Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T12:23:49.476Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 13 - Shift Varieties as a Typological Class?

A Consideration of South African Indian English

from III - Language Interfaces

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2019

Raymond Hickey
Affiliation:
Universität Duisburg–Essen
Get access

Summary

Recent discussions around the genesis of varieties of English have posed the question of whether there are certain types which in principle form a typological class (e.g. creoles). Relatively little attention has been paid to shift varieties of English, which in terms of the sociolinguistics of language contact and development form a distinct group. When a group shifts to a language it is in contact with, features can be transferred into a new variety of that language which, if maintained by later generations, form a new, focused variety of the target language.

Type
Chapter
Information
English in Multilingual South Africa
The Linguistics of Contact and Change
, pp. 265 - 287
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alleyne, Mervyn C. (2000). ‘Opposite process in “Creolization”’, in Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid and Schneider, Edgar (eds.), Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 125–34.Google Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto, Matthews, Stephen and Lim, Lisa (eds.) (2008). Deconstructing Creole. Typological Studies in Language 73. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Arthur, Jay M. (1996). Aboriginal English, A Cultural Study. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Asher, R. E. 1985. Tamil. London: Croom Helm, http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_tml (last accessed 20 May 2019).Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy and Maynor, Natalie (1985). ‘The present tense of “be” in southern black folk speech’, American Speech 60: 195213.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter, Daval-Markussen, Aymeric, Parkvall, Mikael and Plag, Ingo (2011). ‘Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles’, Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26(1): 542.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan (1993). ‘The grammar of Tyneside and Northumbrian English’, in Milroy, James and Milroy, Lesley (eds.), Real English: The Grammar of the English Dialects in the British Isles. London: Longman, pp. 187213.Google Scholar
Benton, Richard A. (1991). ‘Maori English: a New Zealand myth?’, in Cheshire, Jenny (ed.), English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 187–99.Google Scholar
Bhana, Surendra and Brain, Joy B. (1990). Setting Down Roots: Indian Migrants in South Africa, 1860–1911. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.Google Scholar
Bhatt, Rakesh M. (2004). ‘Indian English: syntax’, in Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English. Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1016–30.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek (1975). Dynamics of a Creole System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek (1984). ‘The language bioprogram hypothesis’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7: 173–88.Google Scholar
Branford, William (1994). ‘English in South Africa’, in Burchfield, Robert W. (ed.), English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development [The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 430–96.Google Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle, Holmberg, Anders and Almoaily, Mohammed (eds.) (2014). Pidgins and Creoles beyond Africa–Europe Encounters. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Bughwan, Devamonie (1988). ‘An Investigation into the Use of English by the Indians in South Africa, with Special Reference to Natal’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of South Africa.Google Scholar
Butters, Ronald R. (2001). ‘Grammatical structure’, in Algeo, John (ed.), English in North America [The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 325–39.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel (2003). ‘Against Creole exceptionalism’, Language 79(2): 391410.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel (2005). ‘Linguists’ most dangerous myth: the fallacy of Creole exceptionalism’, Language in Society 34(4): 533–91.Google Scholar
Detges, Ulrich (2000). ‘Two types of restructuring in French creoles: a cognitive approach to the genesis of tense markers’, in Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid and Schneider, Edgar (eds.), Degress of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 135–62.Google Scholar
Filppula, Markku (1997). ‘Cross-dialectal parallels and language contacts: evidence from Celtic Englishes’, in Hickey, Raymond and Puppel, Stanisław (eds.), Language History and Linguistic Modelling: A Festschrift for Jacek Fisiak on his 60th Birthday. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 943–57.Google Scholar
Harris, John (1991). ‘Conservatism versus substratal transfer in Irish English’, in Trudgill, Peter and Chambers, J. K. (eds.), Dialects of English: Studies in Grammatical Variation. London: Longman, pp. 191212.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond (1995). ‘An assessment of language contact in the development of Irish English’, in Fisiak, Jacek (ed.), Language Change under Contact Conditions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 109–30.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond (1997). ‘Arguments for creolisation in Irish English’, in Hickey, Raymond and Puppel, Stanisław (eds.), Language History and Linguistic Modelling: A Festschrift for Jacek Fisiak on his 60th Birthday. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 9691038.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond (2003a). ‘Rectifying a standard deficiency: pronominal distinctions in varieties of English’, in Taavitsainen, Irma and Jucker, Andreas H. (eds.), Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems. Pragmatics and Beyond, New Series, Vol. 107 (Amsterdam: Benjamins), pp. 345–74.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond (2003b). ‘How do dialects get the features they have? On the process of New Dialect Formation’, in Hickey, Raymond (ed.), Motives for Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 213–39.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond (2004a). ‘South Asian English’, in Hickey, Raymond (ed.), Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 536–58.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond (2004b). A Sound Atlas of Irish English. Berlin, NewYork: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond (2007). Irish English, Its History and Present-Day Forms, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kiesling, Scott F. (2004). ‘English input to Australia’, in Hickey, Raymond (ed.), Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 418–39.Google Scholar
Kihm, Alan (2008). ‘Creoles, markedness and default settings: an appraisal’, in Kouwenberg, Silvia and Kingler, John (eds.), The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies. Malden: Wiley, pp. 411–39.Google Scholar
Knooihuizen, Remco (2015). ‘Language shift and apparent standardisation in Early Modern English’, Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 1(2): 189211.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd (ed.) (2004). Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Lanham, Len W. (1996). ‘A history of English in South Africa’, in de Klerk, Vivian (ed.), Focus on South Africa. Varieties of English Around the World, G15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1934.Google Scholar
Lass, Roger (1990). ‘Early mainland residues in Southern Hiberno-English’, in Dolan, Terence P. (ed.), The English of the Irish, Irish University Review, Special Issue 20:1. Dublin: n.p., pp. 137–48.Google Scholar
Lass, Roger and Wright, Susan (1986). ‘Endogeny vs. contact: Afrikaans influence on South African English’, English World-Wide 7, 201–23.Google Scholar
MacAulay, Donald (1992). The Celtic Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Malcolm, Ian G. (2001). ‘Aboriginal English: Adopted code of a surviving culture’, in Blair, David and Collins, Peter (eds.), English in Australia. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 201–22.Google Scholar
McArthur, Tom (2002). The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Kevin (2003). ‘Innovation in language contact Be after V-ing as a future gram in Irish English, 1670 to the present’, Diachronica 21(1): 113–60.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Kevin (2014). ‘“I dont care one cent what [Ø] goying on in Great Britten”’: Be-deletion in Irish English’, American Speech 89(4): 441–69.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John (1998). ‘Identifying the creole prototype: vindicating a typological class’, Language 74(4): 788818.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John (2008). ‘Deconstructing creole’, Review of Deconstructing Creole by Umberto, Ansaldo, Stephen Matthews and Lisa Lim, Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23(2): 289306.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John (2012). ‘Case closed? Testing the feature pool hypothesis’, Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 27(1): 171–82.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John (2018). The Creole Debate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend (1992). English in Language Shift: The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of Indian South African English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend (1996). ‘Language contact, transmission, shift: Indian South African English’, in de Klerk, Vivian (ed.), Focus on South Africa. Varieties of English Around the World, G15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 7998.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend 2002a. ‘From second language to first language: Indian South African English’, in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 339–55.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend (2002). ‘Endogeny versus contact revisited: aspectual busy in South African English’, in Hickey, Raymond (ed.), Collecting Views on Language Change. Special issue of Language Sciences, Vol. 24.1. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 345–58.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend (2004). ‘Indian South African English: morphology and syntax’, in Kortmann, Bernd, Burridge, Kate, Mesthrie, Rajend, Schneider, Edgar W. and Upton, Clive (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 1: Phonology, Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 974–92.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Bhatt, Rakesh M. (2008). World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael (2001). ‘British and Irish antecedents’, in Algeo, John (ed.), English in North America [The Cambridge History of the English Language, vol. 6]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86153.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. (2001). The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Parkvall, Mikael (2008). ‘The simplicity of creoles in a cross-linguistic perspective’, in Miestamo, Matti, Sinnemäki, Kaius and Karlsson, Fred (eds.), Language Complexity: Typology, Contact, Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 265–85.Google Scholar
Plag, Ingo (2008). ‘Creoles as interlanguages: inflectional morphology’, Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23(1): 114–35.Google Scholar
Sabban, Annette (1984). ‘Investigations into the syntax of Hebridean English’, Scottish Language 3: 532.Google Scholar
Sakoda, Kent and Siegel, Jeff (2008). ‘Hawai’i Creole: morphology and syntax’, in Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd (eds.), Varieties of English. Vol. 3: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 514–45.Google Scholar
Shukla, Shaligram 1981. Bhojpuri Grammar. Washington: Georgetown University Press, http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_bho (last accessed 20 May 2019).Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter (ed.) (2011). Linguistic Universals and Language Variation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter (2013). Varieties of English: A Typological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. and Kaufman, Terence (1988). Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Watermeyer, Susan (1996). ‘Afrikaans English’, in de Klerk, Vivian (ed.), Focus on South Africa. Varieties of English Around the World, G15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 99124.Google Scholar
Wiebesiek, Lisa (2007). ‘Addressing the ‘Standard English Debate’ in South Africa: the case of South African Indian English’, unpublished masters dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald (1997–8). ‘On the origins of African American Vernacular English: a creolist perspective’, Diachronica 14(2): 305–44; 15(1): 99–154.Google Scholar
WALS (World Atlas of Language Structures Online) (2013). ‘Chapter 68: The Perfect’, wals.info/chapter/68 (last accessed 4 June 2018).Google Scholar
Wright, Susan (1997). ‘“Ah’m going for to give youse a story today”: Remarks on second person plural pronouns in Englishes’, in Cheshire, Jenny L. and Stein, Dieter (eds.), Taming the Vernacular: From Dialect to Written Standard Language. London: Longman, pp. 170–84.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×