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14 - Algae in Extreme and Unusual Environments

from Part II - Physiology of Photosynthetic Autotrophs in Present-Day Environments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2024

By
John Beardall  and
John A. Raven
Edited by
Mario Giordano ,
John Beardall ,
John A. Raven  and
Stephen C. Maberly
Mario Giordano
Affiliation:
Università degli Studi di Ancona, Italy
John Beardall
Affiliation:
Monash University, Victoria
John A. Raven
Affiliation:
University of Dundee
Stephen C. Maberly
Affiliation:
UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster
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Summary

Aquatic phototrophs have a remarkable ability to cope with variations in a range of environmental factors, such as light, temperature, pH and salinity. However, some environmental conditions are beyond what are considered the normal limits for growth and can thus be considered as extreme. Focusing on algae and cyanobacteria, we discuss the capacity of extremophilic organisms to cope and even thrive in extremes of temperature ranging from hot springs to snow and ice algae, under extremes of pH and in situations where water is in short supply, such as in biological soil crusts and on man-made surfaces such as buildings and statues. Many of the mechanisms that allow algae to cope with these extremes are common across different situations and involve, for instance, processes to dissipate excess light energy and deal with reactive oxygen species. Algae and cyanobacteria enter symbiotic associations with other organisms, such as lichens and corals. They are also found as intracellular symbionts in plants, other algae and various protists and metazoans. There are looser associations where algae grow on animals such as gastropods, seals and terrestrial animals such as sloths. We also discuss the retention of active chloroplasts by phagotrophs in the process of kleptoplasty.

Keywords

aero-terrestrial interfacecoralsepizooitesextremophileskleptoplastylichenspHsymbiosistemperaturevascular plants
Type
Chapter
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Evolutionary Physiology of Algae and Aquatic Plants , pp. 272 - 292
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

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