chapter
Information
The Frith Prescribing Guidelines for People with Intellectual Disability , pp. 74 - 86
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Other Key Clinical Guidelines Referenced in This Chapter

National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2011: Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management. Clinical guideline [CG113] Published: 26 January 2011, updated 2019 & 2021 www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg113/chapter/RecommendationsGoogle Scholar
National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2016: Mental health problems in people with learning disabilities: prevention, assessment, and management (NG54) Published: 14 September 2016 www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng54/chapter/RecommendationsGoogle Scholar
Taylor, D. M., Barnes, T. R., & Young, A. H., 2021. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Alexander, R. T., Green, F. N., O’Mahony, B., et al. (2010). Personality disorders in offenders with intellectual disability: A comparison of clinical, forensic and outcome variables and implications for service provision. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(7), 650–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Neurodevelopmental Disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.Google Scholar
Axmon, A., El Mrayyan, N., Eberhard, J., & Ahlström, G. (2019). Pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in older people with intellectual disability in comparison with the general population. BMC Psychiatry, 19, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., et al. (2014). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28(5), 403–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhaumik, S. & Alexander, R. eds. (2020). Oxford textbook of the psychiatry of intellectual disability. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouvet, C. & Coulet, A. (2016). Relaxation therapy and anxiety, self-esteem, and emotional regulation among adults with intellectual disabilities: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 20(3), 228–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buitelaar, J. K., Van der Gaag, R. J., & Van der Hoeven, J. (1998). Buspirone in the management of anxiety and irritability in children with pervasive developmental disorders: Results of an open-label study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(2), 56–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chester, V., Tharian, P., Slinger, M., Varughese, A., & Alexander, R. T. (2023). Overview of offenders with intellectual disability. In McCarthy, J. M., Alexander, R. T., & Chaplin., E. (Eds.), Forensic aspects of neurodevelopmental disorders: A clinician’s guide (pp. 24–33). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108955522.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooray, S. E. & Bakala, A. (2005 ). Anxiety disorders in people with learning disabilities. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11(5), 355–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooray, S. E., Tassé, M. J., Barnhill, J., & Bhaumik, S. (2022). Anxiety and stress-related disorders in people with intellectual disability/disorders of intellectual development. In Textbook of psychiatry for intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (pp. 583–608). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Couturier, J. L. & Nicolson, R. (2002). A retrospective assessment of citalopram in children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 12(3), 243–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dagnan, D., Jackson, I., & Eastlake, L. (2018). A systematic review of cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 62(11), 974–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, E., Saeed, S. A., & Antonacci, D. J. (2008). Anxiety disorders in persons with developmental disabilities: Empirically informed diagnosis and treatment. Psychiatric Quarterly, 79(3), 249–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deb, S., Thomas, M., & Bright, C. (2001). Mental disorder in adults with intellectual disability. 1: Prevalence of functional psychiatric illness among a community‐based population aged between 16 and 64 years. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45(6), 495–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duff, R., La Rocca, J., Lizzet, A. et al. (1981). A comparison of the fears of mildly retarded adults with children of their mental age and chronological age matched controls. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 12(2), 121–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, G., Jones, C., Pearson, E. et al. (2022). Prevalence of anxiety symptomatology and diagnosis in syndromic intellectual disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 104719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisman, S. & Steele, M. (1996). Use of risperidone in pervasive developmental disorders: a case series. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 6(3), 177–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, R., Loschen, E., Stavrakaki, C. & First, M. (2007). DM-ID: diagnostic manual – intellectual disability: A textbook of diagnosis of mental disorders in persons with intellectual disability. National Association for the Dually Diagnosed.Google Scholar
Green, L., McNeil, K., Korossy, M., et al. (2018). HELP for behaviours that challenge in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Canadian Family Physician, 64(Suppl 2), S23–S31.Google ScholarPubMed
Harrison, P., Cowen, P., Burns, T. & Fazel, M. (2017). Shorter Oxford textbook of psychiatry. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., et al. (2014). Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 1–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Angermeyer, M., Anthony, J. C., et al. (2007). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry, 6(3), 168.Google ScholarPubMed
Khreim, I. & Mikkelsen, E. (1997). Anxiety disorders in adults with mental retardation. Psychiatric Annals, 27(3), 175–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemay, K. R., Kogan, C. S., Rebello, T. J., et al. (2022). An international field study of the International Classification of Diseases‐11 behavioural indicators for disorders of intellectual development. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 66(4), 376–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsay, W.R., Neilson, C., & Lawrenson, H. (1997). Cognitive-behaviour therapy for anxiety in people with learning disabilities. In Kroese, B. S, Dagnan, D, & Loumidis, K (Eds.), Cognitive behaviour therapy for people with learning disabilities. Routledge, pp. 128–44.Google Scholar
Macneil, C. A., Hasty, M. K., Conus, P., & Berk, M. (2012). Is diagnosis enough to guide interventions in mental health? Using case formulation in clinical practice. BMC Medicine, 10, 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martín-Merino, E., Ruigómez, A., Wallander, M. A., Johansson, S., & García-Rodríguez, L. A. (2010). Prevalence, incidence, morbidity and treatment patterns in a cohort of patients diagnosed with anxiety in UK primary care. Family Practice, 27(1), 9–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDougle, C. J., Holmes, J. P., Carlson, D. C., et al. (1998). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone in adults with autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(7), 633–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Namerow, L. B., Thomas, P., Bostic, J. Q., Prince, J., & Monuteaux, M.C. (2003). Use of citalopram in pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 24(2), 104--8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011). Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: Management. Clinical Guideline [CG113]. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG113.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016). Mental Health problems in people with learning disabilities – prevention, assessment, and management [NG54]. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng54.Google Scholar
NHS England (2016). Stopping Over-Medication of People with a Learning Disability (STOMPLD) Pledge. www.england.nhs.uk/2016/06/over-medication-pledge/.Google Scholar
Posey, D. J., Guenin, K. D., Kohn, A. E., Swiezy, N. B., & McDougle, C. J. (2001). A naturalistic open-label study of mirtazapine in autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 11(3), 267–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rai, D., Webb, D., Lewis, A., et al. (2024). Sertraline for anxiety in adults with a diagnosis of autism (STRATA): study protocol for a pragmatic, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised controlled trial. Trials, 25(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-023-07847-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ratey, J., Sovner, R., Parks, A., & Rogentine, K. (1991). Buspirone treatment of aggression and anxiety in mentally retarded patients: a multiple-baseline, placebo lead-in study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52(4), 159–162.Google ScholarPubMed
Reed, G. M., First, M. B., Kogan, C. S., et al. (2019). Innovations and changes in the International Classification of Diseases‐11 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders. World Psychiatry, 18(1), 3–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, K. A., Smiley, E., & Cooper, S. A. (2011). Prevalence and associations of anxiety disorders in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(2), 172–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001). OP48 DC-LD: Diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders for use with adults with learning disabilities/mental retardation (Vol. 48). Springer Science & Business.Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2016). Psychotropic drug prescribing for people with intellectual disability, mental health problems and/or behaviours that challenge: practice guidelines. Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
Stavrakaki, C. & Mintsioulis, G. (1997). Anxiety disorders in persons with mental retardation: Diagnostic, clinical and treatment issues. Psychiatric Annals, 27(3), 182–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tambs, K., Czajkowsky, N., Neale, M. C., et al. (2009). Structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for dimensional representations of DSM-IV anxiety disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(4), 301–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×