Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T20:06:21.525Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Cytopathology of the Breast

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2021

Ji-Weon Park
Affiliation:
Rush University, Chicago
Paolo Gattuso
Affiliation:
Rush University, Chicago
Vijaya B. Reddy
Affiliation:
Rush University, Chicago
Shahla Masood
Affiliation:
University of Florida
Get access

Summary

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a technique for obtaining cellular material using a 21–25 gauge needle

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier: 2009: 224227.Google Scholar
Final Version: The uniform approach to breast fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The Breast J 1997; 3(4):149168.Google Scholar
Guidelines of the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology for fine-needle aspiration procedure and reporting. The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology Task Force on Standards of Practice. Diagn Cytopathol 1997 Oct;17(4):239–47.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995.Google Scholar
Rosa, M, Mohammadi, A, Masood, S. The value of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and prognostic assessment of palpable breast lesions. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 40(1): 2634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The uniform approach to breast fine-needle aspiration biopsy. NIH Consensus Development Conference. Am J Surg 1997 Oct;174(4):371–85.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Dooley, WC, Ljung, BM, Veronesi, U, et al. Ductal lavage for detection of cellular atypia in women at high risk for breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93(21): 16241632.Google Scholar
Dooley, WC. Ductal lavage, nipple aspiration, and ductoscopy for breast cancer diagnosis Curr Oncol Rep 2003; 5(1): 6365.Google Scholar
Krishnamurthy, S, Sneige, N, Thompson, PA, et al. Nipple aspirate fluid cytology in breast carcinoma. Cancer 2003; 99(2): 97104.Google Scholar
Loud, JT, Thiébaut, AC, Abati, AD, et al. Ductal lavage in women from BRCA1/2 families: is there a future for ductal lavage in women at increased genetic risk of breast cancer? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18(4): 12431251.Google Scholar
Masood, S, Khalbuss, WE. Nipple fluid cytology. Clin Lab Med 2005 ; 25(4): 787794, vii-viii.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masood, S. Cytomorphology as a risk predictor: experience with fine needle aspiration biopsy, nipple fluid aspiration, and ductal lavage. Clin Lab Med 2005; 25(4): 827843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dooley, WC. Ductal lavage, nipple aspiration, and ductoscopy for breast cancer diagnosis. Curr Oncol Rep 2003; 5(1): 6365.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier: 2009: 221224.Google Scholar
Krishnamurthy, S, Sneige, N, Thompson, PA, et al. Nipple aspirate fluid cytology in breast carcinoma. Cancer 2003; 99(2): 97104.Google Scholar
Masood, S, Khalbuss, WE. Nipple fluid cytology. Clin Lab Med 2005 ; 25(4):787794, vii-viii.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytomorphology as a risk predictor: experience with fine needle aspiration biopsy, nipple fluid aspiration, and ductal lavage. Clin Lab Med 2005; 25(4): 827843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeMay, R. Breast. In: DeMay, R, ed. Superficial Aspiration Cytology, 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2012: 10521062.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier: 2009: 227.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 51.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier: 2009: 234.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 5154.Google Scholar
Rosa, M. “Inflammatory” changes in breast: how to provide a better care to our patients. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 281(5):901905.Google Scholar
Rosen, PP. Rosen’s Breast Pathology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: LWW , 2009: 3845.Google Scholar
DeMay, R. Breast. In: DeMay, R, ed. The Art and Science of Cytopathology. Superficial Aspiration Cytology, 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2012: 10631064.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 234.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 1995: 5253.Google Scholar
Rosa, M. “Inflammatory” changes in breast: how to provide a better care to our patients. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 281(5): 901905.Google Scholar
Silverman, JF, Raso, DS, Elsheikh, TM, Lannin, D. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of a subareolar abscess of the male breast. Diagn Cytopathol 1998; 18(6): 441444.Google Scholar
Versluijs-Ossewaarde, FN, Roumen, RM, Goris, RJ. Subareolar breast abscesses: characteristics and results of surgical treatment. Breast J 2005; 11(3): 179182.Google Scholar
DeMay, R. Breast. In DeMay, R, ed. The Art and Science of Cytopathology. Superficial Aspiration Cytology, 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2012: 10651066.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier: 2009: 232233.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 1995: 55.Google Scholar
Dodd, LG, Sneige, N, Reece, GP, Fornage, B. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of silicone granulomas in the augmented breast. Diagn Cytopathol 1993; 9(5): 498502.Google Scholar
Mitnick, JS, Vazquez, MF, Plesser, K, et al. Fine needle aspiration biopsy in patients with augmentation prostheses and a palpable mass. Ann Plast Surg 1993; 31(3):241244.Google Scholar
Silverstein, MJ, Handel, N, Gamagami, P, et al. Breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis in women following augmentation with silicone gel-filled prostheses. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28(2–3): 635640.Google Scholar
Bruzzi, P, Dogliotti, L, Naldoni, C, et al. Cohort study of association of risk of breast cancer with cyst type in women with gross cystic disease of the breast. BMJ 1997; 314(7085): 925928.Google Scholar
DeMay, R. Breast. In: DeMay, R, ed. The Art and Science of Cytopathology. Superficial Aspiration Cytology, 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2012: 10691070.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier: 2009: 227228.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 7778.Google Scholar
Parish, DC, Ghilchik, MW, Day, JM, et al. Cytokines in human breast cyst fluid. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 104(3–5): 241245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Divani, SN, Mavrogiannis, L, Kostis, JLioupis, A. FNA cytology of collagenous spherulosis: recognizing a benign breast lesion. J BUON 2003; 8(2): 171172.Google Scholar
Gangane, N, Joshi, D, Anshu, , Shivkumar, VB. Cytological diagnosis of collagenous spherulosis of breast associated with fibroadenoma: report of a case with review of literature. Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35(6): 366369.Google Scholar
Jain, S, Kumar, N, Sodhani, P, Gupta, S. Cytology of collagenous spherulosis of the breast: a diagnostic dilemma–report of three cases. Cytopathology 2002; 13(2): 116120.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 9293.Google Scholar
DeMay, R. Breast. In: DeMay, R, ed. The Art and Science of Cytopathology. Superficial Aspiration Cytology, 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2012: 1072.Google Scholar
Gherardi, G, Bernardi, C, Marveggio, C. Microglandular adenosis of the breast: fine-needle aspiration biopsy of two cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1993; 9(1): 7276.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 8586.Google Scholar
Cangiarella, J, Waisman, J, Shapiro, RL, Simsir, A. Cytologic features of tubular adenocarcinoma of the breast by aspiration biopsy. Diagn Cytopathol; 2001; 25(5):311315.Google Scholar
Cho, EY, Oh, YL. Fine needle aspiration cytology of sclerosing adenosis of the breast. Acta Cytol 2001; 45(3):353359.Google Scholar
Joshi, A, Kumar, N, Verma, K. Diagnostic challenge of lobular carcinoma on aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 1998; 18(3): 179183.Google Scholar
Kundu, UR, Guo, M, Landon, G, Wu, Y, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of sclerosing adenosis of the breast: a retrospective review of cytologic features in conjunction with corresponding histologic features and radiologic findings. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 138(1): 96102.Google Scholar
Kumar, N, Kapila, K, Verma, K. Characterization of tubular adenoma of breast–diagnostic problem in fine needle aspirates (FNAs). Cytopathology 1998; 9(5):301307.Google Scholar
Shet, TM, Rege, JD. Aspiration cytology of tubular adenomas of the breast. An analysis of eight cases. Acta Cytol 1998; 42(3): 657662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 8687.Google Scholar
Novotny, DB, Maygarden, SJ, Shermer, RW, Frable, WJ. Fine needle aspiration of benign and malignant breast masses associated with pregnancy. Acta Cytol 1991; 35(6): 676–86.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 231232.Google Scholar
Raso, DS, Greene, WB, Silverman, JF. Crystallizing galactocele. A case report. Acta Cytol 1997; 41(3): 863870.Google Scholar
Vesoulis, Z, Kashkari, S. Fine needle aspiration of secretory breast carcinoma resembling lactational changes. A case report. Acta Cytol 1998; 42(4): 10321036.Google Scholar
Dornfeld, JM, Thompson, SK, Shurbaji, MS. Radiation-induced changes in the breast: a potential diagnostic pitfall on fine-needle aspiration. Diagn Cytopathol 1992; 8(1): 7980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 233.Google Scholar
Filomena, CA, Jordan, AG, Ehya, H. Needle aspiration cytology of the irradiated breast. Diagn Cytopathol 1992; 8(4): 327332.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 8889.Google Scholar
Saad, RS, Silverman, JF, Julian, T, et al. Atypical squamous metaplasia of seromas in breast needle aspirates from irradiated lumpectomy sites: a potential pitfall for false-positive diagnoses of carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2002; 26(2): 104108.Google Scholar
Bottles, K, Chan, JS, Holly, EA, et al. Cytologic criteria for fibroadenoma. A step-wise logistic regression analysis. Am J Clin Pathol 1988; 89(6): 707713.Google Scholar
DeMay, R. Breast. In: DeMay, R, ed. The Art and Science of Cytopathology. Superficial Aspiration Cytology, 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2012: 11151116.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 169171.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytomorphology of fibrocystic change, high-risk proliferative breast disease, and premalignant breast lesions. Clin Lab Med 2005; 25(4): 713–731, vi.Google Scholar
Rosa, M, Mohammadi, A, Masood, S. The value of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and prognostic assessment of palpable breast lesions. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 40(1): 2634.Google Scholar
Sidawy, MK, Stoler, MH, Frable, WJ, et al. Interobserver variability in the classification of proliferative breast lesions by fine-needle aspiration: results of the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology Study. Diagn Cytopathol 1998; 18(2): 150165.Google Scholar
Collins, LC, Schnitt, SJ. Papillary lesions of the breast: selected diagnostic and management issues. Histopathology 2008; 52(1): 2029.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 235236.Google Scholar
Jayaram, G, Elsayed, EM, Yaccob, RB. Papillary breast lesions diagnosed on cytology. Profile of 65 cases. Acta Cytol 2007; 51(1): 38.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 8182, 209210.Google Scholar
Nayar, R, De Frias, DV, Bourtsos, EP, et al. Cytologic differential diagnosis of papillary pattern in breast aspirates: correlation with histology. Ann Diagn Pathol 2001; 5(1): 3442.Google Scholar
Cangiarella, J, Waisman, J, Simsir, A. Cytologic findings with histologic correlation in 43 cases of mammary intraductal adenocarcinoma diagnosed by aspiration biopsy. Acta Cytol 2003; 47(6): 965972.Google Scholar
DeMay, R. Breast. In: DeMay, R, ed. The Art and Science of Cytopathology. Superficial Aspiration Cytology, 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2012: 116117.Google Scholar
Klijanienko, J, Katsahian, S, Vielh, P, Masood, S. Stromal infiltration as a predictor of tumor invasion in breast fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Diagn Cytopathol 2004; 30(3): 182186.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 176178.Google Scholar
Reis-Filho, JS, Milanezi, F, Amendoeira, I, et al. p63 Staining of myoepithelial cells in breast fine needle aspirates: a study of its role in differentiating in situ from invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55(12): 936939.Google Scholar
Rosa, M, Mohammadi, A, Masood, S. The value of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and prognostic assessment of palpable breast lesions. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 40(1): 2634.Google Scholar
Sneige, N, White, VA, Katz, RL, et al. Ductal carcinoma-in-situ of the breast: fine-needle aspiration cytology of 12 cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1989; 5(4): 371377.Google Scholar
Tavassoli, FA, Hoefler, H, Rosai, J. Intraductal proliferative lesions. In: Tavassoli FA and Devilee P, eds. Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs. IARC Press, Lyon, 2003; 6372.Google Scholar
Ayata, G, Wang, HH. Fine needle aspiration cytology of lobular carcinoma in situ on ThinPrep. Diagn Cytopathol 2005; 32(5): 276280.Google Scholar
Hanby, AM, Hughes, TA. In situ and invasive lobular neoplasia of the breast. Histopathology 2008; 52(1): 5866.Google Scholar
Lakhani, SR, Schnitt, SJ, O’Malley, F, et al. Lobular neoplasia. In: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Breast. IARC Press. Lyon, 2012; 7880.Google Scholar
Salhany, KE, Page, DL. Fine-needle aspiration of mammary lobular carcinoma in situ and atypical lobular hyperplasia. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 92(1): 2226.Google Scholar
Tavassoli, FA, Hoefler, H, Rosai, J. Intraductal proliferative lesions. In: Tavassoli, FA, Devilee, P, eds. Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs, IARC Press, Lyon, 2003: 6062.Google Scholar
Ustün, M, Berner, A, Davidson, B, Risberg, B. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of lobular carcinoma in situ. Diagn Cytopathol 2002; 27(1): 2226.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 237239.Google Scholar
Ellis, IO, Schnitt, SJ, Sastre-Garau, X, et al. Invasive breast carcinoma. In: Tavassoli, FA, Devilee, P, eds. Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs, IARC Press, Lyon, 2003: 19.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 203205.Google Scholar
Mohammadi, A, Rosa, M, Masood, S. The use of fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples for the assessment of basal phenotype in triple negative breast cancer patients: a correlative study. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 39(1): 17.Google Scholar
Walsh, T, Casadei, S, Coats, KH, et al. Spectrum of mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, and TP53 in families at high risk of breast cancer. JAMA 2006; 295(12): 13791388.Google Scholar
Lakhani, SR, Schnitt, SJ, O’Malley, F, van de Vijver, MJ, Simpson, PT, Palacios, J. Lobular neoplasia. In: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Breast. Lyon: IARC Press, 2012: 7880.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 205206.Google Scholar
Joshi, A, Kumar, N, Verma, K. Diagnostic challenge of lobular carcinoma on aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 1998; 18(3): 179183.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 239240.Google Scholar
Hanby, AM, Hughes, TA. In situ and invasive lobular neoplasia of the breast. Histopathology 2008; 52(1): 5866.Google Scholar
Ellis, IO, Schnitt, SJ, Sastre-Garau, X, et al. Invasive breast carcinoma. In: Tavassoli, FA, Devilee, P, eds. Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs, IARC Press, Lyon, 2003: 23.Google Scholar
Bondeson, L, Lindholm, K. Aspiration cytology of tubular breast carcinoma. Acta Cytol 1990; 34 :1520.Google Scholar
Cangiarella, J, Waisman, J, Shapiro, RL, Simsir, A. Cytologic features of tubular adenocarcinoma of the breast by aspiration biopsy. Diagn Cytopathol 2001; 25(5): 311315.Google Scholar
Dawson, AE, Logan-Young, W, Mulford, DK. Aspiration cytology of tubular carcinoma: diagnostic features with mammographic correlation. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 101: 488492.Google Scholar
De la Torre, M, Lindholm, K, Lindgren, A. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of tubular breast carcinoma and radial scar. Acta Cytol 1994;38:884890.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology. Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates. 3rd edn. Saunders. Philadelphia,2009: 242243.Google Scholar
Gupta, RK, Dowle, CS. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of tubular carcinoma of the breast. Acta Cytol 1997; 41: 11391143.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago: ASCP Press; 1995: 207208.Google Scholar
Cheng, L, Lee, WY, Chang, TW. Benign mucocele-like lesion of the breast: how to differentiate from mucinous carcinoma before surgery. Cytopathology 2004; 15(2): 104108.Google Scholar
DeMay, R. Breast. In: DeMay, R, ed. The Art and Science of Cytopathology. Superficial Aspiration Cytology, 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2012: 10941095.Google Scholar
Haji, BE, Das, DK, Al-Ayadhy, B, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytologic features of four special types of breast cancers: mucinous, medullary, apocrine, and papillary. Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35(7): 408416.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 210213.Google Scholar
Stanley, MW, Tani, EM, Skoog, L. Mucinous breast carcinoma and mixed mucinous-infiltrating ductal carcinoma: a comparative cytologic study. Diagn Cytopathol 1989; 5(2): 134138.Google Scholar
Wong, NL, Wan, SK. Comparative cytology of mucocelelike lesion and mucinous carcinoma of the breast in fine needle aspiration. Acta Cytol 2000; 44(5): 765770.Google Scholar
DeMay, R. Breast. In: DeMay, R, ed. The Art and Science of Cytopathology. Superficial Aspiration Cytology, 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2012: 10931094.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 241.Google Scholar
Haji, BE, Das, DK, Al-Ayadhy, B, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytologic features of four special types of breast cancers: mucinous, medullary, apocrine, and papillary. Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35(7): 408416.Google Scholar
Jacquemier, J, Reis-Filho, JS, Lakhani, SR, Rahka, E. Carcinomas with medullary features. In: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Breast. IARC Press. Lyon, 2012; 4647.Google Scholar
Racz, MM, Pommier, RF, Troxell, ML. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of medullary breast carcinoma: report of two cases and review of the literature with emphasis on differential diagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35(6): 313318.Google Scholar
Vincent-Salomon, A, Gruel, N, Lucchesi, C, et al. Identification of typical medullary breast carcinoma as a genomic sub-group of basal-like carcinomas, a heterogeneous new molecular entity. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9(2): R24.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology. Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates. 3rd edn. Saunders. Philadelphia,2009: 243244.Google Scholar
Ellis, IO, Schnitt, SJ, Sastre-Garau, X, et al. Invasive breast carcinoma. In: Tavassoli, FA, Devilee, P, eds. Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs, IARC Press, Lyon, 2003: 37.Google Scholar
Gupta, RK, Dowle, CS. Cytodiagnosis of pure primary squamous-cell carcinoma of the breast by fine-needle aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 1997; 17(3): 197199.Google Scholar
Johnson, TL, Kini, SR. Metaplastic breast carcinoma: a cytohistologic and clinical study of 10 cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1996; 14(3): 226232.Google Scholar
Lui, PC, Tse, GM, Tan, PH, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60(5): 529533.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 261262.Google Scholar
Pricolo, R, Croce, P, Voltolini, F, et al. Pure and primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast. Minerva Chir 1991; 46: 215219.Google Scholar
Reis-Filho, JS, Lakhani, SR, Gobbi, H, Sneige, N. Metaplastic carcinoma. In: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Breast. IARC Press. Lyon, 2012; 4852.Google Scholar
Tse, GM, Tan, PH, Lui, PC, Putti, TC. Spindle cell lesions of the breast-the pathologic differential diagnosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 109(2): 199207.Google Scholar
Vera-Alvarez, J, García-Prats, MD, Marigil-Gómez, M et al. Primary pure squamous cell carcinoma of the breast diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology: a case study using liquid-based cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35(7): 429432.Google Scholar
DeMay, R. Breast., In: DeMay, R, ed. The Art and Science of Cytopathology. Superficial Aspiration Cytology. 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2012: 10961097.Google Scholar
Ellis, IO, Schnitt, SJ, Sastre-Garau, X, et al. Invasive breast carcinoma. In: Tavassoli, FA, Devilee, P, eds. Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs, IARC Press, Lyon, 2003: 36.Google Scholar
Gatalica, Z. Immunohistochemical analysis of apocrine breast lesions. Consistent over-expression of androgen receptor accompanied by the loss of estrogen and progesterone receptors in apocrine metaplasia and apocrine carcinoma in situ. Pathol Res Pract 1997; 193(11–12): 753758.Google Scholar
Gupta, RK, McHutchison, AG, Simpson, JS, Dowle, CS. Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of apocrine carcinoma of the breast. Cytopathology 1992; 3(5): 321326.Google Scholar
Haji, BE, Das, DK, Al-Ayadhy, B, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytologic features of four special types of breast cancers: mucinous, medullary, apocrine, and papillary. Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35(7): 408416.Google Scholar
Jones, C, Damiani, S, Wells, D, et al. Molecular cytogenetic comparison of apocrine hyperplasia and apocrine carcinoma of the breast. Am J Pathol 2001; 158(1): 207214.Google Scholar
Masood, S, Rosa, M. The challenge of apocrine proliferations of the breast: a morphologic approach. Pathol Res Pract 2009; 205(3): 155164.Google Scholar
Moinfar, F, Okcu, M, Tsybovskyy, O, et al. Androgen receptors frequently are expressed in breast carcinomas: potential relevance to new therapeutic strategies. Cancer 2003; 98(4): 703711.Google Scholar
Unal, E, Firat, A, Gunes, P, et al. Apocrine carcinoma of the breast: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlation. Breast J 2007; 13(6): 617618.Google Scholar
Yoshida, K, Inoue, M, Furuta, S, et al. Apocrine carcinoma vs. apocrine metaplasia with atypia of the breast. Use of aspiration biopsy cytology. Acta Cytol 1996; 40(2): 247251.Google Scholar
Bellocq, JP, Magro, G. Fibroepithelial tumors. In: Tavassoli, FA, Devilee, P, eds. Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs, IARC Press, Lyon, 2003: 99.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 229231.Google Scholar
Dupont, WD, Page, DL, Parl, FF, et al. Long-term risk of breast cancer in women with fibroadenoma. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1015.Google Scholar
Kollur, SM, El Hag, IA. FNA of breast fibroadenoma: observer variability and review of cytomorphology with cytohistological correlation. Cytopathology 2006; 17(5): 239244.Google Scholar
Markopoulos, C, Kouskos, E, Mantas, D, et al. Fibroadenomas of the breast: is there any association with breast cancer? Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2004; 25: 495497.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 7980.Google Scholar
DeMay, R. Breast. In: DeMay, R, ed. The Art and Science of Cytopathology. Superficial Aspiration Cytology, 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press, 2012: 10771079.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 236237.Google Scholar
Jayaram, G, Sthaneshwar, P. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of phyllodes tumorsDiagn Cytopathol 2002; 26(4): 222227.Google Scholar
Lae, M, Vincent-Salomon, A, Savignoni, A, et al. Phyllodes tumors of the breast segregate in two groups according to genetic criteria. Mod Pathol 2007; 20; 435444.Google Scholar
Lee, AH. Recent developments in the histological diagnosis of spindle cell carcinoma, fibromatosis and phyllodes tumour of the breast. Histopathology 2008; 52(1): 4557.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago: ASCP Press; 1995: 7980.Google Scholar
Chhieng, DC, Cangiarella, JF, Waisman, J, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of spindle cell lesions of the breast. Cancer 1999; 87(6): 359371.Google Scholar
Chhieng, DC, Cohen, JM. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of mammary fibromatosis: a case report and review of literature. Cytopathology 1999; 10(5): 354359.Google Scholar
Lee, A, Gobbi, H. Desmoid-type fibromatosis. In: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Breast. IARC Press. Lyon, 2012; 131132.Google Scholar
López-Ferrer, P, Jiménez-Heffernan, JA, Vicandi, B, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of mammary fibromatosis: report of two cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1997; 17(5): 363368.Google Scholar
Nakano, S, Ohtsuka, M, Hasegawa, T, et al. Fibromatosis of the breast: a case report. Breast Cancer 2002; 9(2): 179183.Google Scholar
Rosen, PP, Ernsberger, D. Mammary fibromatosis. A benign spindle cell tumor with significant risk for local recurrence. Cancer 1989; 63: 13631369.Google Scholar
Drijkoningen, M, Tavassoli, FA, Magro, G, et al. Mesenchymal tumors. In: Tavassoli, FA, Devilee, P, eds. Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs, IARC Press, Lyon, 2003: 9394.Google Scholar
Lew, WY. Spindle cell lipoma of the breast: a case report and literature review. Diagn Cytopathol 1993; 9(4): 434437.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 153154.Google Scholar
Formby, MR, Hehir, M. Myofibroblastoma of the breast. Pathology 1997; 29(4): 431433.Google Scholar
López-Ríos, F, Burgos, F, Madero, S, et al. Fine needle aspiration of breast myofibroblastoma. A case report. Acta Cytol 2001; 45(3): 381384.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 149150.Google Scholar
Akatsu, T, Kobayashi, H, Uematsu, S, et al. Granular cell tumor of the breast preoperatively diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology: report of a case. Surg Today 2004; 34(9): 760763.Google Scholar
Brown, AC, Audisio, RA, Regitnig, P. Granular cell tumour of the breast. Surg Oncol 2011; 20(2): 97105.Google Scholar
El Aouni, N, Laurent, I, Terrier, P, et al. Granular cell tumor of the breast. Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35(11): 725727.Google Scholar
Green, DH, Clark, AH. Case report: Granular cell myoblastoma of the breast: A rare benign tumor mimicking breast carcinoma. Clin Radiol 1995; 50799.Google Scholar
McCluggage, WG, Sloan, S, Kenny, BD, et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of mammary granular cell tumour: a report of three cases. Cytopathology 1999; 10(6): 383389.Google Scholar
Ohnishi, H, Nishihara, K, Tamae, K, et al. Granular cell tumors of the breast: a report of two cases. Surg Today 1996; 26(11): 929932.Google Scholar
Carter, MR, Hornick, JL, Lester, S, Fletcher, CD. Spindle cell (sarcomatoid) carcinoma of the breast: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 29 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30(3): 300309.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 246247.Google Scholar
Ewing, CA, Miller, MJ, Chhieng, D, Lin, O. Nonepithelial malignancies mimicking primary carcinoma of the breast. Diagn Cytopathol 2004; 31(5): 352357.Google Scholar
Hodgson, NC, Bowen-Wells, C, Moffat, F, et al. Angiosarcomas of the breast: a review of 70 cases. Am J Clin Oncol 2007; 30(6): 570573.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M. From morphological to molecular diagnosis of soft tissue tumors. Adv Exp Med Biol 2006; 587: 99113.Google Scholar
Pollard, SG, Marks, PV, Temple, LN, Thompson, HH. Breast sarcoma. A clinicopathologic review of 25 cases. Cancer 1990;66: 941944.Google Scholar
Ducatman, BS. Breast. In: Cibas, ES, Ducatman, BS, eds. Cytology: Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier, 2009: 246.Google Scholar
Duncan, VE, Reddy, VV, Jhala, NC, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the breast: a review of 18 primary and secondary cases. Ann Diagn Pathol 2006; 10(3): 144148.Google Scholar
Jaffe, ES, Harris, NL, Medeiros, LJ. T cell lymphoma. In: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Breast.IARC Press. Lyon, 2012; 158.Google Scholar
Lamovec, J, Wotherspoon, A, Jacquemier, J. Malignant lymphoma and metastatic tumors. In: Tavassoli, FA, Devilee, P, eds. Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs, IARC Press, Lyon, 2003; 107109.Google Scholar
Levine, PH, Zamuco, R, Yee, HT. Role of fine-needle aspiration cytology in breast lymphoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2004; 30(5): 332340.Google Scholar
Shukla, R, Pooja, B, Radhika, S, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of extramammary neoplasms metastatic to the breast. Diagn Cytopathol 2005; 32(4): 193197.Google Scholar
Topalovski, M, Crisan, D, Mattson, JC. Lymphoma of the breast. A clinicopathologic study of primary and secondary cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1999; 123: 12081218.Google Scholar
Domanski, HA. Metastases to the breast from extramammary neoplasms. A report of six cases with diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol 1996; 40(6): 12931300.Google Scholar
Ferrara, G, Nappi, O. Metastatic neoplasms of the breast: fine-needle aspiration cytology of two cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1996; 15(2): 139143.Google Scholar
Hajdu, SI, Urban, JA. Cancers metastatic to the breast. Cancer 1972; 29: 16911696.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Cytopathology of the Breast. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press; 1995: 331338.Google Scholar
Shukla, R, Pooja, B, Radhika, S, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of extramammary neoplasms metastatic to the breast. Diagn Cytopathol 2005; 32(4): 193197.Google Scholar
DeMay, R. Breast. In: DeMay, R, ed. The Art and Science of Cytopathology. Superficial Aspiration Cytology. 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: ASCP Press. 2012: 11121114.Google Scholar
Lilleng, R, Paksoy, N, Vural, G, et al. Assessment of fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathology for diagnosing male breast masses. Acta Cytol 1995; 39(5): 877881.Google Scholar
Rosa, M, Masood, S. Cytomorphology of male breast lesions: diagnostic pitfalls and clinical implications. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 40(2): 179184.Google Scholar
Shin, SJ, Rosen, PP. Bilateral presentation of fibroadenoma with digital fibroma-like inclusions in the male breast. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 131(7): 11261129.Google Scholar
Siddiqui, MT, Zakowski, MF, Ashfaq, R, Ali, SZ. Breast masses in males: multi-institutional experience on fine-needle aspiration. Diagn Cytopathol 2002; 26(2): 8791.Google Scholar
Westenend, PJ, Jobse, C. Evaluation of fine-needle aspiration cytology of breast masses in males. Cancer 2002; 96(2): 101104.Google Scholar
Konofaos, P, Kontzoglou, K, Georgoulakis, J, et al. The role of ThinPrep cytology in the evaluation of estrogen and progesterone receptor content of breast tumors. Surg Oncol 2006; 15(4): 257266.Google Scholar
Krishnamurthy, S. Applications of molecular techniques to fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Cancer 2007; 111: 106122.Google Scholar
Löfgren, L, Skoog, L, von Schoultz, E, et al. Hormone receptor status in breast cancer–a comparison between surgical specimens and fine needle aspiration biopsies. Cytopathology 2003; 14(3): 136142.Google Scholar
Masood, S. Prognostic/predictive factors in breast cancer. Clin Lab Med 2005 ; 25(4): 809825, viii.Google Scholar
Mohammadi, A, Rosa, M, Masood, S. The use of fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples for the assessment of basal phenotype in triple negative breast cancer patients: a correlative study. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 39(1): 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nizzoli, R, Bozzetti, C, Savoldi, L, et al. Immunocytochemical assay of estrogen and progesterone receptors in fine needle aspirates from breast cancer patients. Acta Cytol 1994; 38(6): 933938.Google Scholar
Pusztai, L, Ayers, M, Stec, J, et al. Gene expression profiles obtained from fine-needle aspirations of breast cancer reliably identify routine prognostic markers and reveal large-scale molecular differences between estrogen-negative and estrogen-positive tumorsClin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 24062415.Google Scholar
Rosa, M, Mohammadi, A, Masood, S. The value of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and prognostic assessment of palpable breast lesions. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 40(1): 2634.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×