Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T03:24:28.610Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 3 - Criminal Justice Pathways and Legal Issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 May 2023

Edited by
Jane M. McCarthy ,
Regi T. Alexander  and
Eddie Chaplin
Jane M. McCarthy
Affiliation:
Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust and University of Auckland
Regi T. Alexander
Affiliation:
Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire
Eddie Chaplin
Affiliation:
Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Forensic Aspects of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
A Clinician's Guide
 , pp. 191 - 301
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Schrijvers, G, van Hoorn, A, Huiskes, N. The care pathway: concepts and theories: an introduction. International Journal of Integrated Care 2012; 12: e192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinsman, L, Rotter, T, James, E, Snow, P, Willis, J. What is a clinical pathway? Development of a definition to inform the debate. BMC Medicine 2010; 8(1): 1–3.Google Scholar
Vissers, J, Beech, R. Health Operations Management. Routledge, 2004.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Physical health of people in prison. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng57.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Mental health of adults in contact with the criminal justice system. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng66.Google Scholar
Forrester, A, Hopkin, G. Mental health in the criminal justice system: a pathways approach to service and research design. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2019; 29(4): 207–17.Google Scholar
McKinnon, IG, Thomas, SD, Noga, HL, Senior, J. Police custody health care: a review of health morbidity, models of care and innovations within police custody in the UK, with international comparisons. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. 2016; 9: 213.Google Scholar
Fazel, S, Baillargeon, J. The health of prisoners. Lancet 2011; 377(9769): 956–65.Google Scholar
McKinnon, I, Grubin, D. Health screening in police custody. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 2010; 17(4): 209–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, MS, Colman, I, Simpson, AI, McKenzie, K. Mental health screening tools in correctional institutions: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13(1): 275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United Nations. United Nations standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). 2015. Available at: www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Nelson_Mandela_Rules-E-ebook.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Data matters. Available at: www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/DataMatters1_prison.pdf.Google Scholar
Fazel, S, Hayes, AJ, Bartellas, K, Clerici, M, Trestman, R. Mental health of prisoners: prevalence, adverse outcomes, and interventions. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3(9): 871–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fazel, S, Xenitidis, K, Powell, J. The prevalence of intellectual disabilities among 12 000 prisoners: a systematic review. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2008; 31(4): 369–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, G, Talbot, J. No one knows: the bewildering passage of offenders with learning disability and learning difficulty through the criminal justice system. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2010; 20: 1.Google Scholar
Hassiotis, A, Gazizova, D, Akinlonu, L, Bebbington, P, Meltzer, H, Strydom, A. Psychiatric morbidity in prisoners with intellectual disabilities: analysis of prison survey data for England and Wales. British Journal of Psychiatry 2011; 199(2): 156–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, S, Moss, D, Sedgwick, O, Fridman, M, Hodgkins, P. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in incarcerated populations. Psychological Medicine 2015; 45(2): 247–58.Google Scholar
Young, S, Sedgwick, O, Fridman, M, Gudjonsson, G, Hodgkins, P, Lantigua, M et al. Co-morbid psychiatric disorders among incarcerated ADHD populations: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 2015; 45(12): 2499–510.Google ScholarPubMed
Underwood, L, Forrester, A, Chaplin, E, McCarthy, J. Prisoners with neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 2013; 4(1/2): 17–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, L, Spencer, MD, Thomson, LD, Stanfield, AC, Owens, DG, Hall, J, et al. Evaluation of a screening instrument for autism spectrum disorders in prisoners. PLOS One. 2012; 7(5): e36078.Google Scholar
Underwood, L, McCarthy, J, Chaplin, E, Forrester, A, Mills, R, Murphy, D. Autism spectrum disorder traits among prisoners. Advances in Autism 2016; 2(3): 106–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, CE, McGillivray, JA. Autism behind bars: a review of the research literature and discussion of key issues. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 2015; 26(6): 719–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, D. What is comorbidity and why does it matter in neurodevelopmental disorders?. Current Developmental Disorders Reports 2018; 5(4): 235–42.Google Scholar
Forrester, A, Till, A, Simpson, S, Shaw, J. Mental illness and the provision of mental health services in prisons. British Medical Bulletin 2018; 127: 101–9.Google Scholar
Simpson, AIF, Gerritsen, C, Maheandiran, M, Adamo, V, Vogel, T, Fulham, L. A systematic review of reviews of correctional mental health services using the STAIR framework. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2018; 12: 747202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samele, C, McKinnon, I, Brown, P, Srivastava, S, Arnold, A, Hallett, N, et al. The prevalence of mental illness and unmet needs of police custody detainees. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2021; 31(2): 80–95.Google Scholar
Forrester, A, Samele, C, Slade, K, Craig, T, Valmaggia, L. Suicide ideation amongst people referred for mental health assessment in police custody. Journal of Criminal Psychology 2016; 6(4): 146–56.Google Scholar
Forrester, A, Samele, C, Slade, K, Craig, T, Valmaggia, L. Demographic and clinical characteristics of 1092 consecutive police custody mental health referrals. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 2017; 28(3): 295–312.Google Scholar
Young, S, Goodwin, EJ, Sedgwick, O, Gudjonsson, GH. The effectiveness of police custody assessments in identifying suspects with intellectual disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. BMC Medicine 2013; 11(1): 248.Google Scholar
McKinnon, IG, Grubin, D. Health screening of people in police custody: evaluation of current police screening procedures in London, UK. European Journal of Public Health 2013; 23(3): 399–405.Google Scholar
McKinnon, I, Thorp, J, Grubin, D. Improving the detection of detainees with suspected intellectual disability in police custody. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 2015; 9(4): 174–85.Google Scholar
Noga, HL, Walsh, EC, Shaw, JJ, Senior, J. The development of a mental health screening tool and referral pathway for police custody. European Journal of Public Health 2015; 25(2): 237–42.Google Scholar
NHS England and NHS Improvement. Liaison and diversion standard service specification 2019. Available at: www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/national-liaison-and-diversion-service-specification-2019.pdf.Google Scholar
Department of Health. The Bradley Report: Lord Bradley’s review of people with mental health problems or learning disabilities in the criminal justice system. Available at: https://lx.iriss.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/The%20Bradley%20report.pdf.Google Scholar
Scott, DA, McGilloway, S, Dempster, M, Browne, F, Donnelly, M. Effectiveness of criminal justice liaison and diversion services for offenders with mental disorders: a review. Psychiatric Services 2013; 64(9): 843–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gudjonsson, G. ‘Fitness for interview’ during police detention: a conceptual framework for forensic assessment. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 1995; 6(1): 185–97.Google Scholar
Stark, M, Rix, K. Fitness to be interviewed and fitness to be charged. In Stark, M, eds., Clinical Forensic Medicine. Springer, 2020: 393–420.Google Scholar
Gudjonsson, GH, Clark, NK. Suggestibility in police interrogation: a social psychological model. Social Behaviour 1986; 1: 83–104.Google Scholar
Gudjonsson, GH. The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: A Handbook. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003.Google Scholar
James, DV. Court diversion in perspective. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 40(6–7): 529–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, J, Creed, F, Price, J, Huxley, P, Tomenson, B. Prevalence and detection of serious psychiatric disorder in defendants attending court. Lancet 1999; 353(9158): 1053–6.Google Scholar
Chaplin, E, McCarthy, J, Marshall-Tate, K, Ali, S, Xenitidis, K, Childs, J, Harvey, D. Evaluation of a liaison and diversion court mental health service for defendants with neurodevelopmental disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2021; 1(119): 104103.Google Scholar
McCarthy, J, Chaplin, E, Hayes, S, Søndenaa, E, Chester, V, Morrissey, C, et al. Defendants with intellectual disability and autism spectrum conditions: the perspective of clinicians working across three jurisdictions. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 2021; 2: 1–20.Google Scholar
Gerry, F, Cooper, P. Effective participation of vulnerable accused persons: case management, court adaptation and rethinking criminal responsibility. Journal of Judicial Administration 2017; 1: 265–75.Google Scholar
Brown, P. Unfitness to plead in England and Wales: historical development and contemporary dilemmas. Medicine, Science and the Law 2019; 59(3): 187–96.Google Scholar
Forrester, A, Hopkin, G, Bryant, L, Slade, K, Samele, C. Alternatives to custodial remand for women in the criminal justice system: a multi‐sector approach. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2020; 30(2–3): 68–78.Google Scholar
Murphy, GH, Gardner, J, Freeman, MJ. Screening prisoners for intellectual disabilities in three English prisons. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 2017; 30(1): 198–204.Google Scholar
Patel, R, Harvey, J, Forrester, A. Systemic limitations in the delivery of mental health care in prisons in England. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2018; 1; 60: 17–25.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. People with learning disabilities. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/population-groups/people-with-learning-disabilities.Google Scholar
Young, S, Gudjonsson, G, Chitsabesan, P, Colley, B, Farrag, E, Forrester, A, et al. Identification and treatment of offenders with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the prison population: a practical approach based upon expert consensus. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18(1): 1–6.Google Scholar
Ireland, J. Bullying Among Prisoners: Innovations in Theory and Research Willan Publishing, 2005.Google Scholar
Maitra, DR. ‘If you’re down with a gang inside, you can lead a nice life’: prison gangs in the age of austerity. Youth Justice 2020; 20(1–2): 128–45.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Y, Day, A, Casey, S. Understanding the needs of vulnerable prisoners: the role of social and emotional wellbeing. International Journal of Prisoner Health 2013; 9(2), 57–67.Google Scholar
McCarthy, J, Chaplin, E, Forrester, A, Underwood, L, Hayward, H, Sabet, J, et al. Prisoners with neurodevelopmental difficulties: vulnerabilities for mental illness and self‐harm. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2019; 29(5–6): 308–20.Google Scholar
National Offender Management Service. Service specification for prison discipline and segregation: segregation of prisoners. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/278911/2014-01-14_Segregation_of_Prisoners_Specification_P2_2.pdf.Google Scholar

References

Mental Health Act 1983. Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1983/20/contents.Google Scholar
Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003. Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2003/13/contentsGoogle Scholar
Mental Capacity Act 2005. Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contents.Google Scholar
Zigmond, AS. Medical incapacity act. Psychiatric Bulletin 1998; 22: 657–8.Google Scholar
Report of Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded, 1908. Available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2437104.Google Scholar
Report of the Royal Commission on the Law Relating to Mental Illness and Mental Deficiency (Percy Commission), 1957. Available at: https://navigator.health.org.uk/theme/percy-commission.Google Scholar
Bluglass, R. The Mental Health Act 1983. In Bluglass, R, Bowden, P, eds., Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Churchill Livingstone, 1990, chapter XIII.Google Scholar
Mental Health Act 2007. Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/12/contents.Google Scholar
Parker, C. The Mental Health Act 1983: the impact of the changes introduced by the Mental Health Act 2007 on people with learning disabilities. Tizard Learning Disability Review 2008; 13: 38–43.Google Scholar
Hollins, S, Lodge, KM, Lomax, P. The case for removing intellectual disability and autism from the Mental Health Act. British Journal of Psychiatry 2019; 215: 633–5.Google Scholar
Health and Social Care Information Centre. Inpatients formally detained in hospitals under the Mental Health Act 1983, and patients subject to supervised community treatment: uses of the Mental Health Act: Annual Statistics, 2015/16. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/inpatients-formally-detained-in-hospitals-under-the-mental-health-act-1983-and-patients-subject-to-supervised-community-treatment.Google Scholar
Jones, RM. Mental Health Act Manual. Sweet & Maxwell, 2019.Google Scholar
Richards, S, Mughal, AF. Working with the Mental Health Act. Matrix Training Associates, 2010.Google Scholar
Criminal Procedure (Insanity and Unfitness to Plead) Act 1991. Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1991/25/contents.Google Scholar
Zigmond, T, Brindle, N. A Clinician’s Brief Guide to the Mental Health Act. Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2016.Google Scholar
HL v The United Kingdom [2004] 40 EHRR 761.Google Scholar
Mental Capacity (Amendment) Act 2019, Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2019/18/contents,Google Scholar
Secretary of State for Justice v. MM [2018] UKSC 60.Google Scholar
PJ v. Welsh Ministers [2018] UKSC 66.Google Scholar
Cheshire West and Chester Council and Central v. P [2011] EWCA Civ 1257.Google Scholar
Welsh Government. Mental Health Act 1983: code of practice. Available at: https://gov.wales/mental-health-act-1983-code-practice.Google Scholar
The Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000. Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2000/4/contents.Google Scholar
The Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act 2007. Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2007/10/contents.Google Scholar
The Mental Health Tribunal for Scotland (practice and procedure) (No. 2) rules. 2005. Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2005/519/contents/made.Google Scholar
Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. Adults with incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000: proposals for reform. Available at: www.gov.scot/publications/adults-incapacity-scotland-act-2000-proposals-reform.Google Scholar
Rome, A. Evans, C. Webster, S. Independent review of learning disability and autism in the Mental Health Act. 2019. Available at: https://webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk/20200313213229/https://www.irmha.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/IRMHA-Final-report-18-12-19-2.pdf.Google Scholar
Scott, J. Scottish mental health law review. Available at: www.mentalhealthlawreview.scot.Google Scholar
Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. Learning disability and autism provision in the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 2003: findings from a scoping exercise 2017. Available at: www.gov.scot/publications/review-learning-disability-autism-mental-health-scotland-act-2003-findings.Google Scholar
McCarthy, J, Duff, M. Services for adults with intellectual disability in Aotearoa New Zealand. BJPsych International 2019; 16: 71–3.Google Scholar
Mental Health (NI) Order 1986. Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/1986/595.Google Scholar
Weatherup, J. Neutral Citation No. [2003] NIQB35. Available at: www.judiciaryni.uk/judicial-decisions/2003-niqb-63.Google Scholar
Department of Health. The Bamford Review of Mental Health and Learning Disability (Northern Ireland): A Comprehensive Legislative Framework. Department of Health, 2007.Google Scholar
Department of Health and Social Services and Public Safety, Northern Ireland, Department of Justice. Draft Mental Capacity Bill (Nl): Principles Framework. 2015. Available at: www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/publications/2015/hssps/6315.pdf.Google Scholar
Dawson, J, Szmukler, G. Fusion of mental health and incapacity legislation. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 188: 504–9.Google Scholar

References

Rossner, M, Tait, D, McKimmie, B, Sarre, R. The dock on trial: courtroom design and the presumption of innocence. Journal of Law and Society 2017; 44(3): 317–44.Google Scholar
Young, S, Moss, D, Sedgwick, O, Fridman, M, Hodgkins, P. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in incarcerated populations. Psychological Medicine 2015; 45(2): 247–58.Google Scholar
Hellenbach, M, Karatzias, T, Brown, M. Intellectual disabilities among prisoners: prevalence and mental and physical health comorbidities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 2017; 30(2): 230–41.Google Scholar
Allely, CS, Cooper, P. Jurors’ and judges’ evaluation of defendants with autism and the impact on sentencing: a systematic Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) review of autism spectrum disorder in the courtroom. Journal of Law and Medicine 2017; 25(1): 105–23.Google Scholar
Chaplin, E, McCarthy, J, Forrester, A. Defendants with autism spectrum disorders: what is the role of court liaison and diversion? Advances in Autism 2017; 3(4): 220–8.Google Scholar
Gudjonsson, G, Joyce, T. Interviewing adults with intellectual disabilities. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 2011; 5(2): 16–21.Google Scholar
Søndenaa, E, Palmstierna, T, Iversen, VC. A stepwise approach to identify intellectual disabilities in the criminal justice system. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context 2010; 2: 183–98.Google Scholar
Talbot, J, Jacobson, J. Adult defendants with learning disabilities and the criminal courts. Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 2010; 1(2): 16–26.Google Scholar
Council of Europe. European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Council of Europe Treaty Series 005. Council of Europe, 1950.Google Scholar
Duff, RA. Trials and Punishments. Cambridge University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
R v. Pritchard (1836) 7 C&P 303.Google Scholar
Brown, P. Unfitness to plead in England and Wales: historical development and contemporary dilemmas. Medicine, Science and the Law 2019; 59(3): 187–96.Google Scholar
R v. Davies (1853) 3 C&K 328.Google Scholar
R v. M(John) [2003] EWCA Crim 3452.Google Scholar
R v. Marcantonio [2016] EWCA Crim 14.Google Scholar
Exworthy, T. Commentary: UK perspective on competency to stand trial. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 2006; 34(4): 466–71.Google Scholar
Rogers, TP, Blackwood, NJ, Farnham, F, Pickup, GJ, Watts, MJ. Fitness to plead and competence to stand trial: a systematic review of the constructs and their application. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 2008; 19 (4): 576–96.Google Scholar
Owusu-Bempah, A. The interpretation and application of the right to effective participation. International Journal of Evidence and Proof 2018; 22(4): 321–41.Google Scholar
Stanford v. UK [1994] ECHR 6.Google Scholar
T and V v. UK [2000] 30 EHRR 121.Google Scholar
Law Commission of England and Wales. Unfitness to Plead – Volume 2: Draft Legislation. The Stationary Office, 2016.Google Scholar
Vassall-Adams, G, Scott-Moncrieff, L. Capacity and fitness to plead: the yawning gap. Counsel 2006; 3: 2–3.Google Scholar
R v. Presser [1958] VR 45.Google Scholar
Freckleton, I. Fitness to stand trial under Australian law. In Mackay, R, Brookbanks, W, eds., Fitness to Plead: International and Comparative Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2018: 153–174.Google Scholar
Dusky v. United States, 362 US 402 (1960); 80 S Ct 788.Google Scholar
Bonnie, RJ. Fitness for criminal adjudication: the emerging significance of decisional competence in the United States. In Mackay, R, Brookbanks, W, eds., Fitness to Plead: International and Comparative Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2018; 175–206.Google Scholar
Morse, SJ. Involuntary competence in united states criminal law. In Mackay, R, Brookbanks, W, eds., Fitness to Plead: International and Comparative Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2018; 207–30.Google Scholar
Shah, A. Making fitness to plead fit for purpose. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 2012; 1: 176–97.Google Scholar
Brown, P. Modernising fitness to plead. Medicine, Sciences and the Law 2019; 59(3): 131–4.Google Scholar
Victorian Law Reform Commission. Review of the Crimes (Mental Impairment and Unfitness to be Tried) Act 1997. Victorian Law Reform Commission, 2014.Google Scholar
Law Commission of England and Wales. Unfitness to Plead (Consultation Paper No.197). The Stationery Office, 2010.Google Scholar
Mental Capacity Act 2005. Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contents.Google Scholar
Brown, P. Unfitness to plead in England and Wales: historical development and contemporary dilemmas. Medicine, Science and the Law 2019; 59(3): 187–96.Google Scholar
Peay, J. Fitness to plead and core competencies: problems and possibilities. LSE Legal Studies Working Paper No 2/2012. 2012. Available at: https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/44734/1/Fitness_plead_author.pdf.Google Scholar
R v. Murray (Aisling) [2008] EWCA Crim 1792.Google Scholar
Maher, G. Unfitness for trial in Scots law. In Mackay, R, Brookbanks, W, eds., Fitness to Plead: International and Comparative Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2018; 81–104.Google Scholar
Mackay, R. On being insane in Jersey: Part 3 – the case of Attorney General v. O’Driscoll. Criminal Law Reports 2004; April: 291–6.Google Scholar
McCarthy, J, Chaplin, E, Hayes, S, Søndenaa, E, Chester, V, Morrissey, C, et al. Defendants with intellectual disability and autism spectrum conditions: the perspective of clinicians working across three jurisdictions. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. 2021: 29(5): 698–717.Google Scholar
Mackay, R, Kearns, G. An upturn in unfitness to plead? Disability in relation to the trial under the 1991 Act. Criminal Law Review 2000; July: 532–46.Google Scholar
Mudathikundan, F, Chao, O, Forrester, A. Mental health and fitness to plead proposals in England and Wales. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2014; 37(2): 135–41.Google Scholar
Rogers, TP, Blackwood, N, Farnham, F, Pickup, G, Watts, M. Reformulating fitness to plead: a qualitative study. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 2009; 20 (6): 815–34.Google Scholar
Gudjonsson, GH, Sigurdsson, J, Bragason, O, Newton, A, Einarsson, E. Interrogative suggestibility, compliance and false confessions among prisoners and their relationship with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Psychological Medicine 2008; 38(7): 1037–44.Google Scholar
Law Commission of England and Wales. Unfitness to Plead – Volume 1: Report (Law Com. No 364). The Stationery Office, 2016.Google Scholar
NHS England. Liaison and diversion standard service specification 2019. Available at: www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/national-liaison-and-diversion-service-specification-2019.pdf.Google Scholar
Lally, SJ. What tests are acceptable for use in forensic evaluations? A survey of experts. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 2003; 34(5): 491.Google Scholar
Warren, JI, Chauhan, P, Kois, L, Dibble, A, Knighton, J. Factors influencing 2,260 opinions of defendants’ restorability to adjudicative competency. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2013; 19(4): 498–508.Google Scholar
Fogel, MH, Schiffman, W, Mumley, D, Tillbrook, C, Grisso, T. Ten year research update (2001–2010): evaluations for competence to stand trial (adjudicative competence). Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2013; 31(2): 165–91.Google Scholar
Brown, P, Stahl, D, Appiah-Kusi, E, Brewer, R, Watts, M, Peay, J, et al. Fitness to plead: development and validation of a standardised assessment instrument. PLOS One. 2018; 13(4): e0194332.Google Scholar
Brewer, RJ, Davies, GM, Blackwood, NJ. Fitness to plead: the impact of autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 2016; 16(3): 182–97.Google Scholar
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: general comment No. 1 (2014) Article 12: equal recognition before the law. UNCRPD, 2014.Google Scholar
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Concluding observations on the initial report of Republic of Korea, 29 October 2014, CRPD/C/KOR/CO/1. UNCRPD, 2014.Google Scholar
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Concluding observations on the initial report of Ecuador, 27 October 2014, CRPD/C/ECU/CO/1. UNCRPD, 2014.Google Scholar
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Views adopted by the Committee under article 5 of the Optional Protocol, concerning communication No. 7/2012 (Noble vs Australia). UNCRPD, 2016.Google Scholar
Minkowitz, T. Rethinking criminal responsibility from a critical disability perspective: the abolition of insanity/incapacity acquittals and unfitness to plead, and beyond. Griffith Law Review 2014; 23(3): 434–66.Google Scholar
Freckelton, I, Keyzer, P. Fitness to stand trial and disability discrimination: an international critique of Australia. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. 2017; 24(5): 770–83.Google Scholar
Faraone, SV, Sergeant, J, Gillberg, C, Biederman, J. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry 2003; 2(2): 104.Google Scholar
Kirley, A. Diagnosis and classification of ADHD in adulthood. In Fitzgerald, M, Bellgrove, M, Michael Gill, M, eds.,Handbook of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. John Wiley & Sons, 2007: 37–52.Google Scholar
McCarthy, S, Wilton, L, Murray, ML, Hodgkins, P, Asherson, P, Wong, IC. The epidemiology of pharmacologically treated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents and adults in UK primary care. BMC Pediatrics 2012; 12(1): 1–11.Google Scholar
Mohr-Jensen, C, Steinhausen, H-C. A meta-analysis and systematic review of the risks associated with childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder on long-term outcome of arrests, convictions, and incarcerations. Clinical Psychology Review. 2016; 48: 32–42.Google Scholar
Satterfield, JH, Faller, KJ, Crinella, FM, Schell, AM, Swanson, JM, Homer, LD. A 30-year prospective follow-up study of hyperactive boys with conduct problems: adult criminality. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2007; 46(5): 601–10.Google Scholar
Savolainen, J, Mason, WA, Bolen, JD, Chmelka, MB, Hurtig, T, Ebeling, H, et al. The path from childhood behavioural disorders to felony offending: investigating the role of adolescent drinking, peer marginalisation and school failure. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2015; 25(5): 375–88.Google Scholar
Young, S, Goodwin, EJ, Sedgwick, O, Gudjonsson, GH. The effectiveness of police custody assessments in identifying suspects with intellectual disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. BMC Medicine 2013; 11(1): 1–11.Google Scholar
Brown, P, Bakolis, I, Appiah-Kusi, E, Hallett, N, Hotopf, M, Blackwood, N. Prevalence of mental disorder in defendants at criminal court in submission. BJPsych Open. 2022; 8(3): E92.Google Scholar
Young, SJ, Adamou, M, Bolea, B, Gudjonsson, G, Müller, U, Pitts, M, et al. The identification and management of ADHD offenders within the criminal justice system: a consensus statement from the UK Adult ADHD Network and criminal justice agencies. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11(1): 1–14.Google Scholar
Buitelaar, NJ, Ferdinand, RF. ADHD undetected in criminal adults. Journal of Attention Disorders 2016; 20(3): 270–8.Google Scholar
Gudjonsson, GH, Young, S. An overlooked vulnerability in a defendant: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a miscarriage of justice. Legal and Criminological Psychology 2006; 11(2): 211–18.Google Scholar
Gudjonsson, GH, Young, S, Bramham, J. Interrogative suggestibility in adults diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A potential vulnerability during police questioning. Personality and Individual Differences 2007; 43(4): 737–45.Google Scholar
Kassin, SM, Gudjonsson, GH. The psychology of confessions: a review of the literature and issues. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 2004; 5(2): 33–67.Google Scholar
Gudjonsson, GH. The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: A Handbook John Wiley & Sons, 2003.Google Scholar
Young, S. Coping strategies used by adults with ADHD. Personality and Individual Differences 2005; 38(4): 809–16.Google Scholar
Young, S, Thome, J. ADHD and offenders. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 2011; 12(sup1): 124–8.Google Scholar
Mackay, R, Mitchell, B, Howe, L. A continued upturn in unfitness to plead: more disability in relation to the trial under the 1991 Act. Criminal Law Review 2007; July: 530–45.Google Scholar
Crown Prosecution Service v. P [2007] EWHC 946 (Admin), [2008] 1 WLR 1005 at [10].Google Scholar
Attwood, B. Make Your Own Picture Stories for Kids with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder): A DIY Guide for Parents and Carers: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2015.Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. Autism and Asperger Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Korkmaz, B. Theory of mind and neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. Pediatric Research 2011; 69(8): 101–8.Google Scholar
Ali, S. Autistic spectrum disorder and offending behaviour: a brief review of the literature. Advances in Autism 2018; 4(3): 109–21.Google Scholar
Lerner, MD, Haque, OS, Northrup, EC, Lawer, L, Bursztajn, HJ. Emerging perspectives on adolescents and young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders, violence, and criminal law. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online 2012; 40(2): 177–90.Google Scholar
Murphy, D. Understanding offenders with autism-spectrum disorders: what can forensic services do?: commentary on … Asperger syndrome and criminal behaviour. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2010; 16(1): 44–6.Google Scholar
Murphy, D. Extreme violence in a man with an autistic spectrum disorder: assessment and treatment within high-security psychiatric care. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 2010; 21(3): 462–77.Google Scholar
Woodbury-Smith, M, Clare, I, Holland, AJ, Watson, PC, Bambrick, M, Kearns, A, et al. Circumscribed interests and ‘offenders’ with autism spectrum disorders: a case-control study. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 2010; 21(3): 366–77.Google Scholar
Sabet, J, Underwood, L, Chaplin, E, Hayward, H, McCarthy, J. Autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and offending. Advances in Autism 2015; 1(2): 98–107.Google Scholar
Maras, KL, Bowler, DM. Eyewitness testimony in autism spectrum disorder: a review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2014; 44(11): 2682–97.Google Scholar
Berryessa, C. Defendants with autism spectrum disorder in criminal court: a judges’ toolkit. SSRN Electronic Journal 2021; June.Google Scholar
Taylor, K, Mesibov, G, Debbaudt, D. Autism in the criminal justice system. North Carolina Bar Journal 2009; 14(4): 32–6.Google Scholar
Cooper, P, Backen, P, Marchant, R. Getting to grips with ground rules hearings: a checklist for judges, advocates and intermediaries to promote the fair treatment of vulnerable people in court. Criminal Law Review 2015; 6: 417–32.Google Scholar
Barry-Walsh, JB, Mullen, PE. Forensic aspects of Asperger’s syndrome. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 2004; 15(1): 96–107.Google Scholar
Freckelton, I. Autism spectrum disorder: forensic issues and challenges for mental health professionals and courts. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 2013; 26(5): 420–34.Google Scholar
Haskins, BG, Silva, JA. Asperger’s disorder and criminal behavior: forensic–psychiatric considerations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 2006; 34(3): 374–84.Google Scholar
Katz, N, Zemishlany, Z. Criminal responsibility in Asperger’s syndrome. Israel Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 43(3): 166.Google Scholar
McKinnon, I, Thorp, J, Grubin, D. Improving the detection of detainees with suspected intellectual disability in police custody. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 2015; 9(4): 174–85.Google Scholar
White, AJ, Batchelor, J, Pulman, S, Howard, D. The role of cognitive assessment in determining fitness to stand trial. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 2012; 11(2): 102–9.Google Scholar
Brewster, E, Willox, EG, Haut, F. Assessing fitness to plead in Scotland’s learning disabled. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 2008; 19(4): 597–602.Google Scholar
Murphy, GH, Clare, IC. Adults’ capacity to make decisions affecting the person: psychologists’ contribution. In Bull, R, Carson, D, eds., Handbook of Psychology in Legal Contexts. Wiley, 1995: 97–128.Google Scholar
Talbot, J. Prisoners’ voices: experiences of the criminal justice system by prisoners with learning disabilities. Tizard Learning Disability Review 2010; 15(3): 33–41.Google Scholar
Howard, K, McCann, C, Dudley, M. ‘I was flying blind a wee bit’: professionals’ perspectives on challenges facing communication assistance in the New Zealand youth justice system. International Journal of Evidence and Proof 2019; 24(2): 104–20.Google Scholar
Molyneaux, E, Vera San Juan, N, Brown, P, Lloyd-Evans, B, Oram, S. A pilot programme to facilitate the use of mental health treatment requirements: professional stakeholders’ experiences. The British Journal of Social Work 2021; 51(3): 1041–59.Google Scholar
Forrester, A, Till, A, Simpson, A, Shaw, J. Mental illness and the provision of mental health services in prisons. British Medical Bulletin 2018; 127(1): 101–9.Google Scholar
Ali, A, Ghosh, S, Strydom, A, Hassiotis, A. Prisoners with intellectual disabilities and detention status. Findings from a UK cross sectional study of prisons. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2016; 53–54: 189–97.Google Scholar
Hensel, JM, Casiano, H, Chartier, MJ, Ekuma, O, MacWilliam, L, Mota, N, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders among all justice-involved: a population-level study in Canada. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2020; 68: 101523.Google Scholar
Henderson, E. ‘A very valuable tool’: judges, advocates and intermediaries discuss the intermediary system in England and Wales. International Journal of Evidence and Proof 2015; 19(3): 154–71.Google Scholar

References

R v. Pritchard (1836) 7 C&P 303.Google Scholar
Mental Capacity Act 2005. Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contentsGoogle Scholar
Mental Health Act 1983 (as amended 2007). Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1983/20/contents.Google Scholar
Law Commission of England and Wales. Unfitness to Plead – Volume 1: Report (Law Com. No 364). The Stationery Office, 2016.Google Scholar
R v.Moyle [2008] EWCA Crim 3059.Google Scholar
Vassall-Adams, G, Scott-Moncrieff, L. Capacity and fitness to plead: the yawning gap. Counsel 2006; 3: 2–3.Google Scholar
R v.Ghulam [2009] EWCA Crim 2285.Google Scholar
Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act 1964. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1964/84Google Scholar
Mackay, R, Kearns, G. An upturn in unfitness to plead? Disability in relation to the trial under the 1991 Act. Criminal Law Review 2000; July: 532–46.Google Scholar
Gov.UK. Criminal procedure rules and practice: directions 2020. Available at: www.gov.uk/guidance/rules-and-practice-directions-2020.Google Scholar
Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-domestic-violence-crime-and-victims-act-2004.Google Scholar
Equality Act 2010. Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15.Google Scholar
United Nations. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Available at: www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html.Google Scholar
Criminal Practice Directions [2015] EWCA Crim 1567.Google Scholar
Department of Health. Improving health, supporting justice. 2009. Available at: www.choiceforum.org/docs/justicebd.pdf.Google Scholar
NHS England. About liaison and diversion. 2020. Available at: www.england.nhs.uk/commissioning/health-just/liaison-and-diversion/about/ -accessed 11th December 2022Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice. Transforming rehabilitation: a strategy for reform. 2013. Available at: https://consult.justice.gov.uk/digital-communications/transformingrehabilitation/results/transforming-rehabilitation-response.pdf.Google Scholar

References

Maulik, P, Harbour, CK, McCarthy, J. Epidemiology. In Tsakanikos, E, McCarthy, J, eds., Handbook of Psychopathology in Adults with Developmental and Intellectual Disability: Research, Policy and Practice. Springer Science, 2014.Google Scholar
Lindsey, M (2003). New patterns of service. In Seminars in the psychiatry of learning disabilities. Editors: Fraser, W, Kerr, M. Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
Department of Health and Social Security (1969). Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Allegations of Ill Treatment and Other Irregularities at Ely Hospital, Cardiff (Cmnd 3975). London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Department of Health and Social Security (1971). Report of the Farleigh Hospital Committee of Inquiry (Cmnd 4557). London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Doubleday Anchor, New York 1961.Google Scholar
Morris, P (1969). Put Away: A Sociological Study of Institutions for the Mentally Retarded. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Department of Health (1971) Better services for the mentally handicapped (white paper). London.Google Scholar
Lindsey, M (2000) Services for people with learning disability and mental health problems. Mental Health Review, 5, 5–18.Google Scholar
Department of Health (1993) Services for People with Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviour or Mental Health Needs (Chairman: Prof. J L Mansell). London: HMSOGoogle Scholar
Department of Health Valuing people: a new strategy for learning disability for the 21st century. 2001. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/250877/5086.pdf.Google Scholar
Department of Health (2007) Services for People with Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviour or Mental Health Needs: Revised edition (Chairman: Prof. J L Mansell). London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Braddock, D, Emerson, E, Felce, D, et al (2001). Living circumstances of children and adults with mental retardation or developmental disabilities in the United States, Canada, England and Wales and Australia. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 7, 115–21.Google Scholar
Health Education England. Working in Community Settings with People with Learning Disabilities and Autistic People Who Are at Risk of Coming into Contact with the Criminal Justice System. Health Education England, 2021.Google Scholar
Department of Health. Transforming care: a national response to Winterbourne View hospital Department of Health Review: final report. 2012. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/213215/final-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Department of Health. Building the right support: a national plan to develop community services and close inpatient facilities for people with a learning disability and/or autism who display behaviour that challenges, including those with a mental health condition. 2015. Available at: www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ld-nat-imp-plan-oct15.pdf.Google Scholar
Department of Health and Social Care. NHS long term plan. Available at www.longtermplan.nhs.uk.Google Scholar
Devapriam, J, Rosenbach, A, Alexander, R. In-patient services for people with intellectual disability and mental health or behavioural difficulties. BJPsych Advances 2015; 21(2): 116–23.Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists. Future role of psychiatrists working with people with learning disabilities. Faculty of psychiatry of learning disability, Faculty report FR/LD/1. 2011. Available at: www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/members/faculties/intellectual-disability/id-futureroleofpsychiatristsinld-services.pdf?sfvrsn=33500689_4.Google Scholar
Devapriam, J, Alexander, R. Tiered model of learning disability forensic service provision. Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 2012; 3(4): 175–85.Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists. People with learning disability and mental health, behavioural or forensic problems: the role of in-patient services Royal College of Psychiatrists’ Faculty of Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability Faculty Report FR/ID/03. Available at: www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/members/faculties/intellectual-disability/id-fr-id-03.pdf?sfvrsn=cbbf8b72_2.Google Scholar
Mental Health Act 1983 (as amended 2007). Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1983/20/contents.Google Scholar
Care Quality Commission. Mental health rehabilitation inpatient services. Results from the 2019 information request. Available at: www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/20201016_MH-rehab_report.pdf.Google Scholar
Alexander, R, Langdon, P, O’Hara, J, Howell, A, Lane, T, Tharian, R, et al. Psychiatry and neurodevelopmental disorders: Experts by experience, clinical care and research. British Journal of Psychiatry 2021; 218(1): 1–3.Google Scholar
National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Autism spectrum disorder in adults: diagnosis and management. Clinical Guideline [CG142]. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg142.Google Scholar
Langdon, P, Alexander, R, O’Hara, J. Highlights of this issue. British Journal of Psychiatry 2021; 218(1): A3.Google Scholar
National Health Service. See, think, act. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/320249/See_Think_Act_2010.pdf.Google Scholar
Taylor, JL, McKinnon, I, Thorpe, I, Gillmer, BT. The impact of transforming care on the care and safety of patients with learning disabilities and forensic needs. British Journal of Psychiatry Bulletin 2017; 41: 205–8.Google Scholar
Jaydeokar, S, Devapriam, J, McCarthy, J, Kapugama, C, Bhaumik, S. Models of service development and delivery for people with intellectual disability. In Bhaumik, S, Alexander, R, eds., Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability. Oxford University Press, 2020: 289–96.Google Scholar
Kennedy, HG. Models of care in forensic psychiatry. BJPsych Advances.; 2022; 28(1): 46–59.Google Scholar
Care Quality Commission. Better care in my hands: a review of how people are involved in their care. 2016. Available at: www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/20160519_Better_care_in_my_hands_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar

References

Andersen, TM. Challenges to the Scandinavian welfare model. European Journal of Political Economy 2004; 20(3): 743–54.Google Scholar
Christiansen, NF. The Nordic Model of Welfare: A Historical Reappraisal. Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Lappi-Seppälä, T. Trust, welfare, and political culture: explaining differences in national penal policies. Crime and Justice 2008; 37(1): 313–87.Google Scholar
Kirkebæk, B. Da de aandssvage blev farlige [When the mentally deficient became dangerous]. Forlaget SocPol. 1995.Google Scholar
Søndenaa, E, Gudde, C, Thomassen, Ø. Patients with intellectual disabilities in the forensic asylums 1915–1982: before admission. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research 2015; 17(1): 14–25.Google Scholar
Seppänen, A, Joelsson, P, Ahlgren-Rimpiläinen, A, Repo-Tiihonen, E. Forensic psychiatry in Finland: an overview of past, present and future. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2020; 14: 1–8.Google Scholar
Rafter, NH. Creating Born Criminals. University of Illinois Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Hodgins, S. Mental disorder, intellectual deficiency, and crime: evidence from a birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992; 49(6): 476–83.Google Scholar
Lindsay, WR, Dernevik, M. Risk and offenders with intellectual disabilities: reappraising Hodgins (1992) classic study. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2013; 23: 151–7.Google Scholar
Schwartz, JA, Savolainen, J, Aaltonen, M, Merikukka, M, Paananen, R, Gissler, M. Intelligence and criminal behavior in a total birth cohort: an examination of functional form, dimensions of intelligence, and the nature of offending. Intelligence 2015; 51: 109–18.Google Scholar
Moberg, T, Stenbacka, M, Tengstrom, A, Jonsson, EG, Nordstrom, P, Jokinen, J. Psychiatric and neurological disorders in late adolescence and risk of convictions for violent crime in men. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15: 299.Google Scholar
Heeramun, R, Magnusson, C, Gumpert, CH, Granath, S, Lundberg, M, Dalman, C, et al. Autism and convictions for violent crimes: population-based cohort study in Sweden. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2017; 56(6): 491–7.Google Scholar
Billstedt, E, Anckarsater, H, Wallinius, M, Hofvander, B. Neurodevelopmental disorders in young violent offenders: overlap and background characteristics. Psychiatry Research 2017; 252: 234–41.Google Scholar
Krona, H. On lifetime violent criminality in a Swedish forensic psychiatric cohort. 2020. Available at: www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lup/publication/0e2a599f-e361-4826-a4ff-35afff4767f4.Google Scholar
Lundström, S, Forsman, M, Larsson, H, Kerekes, N, Serlachius, E, Långström, N, et al. Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and violent criminality: a sibling control study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2014; 44(11): 2707–16.Google Scholar
Lund, J. Mentally retarded criminal offenders in Denmark. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 156(5): 726–31.Google Scholar
Justitsministeriet. Nye foranstaltningsdomme i 2019. Forskningskontoret, Copenhagen. 2020.Google Scholar
Breumlund, A, Hansen, IB. Domsanbragte udviklingshæmmede. Hvorfra-Hvorhen? II: Beboerperspektiver på forandringer [Sentenced people with developmentally disabillity. From where to where? User perspectives on change]. Aalborg Universitet, 2014. Available at: https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/201355186/f_rdig_Domsanbragte_2_NETTET.pdf.Google Scholar
Ringø, P. Domsanbragte udviklingshæmmede Hvorfra-Hvorhen? I: Den socialpædagogiske indsats på et botilbud for voksne udviklingshæmmede med dom [Sentenced people with developmentally disability. The social peadagogic efforts at a residential unit for adults with developmental disabilities who are convicted]. Aalborg Universitet, 2014. Available at: https://viden.sl.dk/media/7289/domsanbragte_web.pdf.Google Scholar
Rømer, M. Det socialpædagogiske arbejde på botilbud med domfældte udviklingshæmmede: rammebetingelser og dilemmaer [The socio-educational work in residential facilities with convicted mentally disabled people: framework conditions and dilemmas]. Social-og specialpædagogik: Akademisk Forlag, 2015: 255–68.Google Scholar
Rømer, M. Dømt til socialpædagogik: Et studie af dilemmaer i den socialpædagogiske indsats på et botilbud for domfældte voksne med udviklingshæmning. Aalborg University. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5278/vbn.phd.socsci.00061.Google Scholar
Holst, S, Lystrup, D. Brandstiftelse. Hærværk, Kommunikation eller Fascination. En Undersøgelse af Udviklingshæmmede Brandstiftere [Fire Setting. Vandalism, communication or fascination? A study of developmentally disabled fire setters]. Kofoedsminde, 2013.Google Scholar
Holst, S, Lystrup, D, Taylor, JL. Firesetters with intellectual disabilities in Denmark. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 2019; 10(4): 72–81.Google Scholar
Søndenaa, E, Rasmussen, K, Palmstierna, T, Nøttestad, J. The prevalence and nature of intellectual disability in Norwegian prisons. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2008; 52(12): 1129–37.Google Scholar
Søndenaa, E, Olsen, T, Kermit, PS, Dahl, NC, Envik, R. Intellectual disabilities and offending behaviour: the awareness and concerns of the police, district attorneys and judges. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 2019; 10(2): 34–42.Google Scholar
Søndenaa, E, Spro, M. Lettere psykisk utviklingshemmede i strafferettslig forstand: en gjennomgang av alle registrerte saker fra Lovdata 2002–2014. Lov og rett 2016; 55(08): 504–16.Google Scholar
Søndenaa, E, Friestad, C, Storvik, BL, Johnsen, B. Criminal responsibility and challenges in the criminal justice system for people with intellectual disability in Norway. Bergen Journal of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 2019; 7(1): 97–109.Google Scholar
Friestad, C, Johnsen, B, Storvik, BL, Søndenaa, E. Innsatte med utviklingshemming: en deskriptiv undersøkelse av ulike etaters arbeid med identifikasjon og tilrettelegging. 2020. Available at: https://sifer.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Rapport-innsatte-utviklingshemming_PDF.pdf.Google Scholar
Helverschou, SB, Rasmussen, K, Steindal, K, Søndanaa, E, Nilsson, B, Nøttestad, JA. Offending profiles of individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a study of all individuals with autism spectrum disorder examined by the forensic psychiatric service in Norway between 2000 and 2010. Autism 2015; 19(7): 850–8.Google Scholar
Helverschou, SB, Steindal, K, Nøttestad, JA, Howlin, P. Personal experiences of the criminal justice system by individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Autism 2018; 22(4): 460–8.Google Scholar
Søndenaa, E, Helverschou, SB, Steindal, K, Rasmussen, K, Nilson, B, Nøttestad, JA. Violence and sexual offending behavior in people with autism spectrum disorder who have undergone a psychiatric forensic examination. Psychological Reports 2014; 115(1): 32–43.Google Scholar
Simpson, MK, Hogg, J. Patterns of offending among people with intellectual disability: a systematic review. Part 1: methodology and prevalence data. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2001; 45(5): 384–96.Google Scholar
Holmberg, G. Forensic psychiatric practice in the Nordic countries. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 51(S39): 7–14.Google Scholar
Lappi-Seppälä, T. Nordic sentencing. Crime and Justice 2016; 45(1): 17–82.Google Scholar
Swedish Government. The Swedish criminal code. Available at: www.government.se/498db0/contentassets/7a2dcae0787e465e9a2431554b5eab03/the-swedish-criminal-code.pdf.Google Scholar
Justermark, J, Lagneteg, M. Tvångsvård av unga med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar: Tillämpning av rekvisitet ‘socialt nedbrytande beteende’ [Compulsory care of young people with neuropsychiatric disabilities: Application of the requirement ‘socially degrading behavior’]. PhD Thesis. Ørebro University, 2019.Google Scholar
FreseJensen, M, Greve, V, Høyer, G, Spencer, M. The Principal Danish Criminal Acts, The Danish Criminal Code, The Danish Correction Act, The Administration of Justice Act. DJØF Publishing Association of Danish Lawyers and Economists, Copenhagen, 2006.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases 11th revision. 2022. Available at: www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases.Google Scholar
Danish Criminal Code. Available at: www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/danish-criminal-code-english-version.Google Scholar
Retsinformation. Psykiatriloven. Available at: www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2019/936.Google Scholar
Retsinformation. Serviceloven. Available at: www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2020/1287.Google Scholar
Rigsadvokaten [Director of Public Prosecutions]. Meddelelse nr. 5/2007, Behandling af straffesager vedrørende psykisk afvigende kriminelle og personer omfattet af straffelovens § 70. 2007 [A governmental document published by the Director of Public Prosecutions and the Ministry of Justice as a guide to interpret the current law.]Google Scholar
The Norwegian Penal Code, Available at: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2005-05-20-28.Google Scholar
Statens sivilrettsforvaltning, 2020. Available at: https://img4.custompublish.com/getfile.php/4838511.2254.lz7wjtnwu7lkqw/A%CC%8Arsrapport+2020.pdf?return=www.sivilrett.no.Google Scholar
Faccini, L, Allel, CS. Mass violence in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and narcissistic personality disorder: a case analysis of Anders Breivik using the ‘path to intended and terroristic violence’ model. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2016; 31: 229–36.Google Scholar
Männynsalo, L, Putkonen, H, Lindberg, N, Kotilainen, I. Forensic psychiatric perspective on criminality associated with intellectual disability: a nationwide register-based study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2009; 53(3): 279–88.Google Scholar
Salize, HJ, Dressing, H. Placement and Treatment of Mentally Disordered Offenders: Legislation and Practice in the European Union. Pabst Science Publishers, 2005.Google Scholar
Kaltiala-Heino, R. Involuntary commitment and detainment in adolescent psychiatric inpatient care. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2010; 45(8): 785–93.Google Scholar

References

Services and Supports to Promote the Social Inclusion of Persons with Developmental Disabilities Act, 2008, S.O. 2008, c. 14. Available from: www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/08s14.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association, 2013.Google Scholar
Brown, I, Radford, JP. The growth and decline of institutions for people with developmental disabilities in Ontario: 1876–2009. Journal of Developmental Disabilities 2015; 21(2): 7–27.Google Scholar
Griffiths, D, Owen, F, Condillac, R, eds. A Difficult Dream: Ending, Institutionalization for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities with Complex Needs. NADD Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Dubé, P. Nowhere to turn: investigation into the Ministry of Community and Social Services’ responses to situations of crisis involving adults with developmental disabilities. 2016. Available at: www.ombudsman.on.ca/resources/reports-and-case-summaries/reports-on-investigations/2016/nowhere-to-turn.Google Scholar
Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Inclusion and opportunity: a new plan for developmental services in Ontario. 2014. Available at: https://connectability.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/5.2-GO-Select-Committee-Development-Services-Final-Report-2014.pdf.Google Scholar
Jones, J. Persons with intellectual disabilities in the criminal justice system: review of issues. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 2007; 51(6): 723–33.Google Scholar
Lunsky, Y, Raina, P, Jones, J. Relationship between prior legal involvement and current crisis for adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability 2012; 37(2): 163–8.Google Scholar
UN General Assembly. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: resolution adopted by the General Assembly, 24 January 2007, A/RES/61/106. Available at: www.refworld.org/docid/45f973632.html.Google Scholar
Accessible Canada Act(S.C. 2019, c. 10). Available at: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/A-0.6.pdf.Google Scholar
Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005, S.O. 2005, c. 11. Available at: www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/05a11.Google Scholar
Criminal Code(R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46) (Can). Available at: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C-46.pdf.Google Scholar
Human Services and Justice Coordinating Committee. Mental health courts in Ontario: a review of the initiation and operation of mental health courts across the province. Available at: https://ontario.cmha.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Mental-Health-Courts-in-Ontario-1.pdf.Google Scholar
Prokop, J, Huisman, T, Marr, G. Understanding the offender with a dual diagnosis. Available at: www.community-networks.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/understanding_the_offender_w_dd-jan.2010.pdf.Google Scholar
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11, s 91(24). Available at: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-15.html.Google Scholar
Wexler, DB, Winick, BJ. Therapeutic jurisprudence as a new approach to mental health law policy analysis and research. University of Miami Law Review 1991; 45: 981–1004.Google Scholar
Ministry of the Attorney General. Crown Prosecution manual. Available at: www.ontario.ca/document/crown-prosecution-manual.Google Scholar
R. v. Antic [2017] 1 SCR 509. Available at: https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/16649/index.do.Google Scholar
Southern Network of Specialized Care. Understanding special needs offenders who have dual diagnosis. Available at: www.community-networks.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/understanding_the_offender_w_dd-jan.2010.pdf.Google Scholar
Ministry of Children, Community and Social Services. Policy directives for application entities. 2013. Available at: www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-children-community-and-social-services.Google Scholar
Ministry of Education. Special education in Ontario: Kindergarten to grade 12. Available at: www.ontario.ca/edu.Google Scholar
Human Services and Justice Coordinating Committee. Mental health courts in Ontario: a review of the initiation and operation of mental health courts across the province. 2017. Available at: https://ontario.cmha.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Mental-Health-Courts-in-Ontario-1.pdf.Google Scholar
R v. Taylor 1992 CanLII 7412 (ON CA), [1992] OJ 2394 (ON CA). Available at: https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/14276/index.do.Google Scholar
R v. Whittle [1994] 2 SCR 914. Available at: https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1165/index.do.Google Scholar
Schneider, RD. Fitness to be sentenced. Criminal Law Quarterly 1998–1999; 261: 261–3.Google Scholar
Ontario Review Board. About us. Available at: www.orb.on.ca/scripts/en/about.asp#history.Google Scholar
R v. Demers [2004] 2 SCR 489. Available at: https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2160/index.do?site_preference=normal.Google Scholar
Marinos, V, Stromski, S, Whittingham, L, Griffiths, D. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and the Criminal Justice System. NADD Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Whittingham, L, Durbin, A, Lin, E, Matheson, FI, Volpe, T, Dastoori, P, et al. The prevalence and health status of people with developmental disabilities in provincial prisons in Ontario, Canada: a prospective cohort study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 2020; 33(6): 1368–79.Google Scholar

References

Trollor, JN, Eagleson, C, Ruffell, B, Tracy, J, Torr, JJ, Durvasula, S, et al. Has teaching about intellectual disability healthcare in Australian medical schools improved? A 20-year comparison of curricula audits. BMC Medical Education 2020; 20(1): 321.Google Scholar
Trollor, JN, Eagleson, C, Turner, B, Salomon, C, Cashin, A, Iacono, T, et al. Intellectual disability health content within nursing curriculum: an audit of what our future nurses are taught. Nurse Education Today 2016; 45: 72–9.Google Scholar
Howlett, S, Florio, T, Xu, H, Trollor, J. Ambulatory mental health data demonstrates the high needs of people with an intellectual disability: results from the New South Wales intellectual disability and mental health data linkage project. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2015; 49(2): 137–44.Google Scholar
Ogloff, JRP, Ruffles, J, Sullivan, D. Review of the operation of the Forensic Disability Act 2011. Available at: https://documents.parliament.qld.gov.au/tableOffice/TabledPapers/2018/5618T1581.pdf.Google Scholar
The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. Submission to the Health and Disability System Review Panel New Zealand Health and Disability System Review. 2019. Available at: www.ranzcp.org/files/resources/submissions/submission-to-health-_-disability-system-review-fi.aspx.Google Scholar
Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability. Interim report. 2020. Available at: https://disability.royalcommission.gov.au/publications/interim-report.Google Scholar
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. Position statement: principles for the treatment of persons found unfit to stand trial. 2020. Available at: www.ranzcp.org/news-policy/policy-and-advocacy/position-statements/persons-found-unfit-to-stand-trial.Google Scholar
Lilley, R, Sedgwick, M, Pellicano, E. Inclusion, acceptance, shame and isolation: attitudes to autism in Aboriginal and Torres Striat islander communities in Australia. Autism 2020; 24(7): 1860–73.Google Scholar
Glasson, EJ, Sullivan, SG, Hussain, R, Bittles, AH. An assessment of intellectual disability among Aboriginal Australians. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2005; 49(Pt 8): 626–34.Google Scholar
Bailey, B, Arciuli, J. Indigenous Australians with autism: a scoping review. Autism 2020; 24(5): 1031–46.Google Scholar
Roy, M, Balaratnasingam, S. Missed diagnosis of autism in an Australian indigenous psychiatric population. Australasian Psychiatry 2010; 18(6): 534–7.Google Scholar
Dingwall, K, Pinkerton, J, Lindeman, MA. ‘People like numbers’: a descriptive study of cognitive assessment methods in clinical practice for Aboriginal Australians in the Northern Territory. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13: 42.Google Scholar
LoGiudice, D, Smith, K, Thomas, J. Kimberley Indigenous Cognitive Assessment tool (KICA): development of a cognitive assessment tool for older Indigenous Australians. International Psychogeriatrics 2006; 18: 269–80.Google Scholar
McIntyre, M, Townsend, C, Cullen, J. Responding to the needs of homeless Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people with complex disability: the Guddi for young people. Journal of Social Inclusion 2017; 8(2): 81–9.Google Scholar
Shepherd, SM, Ogloff, JR, Shea, D, Pfeifer, JE, Paradies, Y. Aboriginal prisoners and cognitive impairment: the impact of dual disadvantage on social and emotional wellbeing. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2017; 61(4): 385–97.Google Scholar
Coghlan, S, Harden, S. The Queensland mental health court: a unique model. BJPsych International 2019; 16(4): 86–9.Google Scholar
Council of Attorneys-General. National Statement of Principles Relating to Persons Unfit to Plead or Not Guilty by Reason of Cognitive or Mental Health Impairment. Available at: www.ag.gov.au/rights-and-protections/human-rights-and-anti-discrimination/national-statement-principles-relating-persons-unfit-plead-or-not-guilty-reason-cognitive-or-mental-health-impairment.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. Available at: www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/latest-release.Google Scholar
Carter, HJW. Challenging behaviour and disability: a targeted response. The State of Queensland, 2006. Available at: https://asksource.info/resources/challenging-behaviours-and-disability-a-targeted-response. See also https://documents.parliament.qld.gov.au/tableoffice/tabledpapers/2014/5414T4214.pdf.Google Scholar
Mental Health Act 2016 (Queensland). Available at: www.health.qld.gov.au/clinical-practice/guidelines-procedures/clinical-staff/mental-health/act.Google Scholar
Freckleton, I. Autism spectrum disorder: forensic issues and challenges for mental health professionals and courts. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 2013; 26: 420–34.Google Scholar
Newman, C, Cashin, A, Waters, C. A hermeneutic phenomenological examination of the lived experience of incarceration for those with autism. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2015; 36(8): 632–40.Google Scholar
Newman, C, Cashin, A, Graham, I. Identification of service development needs for incarcerated adults with autism spectrum disorders in an Australian prison system. International Journal of Prisoner Health 2019; 15(1): 24–36.Google Scholar
New Zealand Government. Health and disability system review. Available at: https://systemreview.health.govt.nz/final-reportGoogle Scholar
Bevan-Brown, J. Including people with disabilities: an indigenous perspective. International Journal of Inclusive Education 2013; 17(6): 571–83.Google Scholar
Todd, FC. Te Ariari o te Oranga: the assessment and management of people with co-existing mental health and substance use problems. 2010. Available at: www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/te-ariari-o-te-orang-teariari-13-04-10.pdf.Google Scholar
Tupou, J, Curtis, S, Taare-Smith, D, Glasgow, A, Waddington, H. Maori and autism: a scoping review. Autism 2021: 25(7): 1844–58.Google Scholar
Te Pou o te Whakaaro Nui. Determining the workforce development needs of New Zealand’s autism workforce. 2015. Available at: www.tepou.co.nz/resources/determining-the-workforce-development-needs-of-new-zealands-autism-workforce.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice, Wellington. Māori health disability statistical report. Available at: https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_151847905/Wai%202575%2C%20B024.pdf.Google Scholar
Ministry of Health. Annual data explorer 2018/19: New Zealand health survey. Available at: www.health.govt.nz/publication/annual-update-key-results-2018-19-new-zealand-health-survey.Google Scholar
Allen+Clarke. Baseline data capture: cultural safety, partnership and health equity initiatives. 2020. Available at: https://statsnz.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p20045coll17/id/1129/.Google Scholar
Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act 1992. Available at: www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1992/0046/latest/DLM262176.html.Google Scholar
McCarthy, J, Duff, M. Services for adults with intellectual disability in Aotearoa New Zealand. BJPsych International 2019; 16(3): 71–3.Google Scholar
Criminal Procedure (Mentally Impaired Persons) Act 2003. Available at: www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0115/latest/DLM223818.html.Google Scholar
Intellectual Disability (Compulsory Care and Rehabilitation) Act 2003. Available at: www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0116/latest/DLM224578.html.Google Scholar
Brief overview of the pathway to the IDCCR Act. Available at: www.benchmark.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Brief-overview-of-the-pathway-to-the-IDCCR-Act3.pdf.Google Scholar
Boshier, P. Oversight: investigation report – an investigation into the Ministry of Health’s stewardship of hospital-level secure services for people with an intellectual disability. Available at: www.ombudsman.parliament.nz/sites/default/files/2021-12/OMB%20-%20Oversight%20-%20Final%20opinion.pdf.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×