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7 - Role of exposure to environmental chemicals in developmental origins of health and disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2009

By
Jerrold J. Heindel  and
Cindy Lawler
Edited by
Peter Gluckman  and
Mark Hanson
Jerrold J. Heindel
Affiliation:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Cindy Lawler
Affiliation:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Peter Gluckman
Affiliation:
University of Auckland
Mark Hanson
Affiliation:
University of Southampton
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Summary

Introduction

Between two and five per cent of all live-born infants have a major developmental defect. Up to 40 per cent of these defects have been estimated to result from maternal exposure(s) to harmful environmental agents that directly or indirectly create an unfavourable intrauterine environment. A spectrum of adverse effects can occur, including death, structural malformation, and/or functional alteration of the fetus/embryo. The traditional focus of the science of developmental toxicology has been on the role of agents (environmental or drugs) that cause either premature death of the fetus or birth defects. In recent years, attention has turned to examining the effects of in-utero or neonatal exposure to environmental agents on functional changes in tissues, e.g. permanent changes in tissue function that are not the result of overtly or grossly teratogenic effects but that result in increased susceptibility to disease/dysfunction later in life.

The epidemiology data that support the concept of the fetal basis of adult disease, together with the preliminary data showing alterations in gene expression and tissue imprinting due to in-utero exposures to some environmental agents, provide an attractive framework for understanding delayed functional effects of toxicant exposures. We propose that exposure to certain environmental chemicals, alone or in combination with altered nutrition, leads to aberrant developmental programming that permanently alters gland, organ or system potential.

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Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , pp. 82 - 97
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

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