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10 - Control of fetal metabolism: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2009

By
Abigail L. Fowden ,
Janelle W. Ward  and
Alison J. Forhead
Edited by
Peter Gluckman  and
Mark Hanson
Abigail L. Fowden
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Janelle W. Ward
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Alison J. Forhead
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Peter Gluckman
Affiliation:
University of Auckland
Mark Hanson
Affiliation:
University of Southampton
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Summary

Introduction

Epidemiological observations in several human populations have shown that impaired growth in utero is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular, metabolic and other diseases in later life (Barker 2001). Since the major determinant of fetal growth is the supply of nutrients to the fetus (Harding and Johnson 1995), these epidemiological associations have led to the hypothesis that adult disease originates in utero as a result of nutritional programming of tissues during early life. This hypothesis has been investigated experimentally in a number of species using a range of techniques to manipulate nutrient availability in the fetus (Table 10.1). These studies all support the hypothesis and show that the prenatal nutritional environment has long-term consequences for the offspring, even when there is little change in body weight. Hence, the factors controlling the fetal supply and utilisation of nutrients are important in the aetiology of adult disease. However, compared to postnatal metabolism, little is known about the programming of fetal metabolism per se. The aims of this review are, therefore, threefold: first, to consider the effects of varying nutrient availability on fetal metabolism; second, to examine the role of hormones in mediating these effects; and, finally, to discuss the mechanisms by which metabolic programming may occur in utero.

Nutritional regulation of fetal metabolism

The effects of varying nutrient availability on fetal metabolism depend on the specific nature of the nutritional challenge and on the duration, severity and gestational age at onset of the insult.

Type
Chapter
Information
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , pp. 143 - 158
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

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