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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2021

Caitlin Andrews-Lee
Caitlin Andrews-Lee
Affiliation:
Ryerson University

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The Emergence and Revival of Charismatic Movements
Argentine Peronism and Venezuelan Chavismo
 , pp. 245 - 252
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

accountability, 47
agency
leaders, 7, 10
self-starters, 40, 135
Aguinaldo, 169
Alfonsín, Raúl, 146, 148, 154, 176
Alsogaray, Alvaro, 178
anointed successors, 38–40, 130–134
Chávez, Martha, 144
depleted resources, 132
Guofeng, Hua, 218
lack of charisma, 133
Maduro, Nicolás, 141
Perón, Isabel, 139–141
Peronism, 137–142
reactivation thesis on, 40
routinization thesis on, 133
Samak, Sundaravej, 215
Shinawatra, Yingluck, 216
Antonakis, John, 15
Aramburu, Pedro, 171
attachments, programmatic, 11
authoritarianism, 8, 47, 200
Balbín, Ricardo, 172, 175
Bauzá, Eduardo, 178
Berlusconi, Silvio, 210
formation of charismatic attachment, 211–212
Bernhard, Michael, 13
Brazil
charismatic movement, 18
Workers’ Party, 80
Cafiero, Antonio, 7, 134, 145–148, 178
institutionalization, 148
Cafiero, Santiago, 184
Caldera, Rafael, 56
Cámpora, Héctor, 173–174
Carrió, Elisa, 91
Cavallo, Domingo, 180–181
charisma
agency, 203
definition, 12–15, 202
depersonalization, 202
impersonal, 202
mementos, 134
perceptions of, 10–11
rationalized, 202
role of structure, 203
traditionalized, 202
see also personalism
charismatic attachments
alternative linkages, 33
charisma and, 15
conditions for, 54–55
death of founder, 11
in democratic systems, 16
establishment of, 18
fluctuation of intensity, 20, 25, 35, 44, 102, 104, 199
formation, 15, 21, 31–32, 54–55, 199
latent periods, 42–44, 81
in liberal democracies, 18
mementos, 80, 98
persistence of, 198
political identity and, 5–7, 11, 21, 31, 133, 199, 204
reactivation, 11
role of crisis, 203
routinization thesis, 27
survival of, 4–5, 27, 33, 76–79, 99, 159
symbolic cues, 133
in totalitarian systems, 16
Weber, Max, 23
see also reactivation
charismatic movements, 21
attachments, 122, 159
China, 19
class in, 124
consequences, 48
definition, 18
effects on political institutions, 162–164
episodic nature, 159–161
impact on democracies, 46–48, 161–164
leadership volatility, 135
outside politics, 19
party system development, 8–9, 200
programmatic attachments, 25
revival, 23
spasmodic nature, 200
structural conditions, 7
survival, 20
symbolic cues, 122
see also reactivation
Chávez, Hugo
death, 3
images of, 9, 30
resistance to shared power, 141
rise to power, 55
strategies, 20
Chávez, Martha, 144
Chavismo, 3
anointed successors, 141
attachment to, 67
charismatic mechanism, 68, 71
competing attachment mechanisms, 67–74
context, 20
cycles in, 201
failure of reactivation, 141–142
formation of charismatic attachment, 55–75
founders, disappearance of, 116
glorification of founder, 85–88
land reform, 58
missions in, 63–64, 69, 88
organizational attachments, 65
overview, 20, 53
participatory institutions, 58, 70–71
personalism, 94
policies, 63–65
programmatic mechanism, 69, 71
quasi-religious discourse, 62
routinization thesis and, 29
symbolic narrative, 59–62
unmediated communication, 61
China, 217–220
charismatic movement, 19
Maoism, 22
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 217
Christian Democracy (DC) (Italy), 210
class
in charismatic movements, 124
personalism, 146
Cobos, Julio, 183
communication, unmediated, 15, 17, 24
anointed successors, 25
in attachment formation, 32–33, 55
Berlusconi, Silvio, 211
charismatic attachments, 3, 15, 24
Chavismo, 61
Maoism, 18–19
Menem, Carlos, 149
Peronism, 97
populism, 17
self-starters, 41
successors, 41
Thaksin, Shinawatra, 214
Concordancia (Argentina), 164
Consultores 21 (Venezuela), 84, 107
Convertibility Plan (Argentina), 178, 180
Corach, Carlos, 149
corporatist political systems, 167
corruption
Fujimorismo, 210
Fujimori, Alberto, 208
Italy, 210
Kuczynski, Pedro Pablo, 209
Menem, Carlos, 179
crisis, 7, 40, 54, 135, 145
role in reactivation, 159
cults, 19
Cultural Revolution (China), 218
Cyr, Jennifer, 83
de la Rúa, Fernando, 152, 180, 188
death positivity bias, 27
demonization, 34, 60, 92
Deng, Xiaoping, 218
depersonalization, 3–4, 47
Dromi, Roberto, 178
Duhalde, Eduardo, 152, 180–181, 187
elites, in populist definitions, 17
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 221
Fatherland for All (PPT) (Venezuela), 68
Fernández, Alberto, 22, 158, 191, 193
Figerio, Octavio, 178
Forza Italia, 22
Forza Italia (FI), 211
founders
anointed successors, 132
glorification, 85–89
iconography, 9, 141, 184–185
mementos, 80, 96, 98
movement policies, 25
resistance to shared power, 38, 132, 139, 212, 217
symbolic narrative, 34, 78, 103
see also savior role
founders, disappearance of, 23, 141
Chavismo, 116
depoliticization, 35
Fujimorismo, 209–210
latent periods, 42, 81
Peronism, 116
persistence of attachment, 198
routinization thesis, 76
survival of attachment, 27, 33, 80
Thaksin, Shinawatra, 215
Frondizi, Arturo, 172
Fuerza Popular (FP) (Peru), 144
Fujimorismo, 22, 209–210
Fujimori, Alberto, 3, 143
corruption, 208
rise to power, 207
Fujimori, Keiko, 4, 143–145
personalism, 209
Fujimori, Kenji, 144, 210
García, Roberto, 175
General Confederation of Labor (CGT) (Argentina), 140
Gentiloni, Paolo, 212
Great Leap Forward (China), 218
Grzymala-Busse, Anna, 13
Hitler, Adolf, 16
Hua, Guofeng, 218
Hungary, 221
hyperpresidentialism, 48, 57, 192
Illia, Arturo, 172
Imai, Kosuke, 122
institutional weakness, 200
institutionalization, 4, 49
blocked by leaders, 27
Peru, 208
routinization thesis, 47
Italian Communist Party, 210
Italy, 210–213
Forza Italia (FI), 22
Jowitt, Kenneth, 134, 202
Kaczynski brothers, 221
Keele, Luke, 122
Kirchner, Cristina, 9, 29, 83, 90–91, 93, 124, 155
Alberto Fernández and, 193
decline of fourth wave, 190–191
Evita iconography, 185
as fourth-wave Peronism, 158
Front for Victory, 183
links to founders, 154–155
Peronist identity, 183
personalism, 154, 187–189
reactivating attachments, 183–186
resistance to routinization, 184
savior role, 188
strategies for reactivation, 152–154, 185
Kirchner, Néstor, 9, 29, 90–91, 155, 181
economic policies, 152
as fourth-wave Peronism, 158
Front for Victory, 183
Peronist identity, 183
personalism, 154, 187–189
reactivating attachments, 183–186
resistance to routinization, 184
savior role, 152–154, 185
self-starter, 152
strategies for reactivation, 152–154, 184
Kohan, Alberto, 149, 178–179
Kostadinova, Tatiana, 133
Kuczynski, Pedro Pablo, 209
land reform, 63
Chavismo, 58–59
Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), 54, 68–69
leaders
heroic action, 8
individual agency, 10
strategies, 15, 103
see also founders
leadership
cycle, 9–10
symbolic archetypes, 36
leadership strategies, 55
communication, 24
narratives, 103
Leninism, 202
Levitt, Barry, 133
López Rega, José, 140
Luder, Ítalo, 176
Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 16, 18
Lusinchi, Jaime, 58
Macri, Mauricio, 9, 22, 91, 155, 191–193
economic policies, 193
impact of Peronism, 191
Madsen, Douglas, 27–28, 133, 203
Maduro, Nicolás, 9, 30, 83, 85, 124
failure of reactivation, 141–142
images of Chávez, 9, 141
weak leadership, 10
Mainwaring, Scott, 205
Mao, Zedong, 16, 18–19
conditions of attachment, 217
Maoism, 22
Massa, Sergio, 191
mementos
charismatic attachments, 80, 98
founders, 29, 80, 96, 98, 199
quasi-religious discourse, 81
Menem, Carlos, 9, 29, 124
corruption, 179
decline of third wave, 180
economic policies, 150–151, 178
as Peronism third wave, 177–180
personalism, 149, 151, 178–180
reactivating attachments, 177–178
strategies for reactivation, 148–152
as third-wave Peronism, 158
Merolla, Jennifer L., 69
Miguel, Lorenzo, 140, 175
missions
in Chavismo, 63–64, 69
as leadership strategy, 15
Peronism, 93
Mora y Araujo, Manuel, 183
Movement of the Fifth Republic (MVR) (Venezuela), 67–68
Mudde, Cas, 13
narratives
in attachment formation, 32, 34, 55, 103
attachment survival, 99, 103, 199
Chavismo, 59–62
missions in, 61, 79
personal, 10, 80
personalism, 94–98
political identity, 35, 77–79
successors, 36
Obama, Barack, 16
oil, 63
Orbán, Viktor, 221
organizational attachments, 65
Chavismo, 66
organizational participation
charismatic attachments and, 33, 162
Chavismo, 58–59
routinization thesis, 26, 46
participatory institutions, 58
Chavismo, 58–59
partisanship, 7
party-system development
Cafiero, Antonio, 146, 148
charismatic movements, 8–9
collapse of, 210
Fujimori, Keiko, 145
impeding, 8, 200
Peru, 181, 208
petistas, 18
routinization thesis, 26
People’s Power Party (Thailand), 215
Pérez, Carlos Andrés, 56
Perón, Eva, 154–155
role in Perón’s government, 168
Perón, Isabel, 10, 139–141, 175
Perón, Juan, 9, 158
concentration of authority, 167–169
coup against, 170
death, 174
decline of first wave, 169–170
establishment of charismatic attachments, 166–167
in exile, 171–173
resistance to routinization, 170
resistance to shared power, 171–172
return to power, 140, 158, 173–174
rise to power, 164–166
Peronism, 3
context, 20
crises, 201
exclusion from power, 171
failure of reactivation, 140
failure of successors, 137–142
fifth wave, 193
first wave, 164–173
fourth wave, 183–186, 190–191
glorification, 89
missions in, 93
organizational structure, 139
overview, 9–10
party-system development, 181
perceptions of successors, 90–91
Peronist Renovation, 148, 178, 180
personalism, 96
polarization, 92
programmatic attachments, 184
reactivation, 159, 173
resistance to Alfonsín, 176
resistance to routinization, 170, 175–177, 181–183
return of Perón, 140
revitalization, 148–151
routinization thesis and, 28
successors, 97, 152, 176, 181, 191
third wave, 177–180
waves of, 12, 158, 164
personalism, 3–4, 9
Berlusconi, Silvio, 211
Chavismo, 94
class, 146
Fernández, Alberto, 194
impact on democracies, 161–164
Kirchner, Cristina, 154, 187–189
Kirchner, Néstor, 154, 187–189
lack of, 146
Mao, Zedong, 217
Menem, Carlos, 149, 151, 178–180
narratives in, 94–98
organizational participation, 33
Peronism, 96
political identity and, 5
in populist theory, 17
reactivation, 129–130, 202
self-starters, 135, 160, 200
self-starting successors, 41, 149
successors, 97, 144
Thaksin, Shinawatra, 213
personalistic cleavage, 205
Peronist Justicialist Party (PJ) (Argentina), 146–148, 150, 178, 181, 187, 191
Peru, 207–210
Pheu Thai Party, 22
Poland, 221
polarization, 31, 34–35, 78–79, 136, 189, 204
Chavismo, 60, 87–88
Peronism, 92
Thailand, 214
political identity
charismatic attachments, 7, 133, 204
fluctuation of intensity, 20, 25, 35, 44, 102, 135, 199–200
narratives, 35, 78–79
personalism and, 5
political religion, 32
Popular Force (FP) (Peru), 144
populism
as charismatic movement, 18
definition, 13, 16
ideational approach, 16–17
political-strategic approach, 17–18
postmortem charisma, 27
programmatic attachments, 25, 63
Chavismo, 63–65
Peronism, 184
programmatic uncertainty, 8
proxy control, 31
Punto Fijo (PF) (Venezuela), 55
quasi-religious discourse, 34, 77–78, 85–88
in attachment formation, 32
Chavismo, 59, 61–62
mementos, 81
Peronism, 93, 96
see also savior role
Radical Civic Union (UCR) (Argentina), 146, 168, 172, 176, 181, 188
reactivation
agency in, 203
hypotheses, 106–107
leadership strategies, 11–12
material cues, 41, 102, 105–106, 121–122, 124, 199
organizational linkages and, 48
Peronism, 159
Peronist, 140, 148–151, 177–178, 183–186
research design, 107–113
role of crisis, 30–31, 104, 130, 135, 159
structural conditions, 203
successors, 4, 21, 35
symbolic cues, 41, 102, 105–106, 121–122, 124, 199
symbolic narrative, 36
see also anointed successors; successors
Renzi, Matteo, 212
research design
charismatic attachments, 107–113
focus groups, 82–85, 130
interviews, 130
public opinion polls, 54, 67–74
successors, 130, 136
survey experiments, 102, 106–114
survival of attachment, 82–85
resilience, 3–4
revitalization
cycle, 44, 49–50
individual-level consequences, 161–162
polarization in, 31
spasmodic nature, 43–44, 157–158, 195
revival, 23
Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200 (MBR-200), 56
Revolutionary Peronist Movement, 173
Reyes, Cipriano, 168
Roberts, Kenneth M., 205
Rodríguez Saá, Adolfo, 181, 191
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 16
Rousseff, Dilma, 18
routinization thesis, 3–5, 23, 42, 202
anointed successors, 40, 133
Cafiero, Antonio, 146
central tenets, 24
charismatic attachments, 27
Chavismo and, 29
in democratic systems, 46–47
Kirchners, 184
limitations of, 5, 23, 27–28, 30
movement policies, 25
organizational participation, 26
party-system development, 26, 47, 80
Peronism and, 28
replacement of attachments, 25
self-starters, 134
survival of attachment, 76
Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal, 13
sacred, rhetoric of the, 17
salvation, narrative of, 7
Samak, Sundaravej, 215
Samuels, David, 80
savior role, 5, 10, 15–16, 25, 27, 30, 78, 135
Kirchner, Néstor, 152–154
Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 18
of successors, 41, 43
Scioli, Daniel, 191
self-starters, 134–136
agency, 40, 135
Cafiero, Antonio, 145–147
conditions for success, 130, 135, 159, 200
failed, 142–147, 155
Fujimori, Keiko, 143
Kirchner, Néstor, 152
Menem, Carlos, 148–152
personalism, 135, 149, 160
routinization thesis, 134
successful, 148–152
successors, 38, 40–41, 43–44, 130, 160
symbolic cues, 136
Xi, Jinping, 219
see also successors
Shils, Edward, 27, 134, 202
Shining Path, 207
Singer, Margaret, 19
Snow, Peter G., 27–28, 133, 203
Social Pact (Argentina), 140
Somchai, Wonsawat, 215
successors, 7, 20, 22, 136
agency, 5
anointed, 38–40, 130–131
Brazil, 18
conditions for, 5, 21, 25, 199
criteria for success, 38, 40, 137
focus groups, 130
identification with movements, 122
links to founders, 124, 203
mode of selection, 131
narratives, 36
personalism, 41, 97, 144
as prototypes, 104, 135
reactivation, 21, 35
as reincarnations, 10, 37, 41
role of style, 130
savior role, 5
self-starters, 38, 40–41, 43–44, 130, 160
strategies, 5–6, 11, 31, 114–117, 123
Thai Rak Thai (TRT), 213, 217
Thailand, 22, 213–217
Thaksin, Shinawatra, 213–214, 216
Tingley, Dustin, 122
totalitarian systems, 16
Trespuntozero (Argentina), 84, 107
Triaca, Jorge, 175
Trump, Donald, 221
Turkey, 221
Ubaldini, Saúl, 175
UCR (Argentina). See Radical Civic Union (UCR) (Argentina)
UCR of the People (UCRP) (Argentina), 172
unions (Argentina), 175
United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), 68
United States, 221
Vandor, Augusto, 172
Vargas Llosa, Mario, 207
Vejjajiva, Abhisit, 215
Videla, Jorge, 175
Weber, Max, 14, 23, 132, 134, 202–203
Weyland, Kurt, 13, 17
will of the people, 16
Workers’ Party (Brazil), 18, 80
Wynia, Gary W., 168
Xi, Jinping, 219
Yingluck, Shinawatra, 216
Zechmeister, Elizabeth J., 69
Zucco, Cesar, 80
Zúquete, José Pedro, 61

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  • Index
  • Caitlin Andrews-Lee
  • Book: The Emergence and Revival of Charismatic Movements
  • Online publication: 09 July 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108917353.013
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  • Index
  • Caitlin Andrews-Lee
  • Book: The Emergence and Revival of Charismatic Movements
  • Online publication: 09 July 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108917353.013
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Caitlin Andrews-Lee
  • Book: The Emergence and Revival of Charismatic Movements
  • Online publication: 09 July 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108917353.013
Available formats
×