Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×

Online ordering will be unavailable from 17:00 GMT on Friday, April 25 until 17:00 GMT on Sunday, April 27 due to maintenance. We apologise for the inconvenience.

Hostname: page-component-669899f699-8p65j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-26T23:31:54.852Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Alien invasions: the effects of introduced species on forest structure and function

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
D. Parry  and
S.A. Teale
Edited by
John D. Castello  and
Stephen A. Teale
D. Parry
Affiliation:
State University of New York
S.A. Teale
Affiliation:
State University of New York
John D. Castello
Affiliation:
State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Stephen A. Teale
Affiliation:
State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Get access

Summary

Invasive species are among the greatest threats to forested ecosystems globally (Liebhold et al.1995; Vitousek et al. 1996; Pimental et al. 2000), ranking behind only deforestation and land use conversion (Walker and Steffen 1997; Wilcove et al. 1998). Shifting patterns of trade, globalization of economies (e.g., Hulme et al. 2009; Meyerson et al. 2007), and climate change have ensured that even the most remote and pristine forests are not immune to this threat.

Recognition of the threat to forests posed by invasive species is universal among biologists and forestry professionals, yet despite the frequency with which the term invasive species is used, operational definitions vary widely among disciplines. Indeed, use of this term is so imprecise that some have advocated for its elimination from ecological literature (Colautti and MacIssac 2004). Here, the term is retained for continuity and defined as a non-indigenous species whose introduction was directly or indirectly facilitated by anthropogenic forces and causes or is likely to cause significant ecological or economic harm in natural and managed ecosystems. This definition separates a select group of species from a much larger pool of introduced and naturalized species that are relatively benign ecologically and economically, and also from those whose geographic distribution has changed in response to natural phenomena.

Type
Chapter
Information
Forest Health
An Integrated Perspective
 , pp. 115 - 162
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Allen, D. and Bowersox, T. W. 1989. Regeneration in oak stands following gypsy moth defoliation. In: Proceedings of the 7th Central Hardwood Forest Conference. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-132, Rink, G. and Budelsky, C. A. (eds).
Anulewicz, A. C., McCullough, D. G., Cappaert, D. L., and Poland, T. M. 2008. Host range of the Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in North America: Results of multiple-choice field experiments. Environmental Entomology 37: 230–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asner, G. P., Hughes, R. F., Vitousek, P. M., et al. 2008. Invasive plants transform 3-D structure of rainforests. Proceedings National Academy Sciences 105: 4519–4523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aukema, J. E., McCullough, D. G., Holle, B., et al. 2010. Historical accumulation of non-indigenous forest pests in the continental US. BioScience 60: 886–897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bain, J. 1977. Overseas wood- and bark-boring insects intercepted at New Zealand ports. New Zealand Forest Service Technical Paper No.63.Google Scholar
Baranchikov, Y., Mozolevskaya, E., Yurchenko, G., and Kenis, M. 2008. Occurrence of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis in Russia and its potential impact on European forestry. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 38: 233–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beeche-Cisternas, M. A. 2000. Riesgos cuarentenarios de insectos asociados a embalajes de madera y maderas de estiba de cargas de internacion en Chile. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Quarantine Pests for the Forestry Sector and their Effects on Foreign Trade, 27–28 June 2000, Concepcion, Chile. Concepcion, Chile, CORMA.Google Scholar
Blossey, B., Nuzzo, V., Hinz, H., and Gerber, E. 2001. Developing biological control of Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb) Cavara and Grande (garlic mustard). Natural Areas Journal 21: 357–367.Google Scholar
Bohlen, P. J., Groffman, P. M., Fahey, T. J., et al. 2004. Ecosystem consequences of exotic earthworm invasion of north temperate forests. Ecosystems 7: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockerhoff, E. G., Liebhold, A. M., Richardson, B., and Suckling, D. M. 2010. Eradication of invasive forest insects: concepts, methods, costs and benefits. New Zealand Journal Forest Science 40 suppl.: S117–S135.Google Scholar
Brockerhoff, E. L., Knízek, M., and Bain, J. 2003. Checklist of indigenous and adventive bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) of New Zealand and interceptions of exotic species (1952–2000). New Zealand Entomologist 26: 29–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, M. L., D'Antonio, C. M., Richardson, D. M., et al. 2004. Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes. BioScience 54: 677–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brothers, T. S. and Spingarn, A. 1992. Forest fragmentation and alien plant invasion of central Indiana old-growth forests. Conservation Biology 6: 91–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, R. W. and Sloan, R. J. 1977. Forest stand responses to defoliation by the gypsy moth. Forest Science Monographs 19: 1–34.Google Scholar
Carnegie, A. J., Matsuki, M., and Haugen, D. A. 2006. Predicting the potential distribution of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), a significant exotic pest of Pinus plantations. Annals Forest Science 63: 119–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, M., Smith, M., and Harrison, R. 2010. Genetic analyses of the Asian longhorned beetle (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Anoplophora glabripennis), in North America, Europe and Asia. Biological Invasions 12: 1165–1182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciesla, W. M. 1991. Cypress aphid, Cinara cupressi, a new pest of conifers in eastern and southern Africa. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 39: 82–93.Google Scholar
Cock, M. J. W. 2003. Biosecurity and forests: an introduction with particular emphasis on forest pests. Forest Health and Biosecurity Working Paper FBS/2E. Rome, FAO, www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/J1467E/J1467E00.HTM [Accessed November 2010].Google Scholar
Colautti, R. A., Grigorovich, I. A., and MacIsaac, H. J. 2006. Propagule pressure: a null model for biological invasions. Biological Invasions 8: 1023–1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colautti, R. I. and MacIssac, H. J. 2004. A neutral terminology to define ‘invasive’ species. Diversity and Distributions 10: 135–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coyle, D. R., Mattson, W. J., and Raffa, K. F. 2008. Invasive root feeding insects in natural forest ecosystems of North America. In: Root Feeders: An Ecosystem Perspective. Johnson, S. and Murray, P. (eds). CABI Press, London.Google Scholar
Crooks, J. A. and Soulé, M. E. 2001. Lag times in population explosions of invasive species: Causes and implications. In: Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management. Sandlund, O. T., Schei, P. J., and Viken, A. (eds). Kluwer Academic Press. Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Cunard, C. and Lee, T. D. 2009. Is patience a virtue? Succession, light, and the death of invasive glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus). Biological Invasions 11: 577–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, J. C. and Entwistle, P. F. 1981. Control of sawflies by baculoviruses. In: Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases. Burges, H. D. (ed.). Academic Press. Inc., New York.Google Scholar
Davidson, C. B., Gottschalk, K. W., and Johnson, J. E. 1999. Tree mortality following -defoliation by the European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in the United States: a review. Forest Science 45: 74–84.Google Scholar
Day, M. D., Wiley, C. J., Playford, J., and Zalucki, M. P. 2003. Lantana: Current Management, Status and Future Prospects. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra.Google Scholar
Day, R. K., Kairo, M. T. K., Abraham, Y. J., et al. 2003. Biological control of homopteran pests of conifers in Africa. In: Biological Control in IPM Systems in Africa. Neuenschwander, P., Borgemeister, C., and Langewald, J. (eds). Wallingford, UK, CAB International.Google Scholar
Dodds, K. J., Cooke, R. R., and Gilmore, D. W. 2007. Silvicultural options to reduce pine susceptibility to attack by a newly detected invasive species, Sirex noctilio. Northern Journal Applied Forestry 24: 165–167.Google Scholar
Dorning, M. and Cipollini, D. 2006. Leaf and root extracts of the invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii, inhibit seed germination of three herbs with no autotoxic effects. Plant Ecology 184: 287–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, R. S. and Chapman, C. A. 2003. Tree-shrub interactions during early secondary forest succession in Uganda. Restoration Ecology 11: 198–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkinton, J. S. and Liebhold, A. M. 1990. Population dynamics of gypsy moth in North America. Annual Review Entomology 35: 571–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkinton, J. S., Parry, D., and Boettner, G. H. 2006. Implicating an introduced generalist parasitoid in the enigmatic demise of the invasive browntail moth. Ecology 87: 2664–2672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, A. M., Barker-Plotkin, A. A., Foster, D. R., and Orwig, D. A. 2010. Experimentally testing the role of foundation species in forests: the Harvard Forest Hemlock Removal Experiment. Methods Ecology Evolution 1: 168–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, A. M., Bank, M. S., Clinton, B. D., et al. 2005. Loss of foundation species: consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9: 479–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eschtruth, A. K., Cleavitt, N. L., Battles, J. J., et al. 2006. Vegetation dynamics in declining eastern hemlock stands: 9 years of forest response to hemlock woolly adelgid infestation. Canadian Journal Forest Research 36: 1435–1450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eschtruth, A. K. and Battles, J. J. 2009a. Assessing the relative importance of disturbance, herbivory, diversity, and propagule pressure in exotic plant invasion. Ecological Monographs 79: 265–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eschtruth, A. K. and Battles, J. J. 2009b. Acceleration of exotic plant invasion in a forested ecosystem by a generalist herbivore. Conservation Biology 23: 388–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Tomaso, J. M. 1998. Impact, biology, and ecology of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12: 326–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fine, P. V. A. 2002. The invasibility of tropical forests by exotic plants. Journal Tropical Ecology 18: 687–705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujihara, M. 1996. Development of secondary pine forests after pine wilt disease in Western Japan. Journal Vegetation Science 7: 729–738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujihara, M., Hada, Y., and Toyohara, G. 2002. Changes in the stand structure of a pine forest after rapid growth of Quercus serrata Thunb. Forest Ecology & Management 170: 55–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, K. J. K. and Herms, D. A. 2010. Direct and indirect effects of alien insect herbivores on ecological processes and interactions in forests of eastern North America. Biological Invasions 12: 389–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganser, D. A., Arner, S. L., Widman, R. H., and Alerich, C. L. 1993. After two decades of gypsy moth is there any oak left?Northern Journal Applied Forestry 10: 184–186.Google Scholar
Gibbs, J. N. 1978. Intercontinental epidemiology of Dutch elm disease. Annual Review Phytopathology 16: 287–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, I. A. S. 1974. Impact and control of Dothistroma blight of pines. European Journal Forest Pathology 4: 89–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomi, T. 2007. Seasonal adaptations of the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) following its invasion of Japan. Ecological Research 22: 855–861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gooden, B., French, K., Turner, P. J., and Downey, P. O. 2009. Impact threshold for an alien plant invader, Lantana camara L., on native plant communities. Biological Conservation 142: 2631–2641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, D. R. 1998. Effects of invasive, non-indigenous plant species on ecosystem processes: lessons from Florida. Ecological Applications 8: 975–989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottschalk, K. W., Colbert, J. J., and Feicht, D. L. 1998. Tree mortality risk of oak due to gypsy moth. European Journal Forest Pathology 28: 121–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haack, R. A. 2001. Intercepted Scolytidae (Coleoptera) at U.S. ports of entry: 1985–2000. Integrated Pest Management Review 6: 253–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haack, R. A. 2006. Exotic bark- and wood-boring Coleoptera in the United States: recent establishments and Interceptions. Canadian Journal Forest Research 36: 269–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajek, A. E., Humber, R. A., and Elkinton, J. 1995. Mysterious origin of Entomophaga maimaiga in North America. American Entomologist 41: 31–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanks, L. M., Paine, T. D., Millar, J. G., and Hom, J. L. 1995. Variation among Eucalyptus species in resistance to Eucalyptus longhorned borer in California. 74: 185–194.
Hansen, E. M. 2008. Alien forest pathogens: Phytophthora species are changing world forests. Boreal Environment Research 13: 33–41.Google Scholar
Hardin, J. W., Leopold, D. J., and White, F. M. 2001. Harlow and Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology. 9th edition. McGraw-Hill, Boston, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Hartman, K. M. and McCarthy, B. C. 2007. A dendro-ecological study of forest overstorey productivity following the invasion of the non-indigenous shrub Lonicera maackii. Applied Vegetation Science 10: 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartman, K. M. and McCarthy, B. C. 2008. Changes in forest structure and species composition following invasion by a non-indigenous shrub, Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii). Journal Torrey Botanical Society 135: 245–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugen, D. A. 1990. Control procedures for Sirex noctilio in the Green Triangle: Review from detection to severe outbreak. (1977–1987). Australian Forestry 53: 24–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugen, L. 2001. How to identify and manage Dutch elm disease In: Shade Tree Wilt Diseases. Ash, C. L. (ed.). APS Press. St. Paul, MN.Google Scholar
Havill, N. P., Montgomery, M. E., Yu, G., et al. 2006. Mitochondrial DNA from hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) suggests cyrptic speciation and pinpoints the source of the introduction to eastern North America. Annals Entomological Society, 99: 195–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbs, R. J. and Huenneke, L. F. 1992. Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: implications for conservation. Conservation Biology 6: 334–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbs, R. J., Arico, S., Aronson, J., et al. 2006. Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15: 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoebeke, E. R., Haugen, D. A., and Haack, R. A. 2005. Sirex noctilio: discovery of a Palearctic siricid woodwasp in New York. Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society 50: 24–25.Google Scholar
Hulme, P. E. 2009. Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalizationJournal Applied Ecology 46: 10–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurley, B. P., Slippers, B., and Wingfield, M. J. 2007. A comparison of control results for the alien invasive woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in the southern hemisphere. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 9: 159–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inderjit, and Callaway, R. M. 2003. Experimental designs for the study of allelopathy. Plant and Soil 256: 1–11.Google Scholar
Iwahori, H., Tsuda, K., Kanzaki, N., et al. 1998. PCR-RFLP and sequencing analysis of ribosomal DNA of Bursaphelenchus nematodes related to pine wilt disease. Fundamentals Applied Nematology 21: 655–666.Google Scholar
Jelinka, J. and Vandermeer, J. 2004. Gypsy moth defoliation of oak trees and a positive response of red maple and black cherry: An example of indirect interaction. American Midland Naturalist 152: 231–236.Google Scholar
Kay, M. K. 2008. Are island forests vulnerable to invasive defoliators? In: Invasive Forest Insects, Introduced Forest Trees, and Altered Ecosystems. Paine, T. D. (ed.). Springer. Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Kenis, M., Auger-Rozenberg, M., Roques, A., et al. 2009. Ecological effects of invasive alien insects. In: Ecological Impacts of Non-Native Invertebrates and Fungi on Terrestrial Ecosystems. Langor, D. W. and Sweeney, J. (eds). Springer, Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Knight, T. M., Dunn, J. L., Smith, L. A., et al. 2009. Deer facilitate Invasive plant success in a Pennsylvania forest understory. Natural Areas Journal 29: 110–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobayashi, F. 1988. The Japanese pine sawyer. In: Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations. Berryman, A. A. (ed.)., Plenum Publishing, New York.Google Scholar
Kolar, C. S. and Lodge, D. M. 2001. Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders. Trends Ecology Evolution 16: 199–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kondo, K., Foundin, A., Linit, M., et al. 1982. Pine wilt disease-nematological, entomological, and biochemical investigations. Univ Missouri-Columbia Agric. Exp. Stn. SR 282: 1–56.Google Scholar
Kovacs, K. F., Haight, R. G., McCullough, D. G., et al. 2010. Cost of potential emerald ash borer damage in U.S. communities, 2009–2019. Ecol. Econ. 69: 569–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulman, H. M. 1971. Effects of insect defoliation on growth and mortality of trees. Annual Review Entomology 16: 289–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langor, D., DeHaas, L., and Foottit, R. 2009. Diversity of non-native terrestrial arthropods on woody plants in Canada. Biological Invasions 11: 5–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanier, G. N. and Peacock, J. W. 1981. Vectors of the pathogen. Compendium of Elm Diseases. Stipes, R. J. and Campana, R. J. (eds). APS Press. St. Paul, MN.Google Scholar
Levine, J. M., Adler, P. B., and Yelenik, S. G. 2002. A meta-analysis of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasions. Ecology Letters 10: 975–989.Google Scholar
Liao, C., Peng, R., Luo, Y., et al. 2007. Altered ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycles by plant invasion: a meta-analysis. New Phytologist 177: 706–714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liebhold, A. M., Macdonald, W. L., Bergdahl, D., and Maestro, V. C. 1995. Invasion by exotic forest pests – A threat to forest ecosystems. Forest Science 41: 1–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockwood, J. L., Cassey, P., and Blackburn, T. 2005. The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. Trends Ecology Evolution 20: 223–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lonsdale, W. M. 1999. Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasibility. Ecology 80: 1522–1536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loo, J. L. 2009. Ecological impacts of non-indigenous invasive fungi as forest pathogens. Biological Invasions 11: 81–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovett, G. M., Canham, C. D., Arthur, M. A., et al. 2006. Forest ecosystem responses to exotic pests and pathogens in eastern North America. BioScience 56: 395–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lozon, J. D. and MacIssac, H. J. 1997. Biological invasions: are they dependent on disturbance?Environmental Reviews 5: 131–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lugo, A. E. 2004, The outcome of alien tree invasions in Puerto Rico. Frontiers Ecology and the Environment 2: 265–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mack, M. C. and D'Antonio, C. M. 1998. Impacts of biological invasions on disturbance regimes. Trends Ecology Evolution 13: 195–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mack, R. N., Simberloff, D., Lonsdale, W. M., et al. 2000. Biotic invasions: Causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecological Applications 10: 689–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madden, J. L. 1975. An analysis of an outbreak of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera, Siricidae), in Pinus radiata. Bulletin Entomological Research 65: 491–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madden, J. L. 1988. Sirex in Australasia. In: Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations. Berryman, A. A. (ed). Plenum Publishing, New York.Google Scholar
Mamiya, Y. 1988. History of pine wilt disease in Japan. Journal Nematology 20: 219–226.Google ScholarPubMed
Martin, P. H., Canham, C. D., and Marks, P. L. 2009. Why forests appear resistant to exotic plant invasions: intentional introductions, stand dynamics, and the role of shade tolerance. Frontiers Ecology Environment 7: 142–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mascaro, J., Becklund, K. K., Hughes, R. F., and Schnitzer, S. A. 2008. Limited native plant regeneration in novel, exotic-dominated forests on Hawai'iForest Ecology & Management 256: 593–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattson, W. J., Herms, D. A., Witter, J. A., and Allen, D. C. 1991. Woody plant grazing systems: North American outbreak folivores and their host plants. In: Forest Insect Guilds: Patterns of Interactions with Host Trees. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-153. Baranchikov, Y. N., Mattson, W. J., Hain, F. P., and Payne, T. L. (eds).
Mattson, W., Niemelä, P., Millers, I., and Inguanzo, Y. 1994. Immigrant phytophagous insects on woody plants in the United States and Canada: An annotated list. USDA Report no. NC-169. St. Paul, MN, USA.Google Scholar
Mattson, W., Vanhanen, H., Veteli, T., Sivonen, S., and Niemela, P. 2007. Few immigrant phytophagous insects on woody plants in Europe: legacy of the European crucible?Biological Invasions 9: 957–974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCullough, D. G., Poland, T. M., Anulewicz, A. C., et al. 2009. Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) attraction to stressed or baited ash trees. Environmental Entomology 38: 1668–1679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDougall, K. L., Hobbs, R. J., and St Hardy, G. E. 2002. Vegetation of Phytophthora cinnamomi-infested and adjoining uninfested sites in the northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of Western Australia. Australian Journal Botany 50: 277–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mckimm, R. J. and Walls, J. W. 1980. A survey of damage caused by the Sirex woodwasp in the radiata pine plantations at Delatite, north-eastern Victoria, between 1972–1979. For. Comm. Vic 28: 3–11.Google Scholar
Merkel, H. W. 1906. A deadly fungus on the American chestnut. Annual Report NY Zoological Society 10: 97–103.Google Scholar
Meyerson, L. A. and Mooney, H. A. 2007. Invasive alien species in an era of globalization. Frontiers Ecology Environment 5: 199–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morin, R. S., Liebhold, A. M., and Gottschalk, K. W. 2009. Anisotropic spread of hemlock woolly adelgid in the eastern United States. Biological Invasions 11: 2341–2350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mota, M. M., Braasch, H., Bravo, M. A., et al. 1999. First report of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal and in Europe. Nematology, 1: 727–734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, S. T. 1996. Status and impact of invasive conifer aphid pests in Africa. In: Impact of Diseases and Insect Pests in Tropical Forests. Proceedings of the IUFRO Symposium 23–26 November 1993, Peechi, India. Nair, K. S. S.Sharma, J. K., and Varma, R. V. (eds). Kerala, India, Kerala Forest Research Institute and Forestry Research Support Programme for Asia and the Pacific.Google Scholar
Nair, K. S. S. 2007. Tropical Forest Insect Pests: Ecology, Impact, and Management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niemela, P. and Mattson, W. J. 1996. Invasion of North American forests by European phytophagous insects: Legacy of the European crucible?BioScience 46: 741–753.Google Scholar
Nuckolls, A. E., Wurzburger, N., Ford, C. R., et al. 2009. Hemlock declines rapidly with hemlock woolly adelgid infestation: impacts on the carbon cycle of southern Appalachian forests. Ecosystems 12: 179–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orondo, S. B. O. and Day, R. K. 1994. Cypress aphid (Cinara cupressi) damage to a cypress (Cupressus lusitanica) stand in Kenya. International Journal Pest Management 40: 141–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orwig, D. A., Foster, D. R., and Mausel, D. L. 2002. Landscape patterns of hemlock decline in New England due to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid. Journal Biogeography 29: 1475–1488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paillet, F. L. 2002. Chestnut: history and ecology of a transformed species. Journal Biogeography 29: 1517–1530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, T. D. and Millar, J. G. 2002. Insect pests of eucalypts in California: implications of managing invasive species. Bulletin Entomological Research 92: 147–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paine, T. D., Hanks, L. M., Millar, J. G., and Paine, E. O. 2000. Attractiveness and suitability of host tree species for colonization and survival of Phoracantha semipunctata F. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Canadian Entomologist 132: 907–913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pimentel, D., Lach, L., Zuniga, R., and Morrison, D. 2000. Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. BioScience 50: 53–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poland, T. M. and McCullough, D. G. 2006. Emerald ash borer: Invasion of the urban forest and the threat to North America's ash resource. Journal Forestry 104: 118–124.Google Scholar
Pringle, A. J. D., Bever, M., Gardes, J. L., et al. 2009. Mycorrhizal symbioses and plant invasions. Annual Review Ecology, Evolution Systematic 40: 699–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pureswaran, D. S. and Poland, T. M. 2009. Host selection and feeding preference of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on Ash (Fraxinus spp.). Environmental Entomology 38: 757–765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reaser, J. K. and Waugh, J. A. 2007. Denying Entry: Opportunities to Build Capacity to Prevent the Introduction of Invasive Species and Improve Biosecurity at US Ports. IUCN-World Conservation Union, Washington, DC Panel.Google Scholar
Richardson, D. M., Pysek, P., Rejmanek, M., et al. 2000. Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: Concepts and definitionsDiversity and Distributions 6: 93–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridley, G. S., Bain, J., Bultman, L. S., et al. 2000. Threats to New Zealand's indigenous forests from exotic pathogens and pests. Science for Conservation 142: 1–68.Google Scholar
Roane, M. K., Griffin, G. J., and Elkins, J. R. 1986. Chestnut Blight, Other Endothia Diseases, and the Genus Endothia. APS Press. St. Paul, MN.Google Scholar
Roberts, S. W., Tankersley, Jr., R., and Orvis, K. H. 2009. Assessing the potential impacts to riparian ecosystems resulting from hemlock mortality in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Environmental Management 44: 335–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodgers, V. L., Stinson, K. A., and Finzi, A. C. 2008. Ready or not, garlic mustard is moving in: Alliaria petiolata as a member of eastern North American forests. BioScience 58: 426–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roland, J. and Embree, D. G. 1995. Biological control of the winter moth. Annual Review Entomology 40: 475–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz, G. and Carlton, J. 2003. Global Pathways of Biotic Invasions. Island Press, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Sawyer, A. J. 2003. Annotated categorization of ALB host trees. USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Otis Plant Protection Laboratory. http://www.uvm.edu/albeetle/hosts.htm. [Accessed November 2010].
Sharma, G. R., Raghubanshi, A. S., and Singh, J. S. 2005. Lantana invasion: An overview. Weed Biology & Management 5: 157–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simberloff, D. 2009. The role of propagule pressure in biological invasionsAnnual Review Ecology Systematic 40: 81–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Small, M. J., Small, C. J., and Dreyer, G. D. 2005. Changes in a hemlock-dominated forest following woolly adelgid infestation in southern New England. Journal Torrey Botanical Society 132: 458–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sousa, E., Bravo, M. A., Pires, J., et al. 2001. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda; Aphelenchoididae) associated with Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera; Cerambycidae) in Portugal. Nematology 3: 89–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stadler, B., Muller, T., Orwig, D., and Cobb, R. 2005. Hemlock woolly adelgid: transforming ecosystem processes and landscapes. Ecosystems 8: 233–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, J. T. and Beckage, B. 2009. Fire feedbacks facilitate invasion of pine savannas by Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius). New Phytologist 184: 365–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stinson, K. A., Campbell, S. A., Powell, J. R., et al. 2006. Invasive plant suppresses the growth of native tree seedlings by disrupting belowground mutualisms. PLoS Biology 4: 727–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stinson, K. A., Kaufman, S. K., Durbin, L., and Lowenstein, F. 2007. Impacts of garlic mustard invasion on a forest understory community. Northeastern Naturalist 14: 73–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suckling, D. M., Gibb, A. R., Dentener, P. R., et al. 2005. Gum leaf skeletoniser Uraba lugens in New Zealand: pheromone trapping for delimitation and phenology. Journal Economic Entomology 98: 1187–1192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theoharides, K. A. and Dukes, J. S. 2007. Plant invasion across space and time: factors affecting nonindigenous species success during four stages of invasion. New Phytologist 176: 256–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Togashi, K. and Shigasada, N. 2006. Spread of the pinewood nematode vectored by the Japanese pine sawyer: modeling and analytical approaches. Population Ecology 48: 271–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tribe, G. D. and Cillié, J. J. 2004. The spread of Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in South African pine plantations and the introduction and establishment of its biological control agents. African Entomologist 12: 9–17.Google Scholar
Pas, J. B. 1981. Reduced early growth rates of Pinus radiata by Dothistroma pini. New ZealandJournal Forest Science 11: 210–220.Google Scholar
Vanhellemont, M., Wauters, L., Baeten, L., et al. 2010. Prunus serotina unleashed: invader dominance after 70 years of forest developmentBiological Invasions 12: 1113–1124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleunen, M. and Fischer, M. 2009. Release from foliar and floral fungal pathogen species does not explain the geographic spread of naturalized North American plants in Europe. Journal Ecology 97: 385–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitousek, P. M., D'Antonio, C. M., Loope, L. L., and Westbrooks, R. 1996. Biological invasions as global environmental change. American Scientist 84: 468–478.Google Scholar
Vitousek, P. M., D'Antonio, C. M., Loope, L. L., et al. 1997. Introduced species: A significant component of human-caused global change New Zealand. Journal Ecology 21: 1–16.Google Scholar
Holle, B. V. and Simberloff, D. 2005. Ecological resistance to biological invasion overwhelmed by propagule pressure. Ecology 86: 3212–3218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, B. and Steffen, W. 1997. An overview of the implications of global change for natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems. Conservation Ecology 1: 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, J. 2008. The historical and future Impacts of exotic insects and diseases on Connecticut's forests. In: Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States. Hartford, CT. Onken, B. and Reardon, R. (eds). USDA Forest Service FHTET-2008–01.Google Scholar
Watson, G. W., Voegtlin, D. J., Murphy, S. T., and Foottit, R. G. 1999. Biogeography of the Cinara cupressi complex (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Cupressaceae, with description of a pest species introduced into Africa. Bulletin Entomological Research 89: 271–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weeks, E. P., Weaver, H. L., Campbell, G. S., and Tanner, B. D. 1987. Water use by saltcedar and by replacement vegetation in the Pecos River floodplain between Acme and Artesia, New Mexico. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 491-G.
Wei, X., Reardon, D., Wu, Y., and Sun, J. H. 2004. Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in China: a review and distribution survey. Acta Entomologica Sinica 47: 679–685.Google Scholar
Wei, X., Wu, Y., Reardon, R., et al. 2007. Biology and damage traits of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) in China. Insect Science 14: 367–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weste, G., Brown, K., Kennedy, J., et al. 2002. Phytophthora cinnamomi infestation – a 24-year study of vegetation change in forests and woodlands of the Grampians, Western Victoria. Australian Journal Botany 50: 247–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcove, D. S., Rothstein, D., Dubow, J., et al. 1998. Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States. BioScience 48: 607–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, M. and Fitter, A. 1996. The characters of successful invaders. Biological Conservation 78: 163–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, F. W. and Shanks, R. E. 1959. Natural replacement of chestnut by other species in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Ecology 40: 349–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, S. J. 2005. Tropical forests in a changing environment. Trends Ecology Evolution 20: 553–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Z. Q., Wang, X. Y., Wei, J. R., et al. 2008. Survey of the native insect natural enemies of Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in ChinaBulletin Entomological Research 98: 293–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×