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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 January 2025

Zhen Sun
Zhen Sun
Affiliation:
World Maritime University
Type
Chapter
Information
Finding a Balance in the Exclusive Economic Zone
Conflict and Stability in the Law of the Sea
 , pp. 377 - 390
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

200-mile maritime zone
early initiatives for 22–27
post-Geneva developments 32–34
Africa
blue economy and maritime security 309–310
post-Geneva developments 34–35 see also individually named countries
air defence identification zones (ADIZ) 244–245, 293–295
aircraft 79
Alaska, Bering Sea fur-seals arbitrations 15–17
Antarctic
demilitarisation 264–265
specially protected areas 116–117
Antarctic Treaty 264–265
arbitration tribunals 358 see also International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
Annex VII arbitration 358
Annex VIII arbitration 358
archaeological objects see underwater archaeological and historical objects
Arctic States
Polar Code 116–117
specially protected areas 116–117, 121
Arctic Sunrise Arbitration 133–134
armed robbery 308–309 see also piracy
arms see weapons
artefacts see underwater archaeological and historical objects
artificial islands, installations and structures
enforcement jurisdiction 133–134
general scope of coastal State rights 124–128
safeguards 130–133
safety zones 129–130
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 302
attribution of rights 233
Australia
maritime security 287–288, 292–293
submarine cables and pipelines 183–184
underwater archaeological and historical objects 339
automatic identification system (AIS) 289–290
Baltic Operations (BALTOPS) 236–238
Baltic Sea
foreign military exercises 236–238
submarine cables and pipelines 187–188
Bangladesh, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Barbados v. Trinidad and Tobago 65–66
Bering Sea fur-seals arbitrations 15–17
Black Sea, foreign military exercises 236–238
blue economy 309–310
Brazil, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Britain see United Kingdom
broadcasting facilities 125–126
cables see submarine cables and pipelines
Cambodia, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Canada
Arctic regulations 116, 121
Canadian Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act 121
maritime domain awareness (MDA) 287–288
Cabo Verde, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Caribbean, Santo Domingo Declaration 34
Castañeda-Vindenes Group 42, 53–54, 209–210
Chagos Marine Protected Area 51, 135
Charter of the UN see UN Charter
Chicago Convention 80–81
Chile
Declaration on the Maritime Zone (Santiago Declaration) 26–27
security claims over the EEZ 224–230
China
foreign intelligence 242–243
foreign military exercises 236–238
international efforts to reconcile conflicts over military activities 261–263
military survey 250–251
security claims over the EEZ 225–227
South China Sea 90
submarine cables and pipelines 165–166
climate
climate change 282–283
ice-covered areas 115–117
intentional and unlawful damage to the marine environment 282–283
global warming 282–283
coastal States
artificial islands, installations and structures
enforcement jurisdiction 133–134
general scope of coastal State rights 124–128
safeguards 130–133
safety zones 129–130
choosing not to claim EEZ 43–44
dispute settlement 59–64
economic zone concept 40
EEZ as success for 9
EEZ rights 44
environmental jurisdiction 105
historical context
1930 Hague Codification Conference 17–21
post-Geneva developments 30–35
three-mile limit 13–14
Law of the Sea Conferences 27–30
maritime security 285–286
collective security as 300–302
law enforcement, right of hot pursuit and right of visit 295–300
maritime domain awareness 286–288
means to collect information 289–295
navigational freedoms
dispute resolution 134–139
impact of rights on 77–78
modified freedoms in the EEZ 139–141
scope of 78–82
sovereign rights 82
enforcement jurisdiction 97–103, 119–124
living resources 83–85
non-living resources 94–95
other activities for economic uses 95–96
protection of marine species, habitats and ecosystem 85–90
regulation of activities ancillary to fishing 90–94
status of international rules and standards
ships and shipping 108–111
specially protected areas 111–117
submarine cables and pipelines
exploration and exploitation considerations 156–160
freedom to lay 148–154
reasonable measures 156
in UNCLOS 2–4
natural resources 367–368
uses of the sea 53–56
Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea (CUES) 263
Codification of International Law 20
First Conference 20
Cold War 260–264
collective security 300–302 see also maritime security
Colombia, Nicaragua v 336
communicational interests consideration 48–50
conservation see protection of the marine environment; underwater archaeological and historical objects
contiguous zone
coastal State rights 43
dispute settlement 358
Geneva Conferences 28–29
sui generis functional zone 42–45
underwater archaeological and historical objects 335–336, 339
Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone Convention 28–29
continental shelf
enforcement jurisdiction 97–103
installations on 131–132, 256
laying submarine cables 149–150, 156–160, 166–167
living resources 83–84
scientific research 247
security claims over the EEZ 225–227
sovereign rights of coastal States 206–207
underwater archaeological and historical objects 323–324, 340–345, 349–350, 356–357
Continental Shelf Convention see Convention on the Continental Shelf
Continental Shelf Proclamation 22–27
Convention on the Continental Shelf (1958)
installations and other devices 131–132, 256
laying submarine cables 149–150, 166–167
scientific research 247
sovereign rights of coastal States 206–207
Convention on the High Seas
maritime security 278–279, 316–321
submarine cables and pipelines 149–150, 155, 190
Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG) 179–181
Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (CPUCH) 324–325, 329–330, 334–335, 340–345, 354, 366–367
Costa Rica, fishing vessels 88
CPUCH see Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (CPUCH)
cultural heritage see underwater archaeological and historical objects
cyber operations, military activities 203
Declaration on the Maritime Zone (Santiago Declaration) 26–27
Denmark, submarine cables and pipelines 165–166, 191–193
disarmament, regional disarmament efforts 264–267 see also military activities
dispute settlement
navigational freedoms 134–139
submarine cables and pipelines 193–196
underwater archaeological and historical objects 357–359
United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea 4–6, 59–64
DPR of Korea
military exercises 236–238
security claims over the EEZ 225–227
threat of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles 303–304
drug trafficking 280–281, 316–321
‘due regard’
exercise of rights and freedoms 50–56
military use of the sea in peacetime 218–220
as obligation 52–53, 81
submarine cables and pipelines 172–177
in UNCLOS 2–4, 50–53
dumping 118–119
economic interests consideration 46–48
ecosystem 85–90
Ecuador
Declaration on the Maritime Zone (Santiago Declaration) 26–27
security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Egypt, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
El Salvador, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
enforcement jurisdiction
artificial islands, installations and structures 133–134
maritime security 295–300
national resources and other economic activities 97–103
protection of the marine environment 119–124
Enrica Lexie case 51
environmental impact assessment (EIA) 161–163
environmental jurisdiction 105
environmental security 316–321
equity 57–59
espionage 239–246
European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage 327–328
Evensen Group 40–41, 209–210
exclusive economic zone (EEZ) 1–7
competing uses 8
customary law status 65–66
development and status 7–8, 11–12
disagreement in interpretation and application 364–367
dispute settlement 4–6
jurisdictional framework 45–46
attribution of rights and freedoms 46–50
exercise of rights and freedoms 50–56
resolving conflicts regarding residual rights 56–59
settlement of disputes 59–64
legal status 2–3
as a new legal regime
codification history 38–42
sui generis functional zone 42–45
origins and evolution 13–36
1930 Hague Codification Conference 17–21
development of concept 27–35
early claims to marine living resources 13–17
early initiatives for a 200-mile maritime zone 22–27
progressive development 6–7
resolving conflicts regarding unattributed rights and jurisdiction 199–200
role in resolving conflicts 8–9, 368
in State practice 75–76
status of 64–71
as success for coastal States 8–9
table of claims 67–70
exercise of rights 50–56
fisheries
coastal and floating 15–17
dispute settlement 61–62, 136–139
living resources 83–85
post-Geneva developments 30–36
Truman Proclamations 24
Fisheries Convention (1960) 28–29
Fisheries Jurisdiction 50–51
Fisheries Jurisdiction cases 31–32, 36, 50–51
Fisheries Proclamation 22–27
fishery zone 30–31, 36, 42–45
fishing
enforcement powers 97–103
illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) 87–88, 281–282, 316–321
industrial-scale fishing 24–27
regulation of activities ancillary to fishing 90–94
floating craft 79 see also ships and shipping
floating platforms 126
freedom of the seas
history of doctrine 1–7
peacetime military uses of the sea 202–205
state practice pre-1930 17–20
fur-seals arbitrations 15–17
generally accepted international rules and standards 54–55, 105–111, 129–130
Geneva Conferences 28–29
beyond the territorial sea 29–30
post-Geneva developments 30–35
Germany
military use of the sea 211
submarine cables and pipelines 187–188, 191–193
Guinea 92–94
Gulf of Guinea 308–309
Gulf of Maine Area case 65–66
gunboat diplomacy 204 see also military activities
Guyana
security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Suriname/Guyana case 216–218
habitat protection 85–90 see also protection of the marine environment
Hague Codification Conference 17–21
high seas
dichotomy with territorial sea 17
IUU fishing 281–282
law enforcement, right of hot pursuit and right of visit 295–300
laying submarine cables 154–155, 172–177, 182–185
maritime security 278–279
military use of the sea 202–205, 212–214, 260–261
natural resources 367–368
United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea 27–30
High Seas Convention see Convention on the High Seas
historical context
EEZ origins and evolution 13–36
1930 Hague Codification Conference 17–21
development of concept 27–35
early claims to marine living resources 13–17
early initiatives for a 200-mile maritime zone 22–27
military use of the sea 206–207
international efforts to reconcile conflicts over military activities 260–264
submarine cables and pipelines 148–149, 154–155, 178–181, 187, 190
underwater archaeological and historical objects 325–330
historical objects see underwater archaeological and historical objects
hot pursuit, right of 295–300
human trafficking 281, 316–321
humanitarian interventions 215–217
hydrographic survey 246–252, 348–352
ice-covered areas 115–117, 121
Iceland, post-Geneva developments 36
illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing 87–88, 281–282, 316–321
India
military survey 250–251
security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Indian Ocean 265–266
Indonesia, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Informal Composite Negotiating Text (ICNT) Part V 42
Informal Single Negotiation Text (ISNT) Part II 40–41
intelligence gathering 239–246
International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC) 175
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
protection of the marine environment 106–107
special areas 111–112
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 289–290
International Court of Justice (ICJ) 31–32, 65–66, 336, 357–359
international customs, definition 64–65
International Law Association (ILA), underwater cultural heritage 328, 331
International Law Commission (ILC)
enforcement powers 97–103
submarine cables and pipelines 149–150, 154–155, 182–185
United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea 27–30
International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
as competent international organisation 105–106, 131–132
defining ‘ship’ 79
Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) 356–357
Polar Code 116–117
regulation of ships and shipping 105–111
ship-source pollution 54–55
submarine cable laying 160–161
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
coastal State’s rights 54–56, 92–94
dispute settlement 136–139, 358
enforcement powers 101–102
freedom of navigation 80
protection of the marine environment 89–90
Iran, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Italy, military use of the sea 211
IUU see illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing
jurisdiction
maritime security 283–285
underwater archaeological and historical objects 345–346
jurisdictional framework of the EEZ 45–46
attribution of rights and freedoms 46–50
exercise of rights and freedoms 50–56
resolving conflicts regarding residual rights 56–59
settlement of disputes 59–64
Kenya, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Latin American States
maritime claims 24–27
post-Geneva developments 32–34 see also individually named countries
Latvia, protests against foreign military exercises 236–238
law of the sea
history of 1–7
post-Geneva developments 30–35
United Nations Conferences 27–30 see also United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
lex specialis 298
Liberia, security claims over the EEZ 224–230
Libya
Libya v. Malta 65–66
security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Tunisia v. Libya 65–66
Lima Declaration 33–35
living resources
coastal State rights 46–48, 62–63, 84
early claims to marine living resources 13–17
in the EEZ 83–84
fisheries 61, 83–85
protection of marine species, habitats and ecosystem 85–90 see also protection of the marine environment
London Convention 118–119
London Protocol 176–177
Long-Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT) System 290–292
M/S Estonia 347–348
M/T San Padre Pio 80
M/V Saiga 54–55
M/V Virginia G 92–94
Madagascar, national security interests 231
Malaysia, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Maldives
fishing vessels 88
security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Malta, Libya v. Malta 65–66
Mare Liberum (De Grotius) 13–14
mare liberum/mare clausum 71–72, 362–363
marine living resources
early claims to
Bering Sea fur-seals arbitrations 15–17
preferential rights to sedentary species 13–15
marine species, habitats and ecosystem 85–90 see also protection of the marine environment
maritime domain awareness (MDA) 286–288, 314–315
maritime security 199–200, 271–272
coastal State implementation under the current legal framework 285–286
law enforcement, right of hot pursuit and right of visit 295–300
maritime domain awareness 286–288
means to collect information 289–295
definition 272–275
environmental security 316–321
espionage 239–246
international efforts to enhance
collective regional approach to maritime security 306–313
maritime security as collective security 300–302
operations under the authorisation of the Security Council 303–306
legal framework 278
international instruments and marine security threats 278–283
international laws 316–321
remarks on attribution of jurisdiction 283–285
military security in the EEZ 221
national security interests 221–224
protection of security interests as a residual right 230–232
security claims 224–230
uses of the sea in peacetime
codification of the law 205–212
freedom of the seas 202–205
obligations in conducting peacetime military activities 212–221
the way forward 313–315
Marshall Islands, submarine cables and pipelines 180
Mauritius
dispute on jurisdiction 137–138
security claims over the EEZ 225–227
MDA see maritime domain awareness (MDA)
Mediterranean Sea
foreign military exercises 236–238
underwater archaeological and historical objects 327–328
memoranda of understanding (MOUs) 262
Mexican Presidential Declaration 25–26
Mexico, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
migrant smuggling 281, 316–321
military activities 199–202
conflicts regarding 233
espionage, intelligence gathering and surveillance 239–246
military installations, structures and other devices 252–257
military survey and research 246–252
navigation, overflight and military manoeuvres 233–239
remarks on conflicting practices 257–259
international efforts to reconcile conflicts
agreements to prevent incidents at sea 260–264
regional disarmament efforts 264–267
military security in the EEZ 221
national security interests 221–224
protection of security interests as a residual right 230–232
security claims 224–230
uses of the sea in peacetime
codification of the law 205–212
freedom of the seas 202–205
obligations in conducting peacetime military activities 212–221
the way forward 267–270
Montevideo Declaration 33
Myanmar, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks (RWC) 107–108
nationality principle 345–346
NATO, foreign military exercises 236–238
natural resources
living resources 83–85
sovereign rights 82
Naval presence at sea 202–205 see also military activities
navigation
military activities 233–239
routeing systems 89
navigational freedoms
coastal States
dispute resolution 134–139
impact of rights 77–78
modified freedoms in the EEZ 139–141
scope 78–82
navigational safety, artificial islands, installations and structures 129–130
the Netherlands
military use of the sea 211
underwater archaeological and historical objects 339
New Zealand, submarine cables and pipelines 183–184
Nicaragua
Nicaragua v. Colombia 336
Nicaragua v. Honduras 65–66
security claims over the EEZ 224–230
Nord Stream pipelines 161–163, 191–193, 355
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 236
North Korea, power of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 306; see also DPR of Korea
Norway, submarine cables and pipelines 165–166
nuclear weapons
international efforts to reconcile conflicts over military activities 260–264
nuclear weapon free zones 266–267
peacetime prohibition on the threat or use of force 214–218
regional disarmament efforts 264–267
Seabed Treaty (1971) 254
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 303–304
oceanographic survey 246–247
Organization of African Unity (OAU Declaration) 35
Pakistan, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Paris Convention (1884) 148–149, 154–155, 178–181, 187, 190
Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) 112–113, 356–357 see also protection of the marine environment
‘patrimonial sea’ 34
peacetime military uses of the sea
codification of the law 205–212
freedom of the seas 202–205
obligations in conducting peacetime military activities 212–221
penalties 97–103
Peru
Declaration on the Maritime Zone (Santiago Declaration) 26–27
security claims over the EEZ 225–227
pipelines see submarine cables and pipelines
piracy
Convention on the High Seas 278–279
in international law 316–321
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 304–305
platforms
offfshore airports 125–126
offshore surveillance structures 125–126
oil and gas platforms 175–176
Polar Code 116–117
pollution 118–119
artificial islands, installations and structures 133–134
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) 106–107
from seabed activities and by dumping 118–119 see also protection of the marine environment
prescriptive jurisdiction 121
preservation see protection of the marine environment; underwater archaeological and historical objects
Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) 298–299
protection of the marine environment
enforcement jurisdiction 119–124
general obligation of environmental protection 103–104
intentional and unlawful damage 282–283
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) 106–107
in international law 316–321
marine species, habitats and ecosystem 85–90
prescriptive jurisdiction 105
pollution from seabed activities and by dumping 118–119
regulation of ships and shipping 105–111
specially protected areas 111–117
submarine cables and pipelines 160–165
underwater archaeological and historical objects 350–351
‘reasonable regard’ 50–53
reconnaissance 239–246
reporting systems for ships 88–89, 289
research see scientific research; surveillance
‘residual rights’ 56–59
Revised Single Negotiating Text (RSNT) Part II 41–42
right of hot pursuit 49, 97–99, 295–300
right of visit 47–49, 190, 280–281, 295–300
Roper Report 327–328
routeing systems
artificial islands, installations and structures 129–130
navigation regulations 89
Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) 112–113
protection of the marine environment 86–87, 89
submarine cables and pipelines 184–185
Russia
Alaska and the Bering Sea 15–17
Arctic regulations 116
artificial islands, installations and structures 130–133
foreign military exercises 236–238
military use of the sea 265–266
natural resources 85–90
protection and preservation of the marine environment 48, 103–104, 119–124
submarine cables and pipelines 191–193
US-USSR Agreement 260–261
safeguards, coastal states’ enforcement powers 97–103, 119–124, 130–133
SafeSeaNet 292
safety zones
artificial islands, installations and structures 129–130
submarine cables and pipelines 182–185
Santiago Declaration 26–27
Santo Domingo Declaration 34
satellite-based reconnaissance 239–246, 289–295
remote sensing 348–352
Saudi Arabia, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications (SMART) 152–153
scientific research
installations 125–126
military survey and research 246–252
submarine cables and pipelines 157–158
underwater archaeological and historical objects 348–352
Sea-Bed Committee 39
Seabed Treaty (1971) 207–208, 254
security see maritime security; military activities
Security Council see United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
sedentary species 13–15
settlement of disputes see dispute settlement
ships and shipping
artificial islands, installations and structures 127, 129–130
definition 79
dispute settlement 63
navigational freedoms 78–82
protection of marine species, habitats and ecosystem 85–90
protection of the marine environment 105–111
regulation of 105–111
reporting systems 88–89, 289
routeing systems 89, 112–113, 292
submarine cables and pipelines
freedom to lay 159–160, 178–181
protection from intentional damage 188–193
shipwrecks 107–108, 322–325, 355 see also underwater archaeological and historical objects
Siciliy, Skerki Bank site 277.150SOLAS see International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
Somalia
collective response to piracy 306–308
security claims over the EEZ 224–230
Southeast Asian region, maritime security 310–313 see also individually named countries
sovereign rights
coastal States 82
enforcement jurisdiction 97–103
living resources 83–85
non-living resources 94–95
other activities for economic uses 95–96
protection of marine species, habitats and ecosystem 85–90
regulation of activities ancillary to fishing 90–94
maritime security 295–300
sovereignty 20
exclusive nature of the coastal State’s rights 46–48
Soviet Union see USSR
state cooperation mechanism, protection of underwater cultural heritage 340–345
submarine cables and pipelines 142–154
contemporary context 196–197
decommissioning 175–176
dispute settlement 193–196
freedom to lay 148–154
limitations on the freedom to lay
due regard obligation and other limitations 172–177
environmental considerations 160–165
exploration and exploitation considerations 156–160
reasonable measures taken by the coastal state 156
regulations of specific submarine cables and pipelines 169–172
route planning 165–169
protection of 177–178
competing uses 181–188
intentional damage 188–193
operational activities ancillary to the laying of 178–181
protection zones 183–184
types of 143–148
Sudan, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
sui generis
adoption of EEZ 2–3, 37–38, 42–45
character of the EEZ 363–364
military activities 268
military security in the EEZ 221
‘residual rights’ 56–59
Suriname/Guyana case 216–218
surveillance 239–246
Sweden
protests against foreign military exercises 236–238
submarine cables and pipelines 191–193
Syria, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone Convention 28–29
territorial seas
agreements to prevent incidents at sea 260–264
development of the EEZ 11, 17
dichotomy with high seas 17
fisheries jurisdiction 31–32
Geneva Conference debates on breadth of 29–31
international agreement on 20–21
regulations of specific submarine cables and pipelines 169–172
maritime domain awareness (MDA) 287–288
maritime security 298–299
military survey and research 249–250
security claims 224–230
sui generis functional zone 42–45
terrorism
in international law 316–321
national security interests at sea 221–224, 279–280 see also maritime security
Thailand, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
Third United Nations Conference see under United Nations Conferences
threat of force, prohibition on 214–218
three-mile limit
historical context 13–14
Bering Sea fur-seals arbitrations 15–17
Continental Shelf Proclamation 22–23
Hague Codification Conference 21
laying submarine cables 148–154
state practice pre-1930 17–20
Titanic Agreement 347–348
Titanic shipwreck 347–348
Torrey Canyon 121–122
trafficking of arms and WMD 280, 316–321
Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados v. 65–66
Truman Proclamations 22–24
Tunisia
Skerki Bank site 343–345
Tunisia v. Libya 65–66
twelve-mile contiguous zone
post-Geneva developments 34–36
separate jurisdictional zone 28–29
using the seabed for military purposes 207–208
UN Charter
military uses of the sea
codification of the law 205–212
peacetime prohibition on the threat or use of force 216–218
reservation for peaceful purposes 212–213
UNCLOS see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
underwater archaeological and historical objects 199–200, 322–325, 359–361, 366–367
dispute settlement 357–359
legal framework
definitional criteria 330–333
duty to protect 333–340
historical development 325–330
state cooperation mechanism 340–345
rights and jurisdiction over activities affecting 345–346
activities directed at 346–353
activities incidentally affecting 354–357
underwater cultural heritage (UCH) 322–325
UNESCO see United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 260–264
United Kingdom
Cornwall Submarine Mines Act 14
decommissioning oil and gas platforms 175–176
dispute on jurisdiction 137–138
foreign intelligence gathering 241–242
military use of the sea 211, 265–266
three-mile limit and extended zones 18–19
United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea
first and second 27–30
third
dispute settlement 59–64
EEZ concept accepted 37–38, 44–45
legal status of the EEZ 1–2, 36, 362–363
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
dispute settlement 4–6, 59–64, 134–139, 193–196
EEZ regime
acceptance and application 37–38
status of 64–71
as legal framework 2–4, 64–71
parties to 64
progressive development 6–7
submarine cables and pipelines
dispute settlement 193–196
reasonable measures 142–143
unattributed rights and jurisdiction 199–200
underwater archaeological and historical objects 323–324
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) articles
Article 2 50–53
Article 55 42–45
Article 56 46–48, 50, 52–56, 95–96, 105
Article 58 48–50, 52, 54, 78–81, 150–151, 209–210, 212–221
Article 59 56–59, 232–233
Article 60 125–127, 134, 171–172
Articles 61–73 84
Article 62 91–92
Article 68 83–84
Article 73 101–102
Article 78 173
Article 79 160–161, 163, 165–172
Article 86 42–43
Article 87 173
Articles 88–115 49
Article 113 188–193
Article 114 185–186
Article 115 186–187
Article 149 330–332
Article 192 103–104
Article 220 122–123
Article 226 122–123
Article 228 123
Article 297 61–62, 134–139
Article 298 62–63, 136–139
Article 301 212–214
Article 303 325–327, 330–340
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) 38–39
United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO) 324–325, 340–345
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 303–306
United States
Arctic regulations 116
Bering Sea fur-seals arbitrations 15–17
Hovering Acts 18–19
liquor laws 19–20
maritime domain awareness (MDA) 286–287
military activities
definition 259–260
disarmament efforts 265–266
foreign intelligence gathering 241–242, 244
foreign military exercises 236–238
international efforts to reconcile conflicts over military activities 260–264
Military Sealift Command 240–241, 249–250
naval presence 203
satellite-based reconnaissance 239–246
survey and research 249–250
Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas 356–357
submarine cables and pipelines 180
Truman Proclamations 22–24
US–USSR Agreement 260–261
Uruguay
post-Geneva developments 32–33
security claims over the EEZ 225–227
use of force, prohibition on 214–218
USSR (Soviet Union)
Alaska and the Bering Sea 15–17
Arctic regulations 116
foreign military exercises 236–238
military use of the sea 265–266
submarine cables and pipelines 191–193
US–USSR Agreement 260–261
Venezuela, submarine cables and pipelines 167
vessel see ships and shipping
Vienna Convention 6
Vietnam, security claims over the EEZ 225–227
visit, right of 295–300
weapons
international efforts to reconcile conflicts over military activities 260–264
in international law 316–321
peacetime prohibition on the threat or use of force 214–218
regional disarmament efforts 264–267
trafficking of arms and WMD 280 see also military activities
weapons of mass destruction
in international law 280, 316–321
regional disarmament efforts 264–267
Seabed Treaty (1971) 254
United Nations Security Council 303–304
uses of the sea for military purposes 207–208
Yemen, security claims over the EEZ 225–227

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  • Index
  • Zhen Sun, World Maritime University
  • Book: Finding a Balance in the Exclusive Economic Zone
  • Online publication: 17 January 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009471329.018
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  • Index
  • Zhen Sun, World Maritime University
  • Book: Finding a Balance in the Exclusive Economic Zone
  • Online publication: 17 January 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009471329.018
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

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  • Index
  • Zhen Sun, World Maritime University
  • Book: Finding a Balance in the Exclusive Economic Zone
  • Online publication: 17 January 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009471329.018
Available formats
×