Book contents
2 - Entering professional careers
Barriers, ladders, and basement doors
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 April 2016
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Diversity in PracticeRace, Gender, and Class in Legal and Professional Careers, pp. 139 - 260Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2016
References
References
ABA Commission on Women in the Profession. 2012. “Visible Invisibility: Women of Color in Fortune 500 Legal Departments.” American Bar Association.Google Scholar
Alba, Richard, and Nee, Victor. 2003. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Bar Association. 2009. Legal Education Statistics. www.abanet.org/legaled/statistics/stats.html. Accessed September 2, 2009.Google Scholar
American Bar Association. 2011. “A Current Glance at Women and the Law (2000–2011). Prepared by the Commission on Women in the Profession. www.americanbar.org/groups/women/resources/statistics.html. Accessed March 2, 2012.Google Scholar
Ancheta, Angelo N. 1998. Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Karen. 1997. Changing Women: A History of Racial Ethnic Women in Modern America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Banks, Taunya Lovell. 1988. “Gender Bias in the Classroom.” Journal of Legal Education 38: 137–146.Google Scholar
Blair-Loy, Mary. 2003. Competing Devotions: Career and Family among Women Executives. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Blair-Loy, Mary and DeHart, Gretchen. 2003. “Family and Career Trajectories among African American Female Attorneys.” Journal of Family Issues 24: 908–933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, Sharon C. and Muzio, Daniel. 2007. “Can’t Live with ‘Em; Can’t Live without ‘Em: Gendered Segmentation in the Legal Profession.” Sociology 41: 47–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo and Dietrich, David R.. 2009. “The Latin Americanization of U.S. Race Relations: A New Pigmentocracy.” In Shades of Difference: Why Skin Color Matters (ed.) Glenn, Evelyn Nakano. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press: 40–60.Google Scholar
Brettell, Caroline B. 2005. “Voluntary Organizations, Social Capital, and the Social Incorporation of Asian Indian Immigrants in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.” Anthropological Quarterly 78: 853–883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carbado, Devon W. and Gulati, Mitu. 2004. “Race to the Top of the Corporate Ladder: What Minorities Do When They Get There.” Washington and Lee Law Review 61: 1645–1693.Google Scholar
Cech, Erin, Rubineau, Brian, Silbey, Susan, and Seron, Carroll. 2011. “Professional Role Confidence and Gendered Persistence in Engineering.” American Sociological Review 76: 641–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clydesdale, Timothy T. 2004. “A Forked River Runs Through Law School: Toward Understanding Race, Gender, Age and Related Gaps in Law School Performance and Bar Passage.” Law and Social Inquiry 29: 711–769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, Carrie Yang. 2005. Professional Identity Crisis: Race, Class, Gender, and Success at Professional Schools. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.Google Scholar
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 1992. “Tinkerbells and Pinups: The Construction and Reconstruction of Gender Boundaries at Work.” In Cultivating Differences: Symbolic Boundaries and the Making of Inequality, Lamont, Michèle and Fournier, Marcel (eds). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press: 232–256.Google Scholar
Feagin, Joe R. 2013. The White Racial Frame: Centuries of Racial Framing and Counter-Framing. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, Judith D. 1996. “Portia Unbound: The Effects of a Supportive Law School Environment on Women and Minority Students.” UCLA Women’s Law Journal 7: 1–56.Google Scholar
Flores-González, Nilda. 2002. School Kids/Street Kids: Identity Development in Latino Students. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Frank, Reanne, Akresh, Ilana Redstone and Lu, Bo. 2010. “Latino Immigrants and the U.S. Racial Order: How and Where Do They Fit In?” American Sociological Review 75: 378–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, Margaret A. 1988. Accommodation without Assimilation: Sikh Immigrants in an American High School. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Giddings, Paula. 1984. When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America. New York: Bantam Books.Google Scholar
Gilkes, Cheryl Townsend. 1982. “Successful Rebellious Professionals: The Black Women’s Professional Identity and Community Commitment.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 6: 289–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Golash-Boza, Tanya. 2006. “Dropping the Hyphen? Becoming Latino(a)-American through Racialized Assimilation.” Social Forces 85: 27–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granfield, Robert. 1992. Making Elite Lawyers: Visions of Law at Harvard and Beyond. New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc.Google Scholar
Green Melanie, C. and Brock, Timothy C.. 2005. “Organizational Membership versus Informal Interaction: Contributions to Skills and Perceptions that Build Social Capital.” Political Psychology 26: 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guinier, Lani, Fine, Michelle, and Balin, Jane. 1997. Becoming Gentlemen: Women, Law School, and Institutional Change. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Haney-López, Ian. 1997 (2006). White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books, Inc.Google Scholar
Kay, Fiona M. and Wallace, Jean E.. 2009. “Mentors as Social Capital: Gender, Mentors, and Career Rewards in Law Practice.” Sociological Inquiry 79: 418–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keith, Verna M. 2009. “A Colorstruck World: Skin Tone, Achievement, and Self-Esteem Among African American women.” In Shades of Difference: Why Skin Color Matters (ed.) Glenn, Evelyn Nakano. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press: 25–39.Google Scholar
Lee, Jennifer and Bean, Frank D.. 2004. “America’s Changing Color Lines: Race/Ethnicity, Immigration, and Multiracial Identification.” Annual Review of Sociology 30: 221–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Jennifer and Bean, Frank D.. 2007. “Reinventing the Color Line: Immigration and America’s New Racial/Ethnic Divide.” Social Forces 86: 561–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, Nancy. 2003. Hopeful Girls, Troubled Boys: Race and Gender Disparity in Urban Education. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Louie, Vivian S. 2004. Compelled to Excel: Immigration, Education, and Opportunity among Chinese Americans. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mertz, Elizabeth. 2007. The Language of Law School: Learning to “Think Like a Lawyer.” New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Wendy Leo. 2008. Reproducing Racism: White Space, Elite Law Schools, and Racial Inequality. Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Omi, Michael and Winant, Howard. 2015. Racial Formation in the United States from the 1960s to the 1990s (Third Edition). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Payne-Pikus, Monique R., Hagan, John, and Nelson, Robert L.. 2010. “Experiencing Discrimination: Race and Retention in America’s Largest Law Firms.” Law and Society Review 44: 553–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portes, Alejandro and Rumbaut, Rubén G.. 2001. Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro, and Rumbaut, Rubén G.. 2006. Immigrant America: A Portrait. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sander, Richard H. 2004. “A Systematic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools.” Stanford Law Review 57: 367–483.Google Scholar
Schleef, Debra J. 2006. Managing Elites: Professional Socialization in Law and Business Schools. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Segura, Denise A. 1992. “Chicanas in White-Collar Jobs: You Have to Prove Yourself More.” Sociological Perspectives 35: 163–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shah, Sonia. 1997. Dragon Ladies: Asian American Women Breathe Fire. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Jacquelyn. 2013. “The Happiest and Unhappiest Jobs in America.” Forbes. Retrieved April 2, 2013 (www.forbes.com/sites/jacquelynsmith/2013/03/22/the-happiest-and-unhappiest-jobs-in-america/).Google Scholar
Smith, Ryan A. and Elliott, James R.. 2002. “Does Ethnic Concentration Influence Employee’s Access to Authority? An Examination of Contemporary Urban Labor Markets.” Social Forces 81: 255–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steele, Claude M. 1997. “A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance.” American Psychologist 52: 613–629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomlinson, Jennifer, Muzio, Daniel, Sommerlad, Hilary, Webley, Lisa, and Duff, Liz. 2013. “Structure, Agency, and the Career Strategies of White Women and BME Individuals in the Legal Profession.” Human Relations 66: 245–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, Jean E. and Kay, Fiona M.. 2012. “Tokenism, Organizational Segregation, and Coworker Relations in Law Firms.” Social Problems 59: 389–410.Google Scholar
Waters, Mary C. 1999. Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins-Hayes, Celeste. 2009. “Race-ing the Bootstrap Climb: Black and Latino Bureaucrats in Post-Reform Welfare Offices.” Social Problems 56: 285–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, David B. 1997. “Two Paths to the Mountain Top? The Role of Legal Education in Shaping the Values of Black Corporate Lawyers.” In Lawyers: A Critical Reader. Abel, Richard L. (ed). New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Wilkins, David B. and Gulati, G. Mitu. 1996. “Why Are There so Few Black Lawyers in Corporate Law Firms? An Institutional Analysis.” California Law Review 84: 493–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoder, Janice D. 1994. “Looking Beyond Numbers: The Effects of Gender Status, Job Prestige, and Occupational Gender-Typing on Tokenism Processes.” Social Psychology Quarterly 57: 150–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
References
Alon, Sigal & Tienda, Marta. 2005. “Assessing the ‘Mismatch’ Hypothesis: Differences in College Graduation Rates by College Selectivity.” Sociology of Education. 78:294–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, MJ, Dynarski, SM. 2011. “Inequality in postsecondary education.” In Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances, ed. Duncan, GJ, Murnane, R, pp. 117–32. New York: Russell Sage Found.Google Scholar
Best, Rachel, Edelman, Lauren, Kreiger, Linda Hamilton & Eliason, Scott. 2011. “Multiple Disadvantages: Intersectionality in EEO Litigation.” Law & Society Review. 45:991–1025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilimoria, Diana & Liang, Xiangfen. 2012. Gender Equity in Science and Engineering: Advancing Change in Higher Education. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blau, Peter M., & Duncan, Otis D. 1967. The American Occupational Structure. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2003. Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. Lanham: Towman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Bowen, William & Bok, Derek. 1998. The Shape of the River: Long Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrelli, J. 2009. “Women of Color in STEM Education and Employment.” Paper presented at the Mini-Symposium on Women of Color in STEM, Arlington, VA.Google Scholar
Cech, Erin & Blair-Loy, Mary. 2010. “Perceiving Glass Ceilings? Meritocratic versus Structural Explanations of Gender Inequality among Women in Science and Technology.” Social Problems. 57(3):371–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cech, Erin & Waidzumas, Tom J.. 2011. “Navigating the Heteronornativity of Engineering: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Students.” Engineering Studies. 3(1):1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cech, Erin, Rubineau, Brian, Silbey, Susan & Seron, Carroll. 2012. “Professional Role Confidence and Gendered Persistence in Engineering.” American Sociological Review. 76(5) 641–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, M., & Macleod, M.. 1990. “Gender in the College Classroom: An Assessment of the ‘Chilly Climate’ for Women.” Sex Roles. 23(3/4):101–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, K. 1989. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139: 57–80.Google Scholar
DiMaggio, Paul. 1992. “Nadel’s Paradox Revisited: Relational and Cultural Aspects of Social Structure.” pp. 118–42 in Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action, eds. Nohria, N. & Eccles, R.. Boston, MA: HBS Press.Google Scholar
Faulkner, Wendy. 2000. “Dualism, Hierarchies and Gender in Engineering.” Social Studies of Science. 30: 759–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulkner, Wendy. 2009. “Doing Gender in Engineering Workplace Cultures. II. Gender In/authenticity and the In/visibility Paradox.” Engineering Studies 1(3):169–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Hout, Michael. 2012. “Social and Economic Returns to College Education in the United States.” Annual Review of Sociology. 38:379–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hout, M., & Janus, A. 2011. “Educational Mobility in the United States since the 1930s.” In Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances, ed. Duncan, GJ, Murnane, R, pp. 165–86. New York: Russell Sage Found.Google Scholar
Ibarra, Herminia. 1999. “Provisional Selves: Experimenting with Image and Identity in Professional Adaptation.” Administrative Science Quarterly. 44:764–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lareau, Annette. 2011 (2nd edn). Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. California: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, SR. 2001. “Effectively Maintained Inequality: Education Transitions, Track Mobility, and Social Background Effects.” American Journal of Sociology. 106:1642–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, Yingyi. 2009. “Family Socioeconomic Status, Parental Involvement, and College Major Choices—Gender, Race/Ethnic, and Nativity Patterns.” Sociological Perspectives. 52(2):211–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mare, RD. 1981. “Change and Stability in Educational Stratification.” American Sociological Review. 46:72–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIlwee, Judith S., & Robinson, J. Gregg. 1992. Women in Engineering: Gender, Power, and Workplace Culture. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Mellstrom, Ulf. 1995. Engineering Lives: Technology, Time and Space in a Male-Centred World. Linköping, Sweden: Linköping University.Google Scholar
Mellstrom, Ulf. 2004. “Machines and Masculine Subjectivity Technology as an Integral Part of Men’s Life Experiences.” Men and Masculinities. 6(4):368–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ong, Maria. 2005. “Body Projects of Young Women of Color in Physics: Intersections of Gender, Race, and Science.” Social Problems. 52(4):593–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ong, Maria, Wright, Carol, Espinosa, Lorelle L. & Orfield, Gary. 2011. “Inside the Double Bind: A Synthesis of Empirical Research on Undergraduate and Graduate Women of Color in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.” Harvard Educational Review. 81(2):172–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, Yung-Yi Diana. 2016. “Typecast Socialization: Race, Gender, and Competing Expectations in Law School.” In Diversity in Practice: Race, Gender, and Class in Legal and Professional Careers, ed. Headworth, S., Nelson, R. L., Dinovitzer, R., Wilkins, D. B., pp. 141–172. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne-Pikus, Monique R., Nelson, Robert L. & Hagan, John. 2013. “The Intersectionality of Race, Gender, and Social Isolation in the Retention of American Lawyers in Private Law Firms.” Paper presented at the 2013 Conference of the Research Group on Legal Diversity, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Penner, Andrew & Sapterstein, Aliya. 2013. “Engendering Racial Perceptions.” Gender & Society. 27:1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridgeway, Cecilia L., & Kricheli-Katz, Tamar. 2013. “Intersecting Cultural Beliefs and Social Relations: Gender, Race and Class Binds and Freedoms.” Gender & Society. 27:294–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera, Lauren A. 2012. “Hiring as Cultural Matching: The Case of Elite Professional Service Firms.” American Sociological Review. 77(6): 999–1022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubineau, Brian, Cech, Erin, Seron, Carroll & Silbey, Susan. 2013. “The Gendered Value of an Engineering Degree.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Sanders, Richard & Taylor, Stuart Jr. 2012. Mismatch: How Affirmative Action Hurts Students It’s Intended to Help and Why Universities Won’t Admit It. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Saperstein, Aliya & Penner, Andrew. 2012. “Racial Fluidity and Inequality in the United States.” American Journal of Sociology. 118:676–727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seron, Carroll & Silbey, Susan. 2009. “The Dialectic between Expertise Knowledge and Professional Discretion: Accreditation, Social Control and the Limits of Instrumental Logic.” Engineering Studies. 1:101–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seron, Carroll, Cech, Eric, Silbey, Susan & Rubineau, Brian. 2011. “I Am Not a Feminist, but…:” Making Meanings of Being a Woman in Engineering. American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE) National Conference, Panel: Liberal Education Division Session, Vancouver, Canada.Google Scholar
Seron, Carroll, Cech, Erin, Silbey, Susan & Rubineau, Brian. 2012. “Persistence Is Cultural: Testing Prominent Explanations of Why Engineering Students Leave the Profession.” Working paper.Google Scholar
Seymour, Elaine, Nancy, M., & Hewett, N. 1997. Talking About Leaving: Why Undergraduates Leave the Sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Small, Mario & Winship, Christopher. 2007. “Black Students’ Graduation from Elite Colleges: Institutional Characteristics and between-institution Differences.” Social Science Research. 36(3):1257–1275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steele, Claude. 2003. “Stereotype Threat and African-American Student Achievement” in Perry, Theresa, Steele, Claude & Hilliard, Asa G. III, eds. Young, Gifted, and Black: Promoting High Achievement among African-American Students. Boston: Beacon Press, pp. 109–131.Google Scholar
Traweek, Sharon. 1988. Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physicists. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Valian, Virginia. 1999. Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webley, Lisa, Tomlinson, Jennifer, Muzio, Daniel, Duff, Liz & Sommerlad, Hilary. 2016. “Access to a Career in the Legal Profession in England and Wales: ‘Race’, Class and the Role of Educational Background.” In Diversity in Practice: Race, Gender, and Class in Legal and Professional Careers, ed. Headworth, S., Nelson, R. L., Dinovitzer, R., Wilkins, D. B., pp. 198–225. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, L., & Jing, W.. 2009. “Asian Women in STEM Careers: A Forgotten Minority with a Glass Ceiling?” Paper presented at the Mini-Symposium on Women of Color in STEM. Arlington, VA.Google Scholar
Xie, Yu & Shauman, Kimberlee. 2003. Women in Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
References
Abel, R. (1979) ‘The Rise of Professionalism’ 6 British Journal of Law and Society 82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, L. (2011) ‘Constructing Minority Ethnic Middle Class Identity: An Exploratory Study with Parents, Pupils and Young Professionals’ 4 (11) Sociology 134–51.Google Scholar
Ashley, L. (2010) ‘Making a Difference? The Use (and Abuse) of Diversity Management in the UK’s Elite Law Firms’ 24 (4) Work, Employment and Society 711–727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashley, L. and Empson, L. (2013) ‘Differentiation and Discrimination: Understanding Social Class and Social Exclusion in Leading Law Firms’ 66(2) Human Relations 219–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar Council Research Department (2011) Bar Barometer Trends in the Profile of the Bar Pilot Statistical Report March 2011, London: The General Council of the Bar of England and Wales.Google Scholar
Bar Council Research Department (2012) Second Bar Barometer Trends in the Profile of the Bar Pilot Statistical Report London: The General Council of the Bar of England and Wales.Google Scholar
Bar Council Research Department (2013) Third Bar Barometer Trends in the Profile of the Bar Pilot Statistical Report London: The General Council of the Bar of England and Wales.Google Scholar
Barnard, H. and Turner, C. (2011) Poverty and Ethnicity: A Review of Evidence York, UK: Joseph Rowntree Trust.Google Scholar
Bottero, W. and Irwin, S. (2003) ‘Locating Difference; Class, “Race” and Gender, and the Shaping of Social Inequalities’ 51(4) The Sociological Review 453–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1973) ‘Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction’ in Brown, R. (ed.) Knowledge, Education and Cultural Change London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge and Keagan Paul.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P (1986) ‘The Forms of Capital’ in Richardson, J. (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood, 241–258.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1990a) In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1991) Language and Symbolic Power Thompson, J.B. (ed.) Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. and Passeron, J. (1979) The Inheritors: French Students and their Relation to Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. and Passeron, J. (1990) Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture. 2nd edn. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. and Wacquant, L. (1992) An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Breen, Richard (2005) ‘2 Foundations of a Neo-Weberian Class Analysis’ in Wright, Erik Olin (ed.) Approaches to Class Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Broome, L., Conley, J. and Krawiec, K., Diversity and Talent at the Top: Lessons from the Boardroom, in Headworth, S., Nelson, R., Dinovitzer, R. and Wilkins, D. (eds.), Diversity in Practice: Race, Class, and Gender in Legal and Professional Careers (Cambridge Univ. Press, forthcoming).Google Scholar
Centre for European Sociology (1972) Current Research. Paris: Ecole Pratiques des Hautes Etudes.Google Scholar
Combahee River Collection (1994) ‘A black Feminist Statement’ in Eisenstein, Z. (ed.), Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism Monthly Press Review.Google Scholar
Conaghan, J. (2000) ‘Reassessing the Feminist Theoretical Project in Law’ 27(3)Journal of Law and Society 351–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connolly, P. (2006) ‘The Effects of Social Class and Ethnicity on Gender Differences in GCSE Attainment: A Secondary Analysis of the Youth Cohort Study of England and Wales 1997–2001’ 32(1) British Educational Research Journal 3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connor, H., Tyers, C., Modood, T. and Hillage, J. (2004) Why the Difference? A Closer Look at Higher Education Minority Ethnic Students and Graduates. Department for Education and Skills Research Report RR552.Google Scholar
Cook, A., Faulconbridge, J., Muzio, D. (2012) ‘London’s Legal Elite: Recruitment through Cultural Capital and the Reproduction of Social Exclusivity in City Professional Service Fields’ 44 Environment and Planning 1744–1762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, G. and Pope, C. (2008) ‘Editorial Foreword: The Importance of Class’ 42(6) Sociology 1045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dingwall, R. (1997) ‘Accounts, Interviews and Observations’ in Miller, G. and Dingwall, R. (eds) Context and Method in Qualitative Research London: Sage Publishing 51.Google Scholar
Duff, L. and Webley, L. (2004) Equality and Diversity: Women Solicitors Research Study 48 Volume II Law Society Research Study Series. London: The Law Society.Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1964) The Division of Labor [Originally pub. 1893] New York, Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
Edmonds, D. (2010) ‘Training the Lawyers of the Future – A Regulator’s View’ Lord Upjohn Lecture 19 November 2010 available at: www.legalservicesboard.org.uk/news_publications/speeches_presentations/2010/de_lord_upjohn_lec.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fox, J.E., Morosanu, L. and Szilassy, E. (2012) ‘The Racialization of the New European Migration to the UK’ Vol 46 (4) Sociology 680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuss, D. (1994) ‘Reading Like a Feminist’ in Schor, N. and Weed, E. (eds.), The Essential Difference, Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Gateways to the Profession Collaborative Forum (2013) Common Best Practice Code for High-Quality Internships, Trade Union’s Congress.Google Scholar
Goldthorpe, J. (2000) ‘Rent, Class Conflict, and Class Structure: Commentary on Sørensen’ Vol. 105 No. 6 The American Journal of Sociology 1572–1582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorman, Elizabeth H. and Kay, Fiona M.. [In press 2015]. “Which Kinds of Law Firms Have the Most Minority Lawyers? Organizational Context and the Representation of African-Americans, Latinos, and Asian-Americans.” in Headworth, Spencer, Nelson, Robert, Dinovitzer, Ronit, and Wilkins, David (eds.), Racial Diversity in the Legal Profession. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crow, Graham and Pope, Catherine (2008) ‘Editorial Foreword: The Importance of Class’ 42(6) Sociology 1045–1048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, A. (1997) ‘Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory’ in Wing, A.K. (ed.), Critical Race Feminism: A Reader New York, New York University Press, 7–17.Google Scholar
Hirsch, D. (2007) Experiences of Poverty and Educational Disadvantage, Joseph Rowntree Trust. Available at; www.jrf.org.uk/publications/experiences-poverty-and-educational-disadvantage.Google Scholar
Kay, F. and Hagan, J. (1995) ‘The Persistent Glass Ceiling: Gendered Inequalities in the Earnings of Lawyers’ 46 (2) British Journal of Sociology 279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, F. and Hagan, J. (1998) ‘Raising the Bar: The Gender Stratification of Law-Firm Capital’ 93 (5) American Sociological Review 728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khattab, N. (2009) ‘Ethno-religious Background as a Determinant of Educational and Occupational Attainment in Britain’ 43 Sociology 304–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkup, C. et al. (2010) Use an Aptitude Test in University Entrance: A Validity Study, National Foundation for Educational Research.Google Scholar
Kusher, T. (2005) Racialisation and ‘White European’ Immigration’ in Murji, K. and Solomos, J. (eds.) Racialisation: Studies in Theory and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press 207.Google Scholar
Larson, M. (1977) ‘The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. Berkley: University of California Press and more specifically Abel, R.L. ‘The Rise of Professionalism’ (1979) Vol. 6 British Journal of Law and Society 82.Google Scholar
Law Society (2010) Ethnic Diversity in Law Firms Understanding the Barriers. London: the Law Society.Google Scholar
Law Society Research Unit (2014) Trends in the Solicitors’ Profession: Annual Statistical Report 2013. London: Law Society.Google Scholar
Legal Services Board (2011) Qualified Lawyers Transfer Scheme: Map of England and Wales Solicitor Day One Outcomes against a Barrister of England & Wales on Completion of Pupillage. www.legalservicesboard.org.uk/what_we_do/regulation/pdf/3.pdf.Google Scholar
Loury, G., Modood, T. and Teles, S. (eds.) (2005) Ethnicity, Social Mobility and Public Policy: A Comparison of the USA and UK. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPhail, K., Paisey, C., and Paisey, N. J. (2010) ‘Class, Social Deprivation and Accounting Education in Scottish Schools: Implications for the Reproduction of the Accounting Profession and Practice’ 21 Critical Perspectives on Accounting 31–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sir Macpherson, William (1999) The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry Report. London: The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1867; trans. 2010) Capital: A Critique of Political Economy Volume 1 Engels, F. (ed.) Moore, S. and Aveling, E. (trans.) Moscow: Progress Publishers.Google Scholar
Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1848; trans. 1969) Manifesto of the Communist Party Marx/ Engels Selected Works Volume 1. Moscow: Progress Publishers.Google Scholar
Milburn, A. (2009) Unleashing Aspiration: The Final Report of the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/227102/fair-access.pdf.Google Scholar
Milburn, A. (2012) Fair Access to Professional Careers A progress report by the Independent Reviewer on Social Mobility and Child Poverty London: National Archives available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/227102/fair-access.pdf.Google Scholar
Modood, T. (2004) ‘Capitals, Ethnic Identity and Educational Qualifications’ 13(2) Cultural Trends 87–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, R. (1990) ‘Bourdieu on Education and Social and Cultural Reproduction’ 11(4) British Journal of Sociology of Education 431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R. (1988) Partners with Power: The Social Transformation of the Large Law Firm Berkley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolson, D. (2005) ‘Demography, Discrimination and Diversity: A New Dawn for the British Legal Profession?’ 12 International Journal of the Legal Profession 201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Office for National Statistics (2011) Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales 2011 Part of 2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales Release available at: www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.htmlGoogle Scholar
Rothon, C. (2007) ‘Can Achievement Differentials be Explained by Social Class Alone?’ 7 Ethnicities 306–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rustin, M. and Chamberlayne, P. (2002) ‘Introduction: From Biography to Social Policy’. In Chamberlayne, P., Rustin, M. and Wengraf, T. (eds.) Biography and Social Exclusion in Europe. Bristol: The Polity Press.Google Scholar
Sherr, A. (1991) Solicitors and Their Skills: A Study of the Viability of Different Research Methods for Collating and Categorising the Skills Solicitors Utilise in their Professional Work. London: The Law Society.Google Scholar
Shiner, M. (1994) Entry into the Legal Professions: The Law Student Cohort Study. London: The Law Society.Google Scholar
Shiner, M. (1999) Entry into the Legal Professions: The Law Student Cohort Study. Year 5 London: The Law Society.Google Scholar
Shiner, M. (2000) ‘Young, Gifted and Blocked! Entry to the Solicitors’ Profession’ in Thomas, P. (ed.) Discriminating Lawyers. London: Cavendish 87.Google Scholar
Sommerlad, H. (2007) ‘Researching and Theorizing the Processes of Professional Identity Formation’ 34(2) Journal of Law and Society 190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommerlad, H. (2008) ‘“What are you doing here? You should be working in a hair salon or something”: outsider status and professional socialization in the solicitors’ profession’ 2 Web JCLI http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/2008/issue2/sommerlad2.htmlGoogle Scholar
Sommerlad, H. (2011) ‘The Commercialisation of Law and Enterprising Legal Practitioner: Continuity and Change’ 18 (1/2) International Journal of the Legal Profession 73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommerlad, H. and Webley, L., Duff, L., Muzio, D. and Tomlinson, J. (2013) Diversity in the Legal Profession in England and Wales: A Qualitative Study of Barriers and Individual Choices. London: University of Westminster Law Press.Google Scholar
Spivak, G. (1998) ‘Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography’ in Guha, R. and Spivak, G. (eds), Selected Subaltern Studies, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Spivak, G. with Rooney, E. (1994) ‘In a Word: Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak with Ellen Rooney’ in Schor, Naomi and Weed, Elizabeth (eds.), The Essential Difference, Indiana University Press at 98–115.Google Scholar
The Ouseley Report (2008) Independent Review Into Disproportionate Regulatory Outcomes For Black And Minority Ethnic Solicitors available at: www.sra.org.uk/ouseley/Google Scholar
Tomlinson, J., Muzio, D., Sommerlad, H., Webley, L. and Duff, L. (2013) ‘Structure, Agency and Career Strategies of White Women and Black and Minority Ethnic Individuals in the Legal Profession’ 66(2) Human Relations 245–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tramonte, L. and Douglas Willms, J. (2010) Cultural Capital and Its Effects on Education Outcomes’ 29 Economics of Education Review 200–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wacquant, L.D. (1989) ‘Towards a Reflexive Sociology: A Workshop with Pierre Bourdieu’ 7 Sociological Theory 36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, J. (2006) ‘Geographies of Cultural Capital: Education, International Migration and Family Strategies between Hong Kong and Canada’ 31 Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers New Series 179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters (2007) ‘Roundabout Routes and Sanctuary Schools: The Role of Situated Educational Practices and Habitus in the Creation of Transnational Professionals’ 7 Global Networks 477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, M. (1956) ‘Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft’ in Runciman, W.G. (ed.) and Matthews, E. (trans.) (1978) Max Weber Selections in Translation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Webley, L. (2013a) ‘United Kingdom: What Robinson v Solicitors Regulation Authority Tells Us about the Contested Terrain of Race and Disciplinary Processes’ 16 (1) Legal Ethics 236–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webley, L. (2013b) “What Empirical Legal Studies Tell Us About The Legal Profession” Professorial Inaugural Lecture 20th March 2013 University of Westminster, London UK available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixai0rliaRwGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, D. and Gulati., M. (1996) ‘Why Are There So Few Black Lawyers in Corporate Law Firms?: An Institutional Analysis’ 84 California Law Review 493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, D. (1998a) ‘Fragmenting Professionalism: Racial Identity and the Ideology of “Bleached Out” Lawyering’ 5 International Journal of the Legal Profession 141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, D. (1998b) ‘Identities and Roles: Race, Recognition, and Professional Responsibility’ 57 Maryland Law Review 1502.Google Scholar
Willis, P. (1977) Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids get Working Class Jobs. Hants: Saxon House.Google Scholar
Zimdars, A. (2010) ‘The Profile of Pupil Barristers and the Bar of England and Wales 2004–2008’ 17 (2) International Journal of the Legal Profession 117–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
References
Agamben, G. (1998) Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Stanford, Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Archer, L. (2007) “Diversity, Equality and Higher Education: A Critical Reflection on the Ab/uses of Equity Discourse within Widening Participation,” Teaching in Higher Education, 12 (5/6):635–653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthurs, H. W. and Kreklewich, R. (1996) “Law, Legal Institutions and the Legal Profession in the New Economy,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 34:1–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthurs, H. W. (2001) “The State We’re In: Legal Education in Canada’s New Political Economy,” 20 Windsor Year Book Access Just.:35–54.Google Scholar
Ashley, L (2010) “Making a Difference? The Use (and Abuse) of Diversity Management at the UK’s Elite Law Firms,” Work, Employment and Society, 24(4):711–727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashley, L., and Empson, L. (2013) “Differentiation and Discrimination: Understanding Social Class and Social Exclusion in Leading Law Firms,” Human Relations, 66(2):219–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashley, L., Duberley, J., Sommerlad, H. and Scholarios, D. (2015) A Qualitative Evaluation of Non-Educational Barriers to the Elite Professions, London: Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission.Google Scholar
Barmes, L. (2012) “Learning from Case Law Accounts of Marginalized Working,” in Fudge, J., McCrystal, S. and Sankaran, K. (eds.), Regulating Legal Work: Challenging Legal Boundaries, Onati International Series in Law and Society Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Bell, M. (2012) “Between Flexicurity and Fundamental Social Rights: The EU Directives on Atypical Work,” European Law Review, 37:31–48.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1998) Acts of Resistance: Against the Tyranny of the Market, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. and Passeron, (1977) Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Bradley, H. (1996) Fractured Identities: Changing Patterns of Inequality, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Brown, P. and Lauder, H. (2012) “The Great Transformation in the Global Labour Market,” Soundings, 51 (Summer):41–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, W. (2005) “Neoliberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy,” in Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Burton, L. (2012) “Revealed: Females Make up Less Than 10 Per Cent of Top 100’s Equity Partner Ranks,” Legal Week, 24 October, www.thelawyer.com/revealed-females-make-up-less-than-10-per-cent-of-top-100s-equity-partner-ranks/1015190.article.Google Scholar
Cabinet Office (2009). Unleashing Aspirations: The Final Report of the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions. London: Cabinet Office http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/227102/fair-access.pdf, accessed 1/8/12.Google Scholar
Carbado, D. and Gulati, G. (2000) “Working Identity,” Cornell Law Review, 85:1259–1308.Google Scholar
Carbado, D. W. (2005) “Racial Naturalization,” American Quarterly, 57 (3):633–658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrier, J. (2012) “The Trouble with Class,” European Journal of Sociology, 53 (3):263–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, L. (2006) Legal Aid: A Market Based Approach to Reform Lord Carter’s Review of Legal Aid Procurement, London: MOJ, www.lccsa.org.uk/assets/documents/consultation/carter%20review%2013072006.pdf, accessed 1/8/12.Google Scholar
Collier, R. (2005) “‘Be Smart, Be Successful, Be Yourself …’?: Representations of the Training Contract and Trainee Solicitor in Advertising by Large Law Firms,” International Journal of the Legal Profession, 12 (1):51–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davin, S. and Navarrete, M. (2008) “YLAL Survey Reveals Unfair Treatment of Paralegals,” Legal Action, March 2008:8–9.Google Scholar
DCA (2005) Increasing Diversity in the Legal Profession – A report on Government Proposals, Department of Constitutional Affairs: London.Google Scholar
Derber, C. (1982) Professionals as Workers: Mental Labor in Advanced Capitalism, Boston, MA: GK Hall & Company.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Y. and Sugarman, D. (1995) Professional Competition and Professional Power: Lawyers, Accountants and the Social Construction of Markets, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Doeringer, P. B., and Piore, M. J. (1971) Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis, London: ME Sharpe.Google Scholar
Dorling, D. (2010) “The Return to Elitism in Education,” Soundings, 44 (Spring):35–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du Gay, P. (2004) “Against ‘Enterprise’ (but not against enterprise, for that would make no sense),” Organization, 11(1):37–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dustmann, C. and Theodoropoulos, N. (2006) Ethnic Immigrants Miss Out in UK Job Market Despite Higher Educational Qualifications, UCL Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM) bulletin.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, B. (2002) Nickel and Dimed: Undercover in Low-Wage America, London: Granta Books.Google Scholar
Empson, L. (2007) Managing the Modern Law Firm: New Challenges, New Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evetts, J. (2012) “Professionalism in Turbulent Times: Changes, Challenges and Opportunities,” delivered at Propel Inaugural Conference: Professions and Professional Learning in Turbulent Times: Emergent Practices and Transgressive Knowledges, Stirling University, 11 May, www.propel.stir.ac.uk/downloads/JuliaEvetts-FullPaper.pdf, accessed 5/5/13.Google Scholar
Faulconbridge, J. and Muzio, D. (2009) “The Financialization of Large Law Firms: Situated Discourses and Practices of Reorganization,” Journal of Economic Geography, 9(5): 641–661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, Nina (2006) Paralegals Study – Analysis of REGIS Data August 2006 [Unpublished], The Law Society.Google Scholar
Flood, J. (1996) “Megalawyering in the Global Order: The Cultural, Social and Economic Transformation of Global Legal Practice,” International Journal of the Legal Profession, 3:169–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fournier, V. (1999) “The Appeal to ‘Professionalism’ as a Disciplinary Mechanism,” The Sociological Review, 47:280–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, A. and Sommerlad, H. (2009) “Access to Legal Work Experience and Its Role in the (Re)production of Legal Professional Identity,” International Journal of the Legal Profession, 16 (1):63–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, A. and Sommerlad, H. (2010) “Access to Legal Work Experience and Its Role in the (Re)production of Legal Professional identity,” www.ukcle.ac.uk/research/projects/francis.html, accessed 5/5/13.Google Scholar
Fraser, N. (2013) Fortunes of Feminism: From State-Managed Capitalism to Neoliberal Crisis, London: Verso.Google Scholar
Freeman, R. (2011) “Drivers and Consequences of Growing Inequalities,” OECD Ministerial Meeting on Social Policy Forum, Paris, 2 May, www.ukcle.ac.uk/research/projects/francis.html.Google Scholar
Freeman, R. (2012) “Public Lecture: Toward Economic Feudalism? Inequality, Financialization and Democracy,” Ralph Miliband Programme: The Future of the Left, LSE, www.lse.ac.uk/publicEvents/miliband/201112LectureSeries.aspx#DynamicJumpMenuManager_1_Anchor_5, accessed 5/5/13.Google Scholar
Fudge, J. and Owens, R. (2006) “Precarious Work, Women and the New Economy: The Challenge to Legal Norms,” in Fudge, J. and Owens, R.(eds.) Precarious Work, Women and the New Economy: The Challenge to Legal Norms, Onati International Series in Law and Society, Oxford: Hart: 3–28.Google Scholar
Galanter, M. S., and Palay, T. M. (1999) “Large Law Firm Misery: It’s the Tournament, Not the Money,” Vand. L. Rev. 52:953–971.Google Scholar
Genn, H. (2012) “Why the Privatisation of Civil Justice Is a Rule of Law Issue,” 36th FA Mann Lecture, Lincolns Inn, London, 19 November, www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/academics/profiles/docs/Hazel/36th%20F%20A%20Mann%20Lecture%20Website.pdf.Google Scholar
Grey, C. (1998) “On Being a Professional in a ‘Big Six’ firm.” Accounting, Organizations and Society, 23(5):569–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagan, J. and Kay, F. (1995) Gender in Practice: A Study of Lawyers’ Lives, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, K. (2013) “Diversity League Table Shows Promotion Gap,” Law Society Gazette, 11 November, www.lawgazette.co.uk/5038711.article?utm_source=dispatch&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=GAZ121113).Google Scholar
Hall, K. (2013) “Glass Ceiling Most Apparent in Magic Circle,” Law Society Gazette, 7 November, www.lawgazette.co.uk/practice/glass-ceiling-most-apparent-in-magic-circle/5038631.article.Google Scholar
Hanlon, G. (1999) Lawyers, the State and the Market: Professionalism Revisited, Basingstoke: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanlon, G. and Shapland, J. (1997) “Professional Disintegration. The Case of Law,” in Broadbent, J., Deitrich, M. and Roberts, J. (eds.) The End of the Professions?, London: Routledge: 45.Google Scholar
Harcourt, B. (2011) The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order, Boston, M.A: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardman, L. (2010) “Are You Prepared for the Future?” Legal Week Benchmarker, 10–11 April: www.legalweek.com/digital_assets/3861/Future_Lawyers_Benchmarker_Report_April_2010_with_new_logo.pdf.Google Scholar
Harris, J. (2013) “Diversity Efforts Fail to Pay Off at Top End of Profession,” The Lawyer, 5 August, www.thelawyer.com/analysis/the-lawyer-management/management-news/diversity-efforts-fail-to-pay-off-at-top-end-of-profession/3008182.article.Google Scholar
Harvey, D. (2011) The Enigma of Capital: And the Crises of Capitalism, London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Hoare, S. (2006) “Ethnic Minorities Make Up Only 3 Per Cent of UK 100 Partners,” The Lawyer, 3 April.Google Scholar
Janes, L. (2008) “Paralegals in Legal Aid: A Growing and Unhealthy Dependency?” Socialist Lawyer, www.younglegalaidlawyers.org/node/203, accessed 5/5/13.Google Scholar
Jewel, L. (2008) “Bourdieu and American Legal Education: How Law Schools Reproduce Social Stratification and Class Hierarchy,” 56 Buff. L. Rev.:1155–1224.Google Scholar
Keep, E. and Mayhew, K. (1999) “The Assessment: Knowledge, Skills, and Competitiveness,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 15 (1): 1–15.Google Scholar
Kershaw, D. and Moorhead, R. (2011) “High Risk and Hard Cases: Does the Collapse of Lehman Brothers Tell Us Anything about Regulation of the Legal Profession,” Paper Submitted to SLS Conference, Cambridge, September.Google Scholar
Krause, E. (1999) Death of the Guilds: Professions, States, and the Advance of Capitalism, 1930 to the Present, New Haven, Conneticut: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kritzer, H. M. (1999) “The Professions Are Dead, Long Live the Professions: Legal Practice in a Postprofessional World,” Law and Society Review, 33(3):713–759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumra, S. and Vinnicombe, S. (2008) “A Study of the Promotion to Partner Process in a Professional Service Firm: How Women are Disadvantaged,” British Journal of Management, 51 (19):65–74.Google Scholar
The Law Society (2010) “Ethnic Diversity in Law Firms – Understanding the Barriers,” May, www.lawsociety.org.uk/representation/research-trends/research-publications/documents/ethnic-diversity-in-law-firms---understanding-the-barriers/.Google Scholar
The Lawyer (2011) “Magic Circle Moots Joint Social Mobility Strategy,” 4 April, www.thelawyer.com/04-april-2011/1966.issue, accessed 1/8/11.Google Scholar
Lee, R. (1992) “From Profession to Business: The Rise and Rise of the City Law Firm,” Journal of Law & Society, 19:31–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legal Services Board (LSB) (2012) Market Impacts of the Legal Services Act – Interim Baseline Report April 2012, London: Legal Services Board, https://research.legalservicesboard.org.uk/wp-content/media/Impacts-of-the-LSA-2012-Interim-baseline-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Legal Week (2012) “Employment, Equal Opportunities and Diversity: More Equal Than Others,” www.legalweek.com/legal-week/news/1159976/employment-equal-opportunities-diversity-more-equal-than-others.Google Scholar
Loughlin, M. (2000) Sword and Scales: An Examination of the Relationship Between Law and Politics, Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Macaulay, S. (1963) “Non-Contractual Relations in Business. A Preliminary Study,” American Sociological Review, 28:55–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markovits, D. (2008) A Modern Legal Ethics: Adversary Advocacy in a Democratic Age, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marquand, D. (1988) The Unprincipled Society: New Demands and Old Politics, London: J. Cape.Google Scholar
Matsuda, M. (1989) “Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim’s Story,” Michigan Law Review, 87:2320–2381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayhew, K., and Keep, E. (1999) “The Assessment: Knowledge, Skills, and Competitiveness,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 15(1):1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michaels, E., Handfield-Jones, H., and Axelrod, B. (2001) The War for Talent, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice (2010) Proposal for the Reform of Legal Aid in England and Wales: Ministry of Justice, Consultation Paper CP12/10, Ministry of Justice, London: The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice (2011) Legal Aid Reform in England and Wales: The Government Response Cmn 8072. London: Stationary Office. www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm80/8072/8072.pdf.Google Scholar
Muzio, D., Brock, D. M., and Suddaby, R. (2013) “Professions and Institutional Change: Towards an Institutionalist Sociology of the Professions.” Journal of Management Studies, 50(5):699–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milburn, A. (2012) “Fair Access to Professional Careers: [Progress Report]” (Cabinet Office) (Web address: https://update.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/IR_FairAccess_acc2.pdf)Google Scholar
Otterburn Legal Consulting (2011) The Law Society: Impact of the MOJ Green Paper Proposals on Legal Aid Firms, February, London: The Law Society, www.otterburn.co.uk/legalaidreport.pdf.Google Scholar
Perkin, H. (1989) The Rise of Professional Society: England Since 1880, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pleasence, P., Balmer, N., and Moorhead, R. (2012) Time of Change: Solicitors’ Firms in England and Wales, London: The Law Society, Legal Services Board, Ministry of Justice.Google Scholar
Pink, D. (2001) Free Agent Nation: How America’s New Independent Workers Are Transforming the Way We Live, New York: Warner Books.Google Scholar
Pongratz, H., and Voss, G. (2003) “From Employee to ‘Entreployee’: Towards a ‘Self Entrepreneurial’ Workforce?,” Concepts and Transformation 8 (3):239–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purcell, K., Pitcher, J., and Simm, C. (1999) Working Out: Graduates’ Early Experiences of the Labour Market, Manchester: Careers Service Unit.Google Scholar
Rolfe, H. and Anderson, T. (2002) A Firm Decision: The Recruitment of Trainee Solicitors, London: The Law Society, Research Study 42.Google Scholar
Ross, A. (2009) Nice Work If You Can Get It: Life and Labor in Precarious Times, New York and London: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Rustin, M. (2011) “The Crisis of a Social System,” Soundings, 48 (Summer): 40–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sako, M. (2010) Possible Futures for International Law Firms in the Future of Legal Services: Emerging Thinking, London: Legal Services Board, 20–22.Google Scholar
Sandefur, R. (2007) “Staying Power: The Persistence of Social Inequality in Shaping Lawyer Stratification and Lawyers’ Persistence in the Profession,” Sw. U. L. Rev, 36(3):539–556.Google Scholar
Shattock, M. (2003) Managing Successful Universities, Milton Keynes: Society for Research into Higher Education and Open University Press.Google Scholar
Shearing, C. D. (1983) “Private Security: Implications for Social Control.” Social Problems, 30(5):493–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shearing, C. (2001) “Punishment and the Changing Face of the Governance.” Punishment & Society, 3(2):203–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiner, M. (1999), Entry into the Legal Professions: The Law Student Cohort Study, Year 5, London: The Law Society.Google Scholar
Shiner, M. (2000) “Young, Gifted and Blocked! Entry to the Solicitor’s Profession,” in Thomas, P. (ed.) Discriminating Lawyers, London: Cavendish.Google Scholar
Sidaway, J. and Punt, T. (1997) Paralegal Staff in Solicitors’ Firms, RPPU Law Society, London, Research Study No. 23.Google Scholar
Simon, W. (2010) “Role Differentiation and Lawyers’ Ethics: A Critique of Some Academic Perspectives,” The Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, 23(4) :987–1010.Google Scholar
Sommerlad, H. (1995) “Managerialism and the Legal Professional: A New Professional Paradigm,” International Journal of the Legal Profession 2(2/3):159–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommerlad, H. (1999) “The Implementation of Quality Initiatives and the New Public Management in the Legal Aid Sector in England and Wales: Bureaucratisation, Stratification and Surveillance,” International Journal of the Legal Profession 6:311–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommerlad, H. (2004) “Some Reflections on the Relationship between Citizenship, Access to Justice and the Reform of Legal Aid,” Journal of Law & Society, 31 (3):345–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommerlad, H. (2007) “Researching and Theorizing the Processes of Professional Identity Formation,” Journal of Law & Society, 34 (2):190–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommerlad, H. (2011) “The Commercialisation of Law and the Enterprising Legal Practitioner: Continuity and Change,” International Journal of the Legal Profession, 18 (1–2):73–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommerlad, H. (2012) “Minorities, Merit, and Misrecognition in the Globalized Profession,” Fordham Law Review, 80:2482–2512.Google Scholar
Sommerlad, H. and Sanderson, P. (1998) Gender, Choice and Commitment, Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Sommerlad, H. and Sanderson, P. (2011) Training and Regulating Those Providing Publicly Funded Legal Advice Services: A Case Study of Civil Provision, London: Ministry of Justice, www.justice.gov.uk/latest-updates/training-regulating-legal-advice.htm.Google Scholar
Sommerlad, H. and Sanderson, P. (2013) “Social justice on the Margins: The Future of the Not for Profit Sector as Providers of Legal Advice in England and Wales,” Journal of Social Welfare & Family Law, 35 (3): 305–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommerlad, H., Webley, L., Muzio, D., Tomlinson, J., and Duff, L. (2010) Diversity in the Legal Profession in England and Wales: A Qualitative Study of Barriers and Individual Choices, London: Legal Services Board, www.legalservicesboard.org.uk/what_we_do/Research/Publications/pdf/lsb_diversity_in_the_legal_profession_final_rev.pdf.Google Scholar
Standing, G (2011) The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class, London: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar
Stedman Jones, D. (2012) Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman, and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sutton Trust (2009) “The Educational Backgrounds of Leading Lawyers, Journalists, Vice-Chancellors, Politicians, Medics and Chief Executives,” www.suttontrust.com/research/educational-backgrounds-for-submission/ST MilburnSubmission.pdf.Google Scholar
Susskind, R. (2010) The End of Lawyers?: Rethinking the Nature of Legal Services, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Swift, J. and Manning, L. (2011) “Magic Circle Moots Joint Social Mobility Strategy,” Lawyer 2B, 4 April, http://l2b.thelawyer.com/magic-circle-moots-joint-social-mobility-strategy/1007521.article?PageNo=2&SortOrder=dateadded&PageSize=10#comments.Google Scholar
Thomas, P. and Rees, A. (2000) Law Students – Getting in and Getting on, in Thomas, P. (ed.) Discriminating Lawyers, London: Cavendish Publishing: 19–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vignaendra, S. (2001) Social Class and Entry into the Solicitor’s Profession, Research Study 41, London: The Law Society.Google Scholar
Wacquant, L. (2008) Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Wacquant, L. (2009a) Punishing the Poor: The Neo-liberal Government of Social Insecurity, Durham and London: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Wacquant, L. (2009b) “Sustaining the City in the Face of Advanced Marginality.” in Mostafavi, Mohsen (ed.) Ecological Urbanism: Sustaining the City, Cambridge: MIT Press : 354–357.Google Scholar
Walzer, M. (1984) Spheres of Justice: A defence of Pluralism and Equality, Oxford: Martin Robertson.Google Scholar
Welsh, C. and Aitchinson, G. (2012) Findings from Research of ‘Paralegals’ Employed in the Legal Sector and Related Employer Apprenticeship Ambition, Sheffield: Skills for Justice.Google Scholar
Wilkins, D. and Gulati, M. (1996) “Why Are There So Few Black Lawyers in Corporate Law Firm? An Institutional Analysis,” Calif Law Review, 84:493–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, A. (2012) “Future Workforce Demand in the Legal Services Briefing Paper for Legal Education and Training Review 2/2012,” Warwick Institute for Employment Research, 25 September, http://letr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/The-Changing-Demand-for-Skills-in-the-Legal-Services-Sector-Full-v2-2.pdf.Google Scholar
Yeatman, A. (1996) “The New Contractualism: Management Reform or a New Approach to Governance?” in Davis, G. and Weller, P. (eds.) New Ideas, Better Government, St. Leonards, Australia: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Young Legal Aid Lawyers (2008) “Paralegals Working In Legal Aid: An Unhealthy Dependency?” A Report by Young Legal Aid Lawyers, www.younglegalaidlawyers.org/sites/default/files/Releases_Responses/YLAL%20Paralegal%20Survey%20Report_280208.pdf.Google Scholar