Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-grxwn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-13T10:27:30.812Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - Collaborative and community-based conservation of coral reefs, with reference to marine reserves in the Philippines

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
Angel C. Alcala ,
Garry R. Russ  and
Portia Nillos
Edited by
Isabelle M. Côté  and
John D. Reynolds
Angel C. Alcala
Affiliation:
Silliman University Marine Laboratory
Garry R. Russ
Affiliation:
James Cook University
Portia Nillos
Affiliation:
Silliman University Marine Laboratory
Isabelle M. Côté
Affiliation:
Simon Fraser University, British Columbia
John D. Reynolds
Affiliation:
Simon Fraser University, British Columbia
Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Coral reefs have served as a source of many useful products for humankind for ages. The most important product is fish. Exploitation of reef resources during the early twentieth century did not have much discernible negative effects on coral reef ecosystems in some parts of Southeast Asia (e.g. some areas in central Philippines), probably because of the small numbers of people exploiting the resources. This situation has changed dramatically. Human-induced stresses exacerbated by occasional natural perturbations such as coral bleaching and infestations of crown-of-thorns starfish threaten the survival of coral reef ecosystems. It is estimated that 30% of coral reefs has already been severely damaged and close to 60% may be lost by 2030 (Wilkinson, 2004). The 20000 km2 of Philippine coral reefs are no exception. Destructive fishing and sedimentation have taken a heavy toll of this fragile ecosystem. Only about 30% of coral reef stations surveyed remain in good to excellent condition (Gomez et al., 1994).

Protection of coral reefs in the country began in the mid-1970s with the establishment of the first working marine reserve at Sumilon Island, central Philippines in 1974 (Alcala, 1981, 1988; Alcala and Russ, 1990). In the period 1976–80, the University of the Philippines Marine Science Center (now Marine Science Institute), Silliman University, and the Bureau of Fisheries conducted the first nation-wide survey of Philippine coral reefs (Gomez et al., 1981).

Type
Chapter
Information
Coral Reef Conservation , pp. 392 - 418
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adan, W. R. (2004). Multiple small-scale marine sanctuaries in municipal waters: the Magsaysay example. In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries, pp. 232–6. Cebu City, Philippines: Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Agriculture–Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Alcala, A. C. (1981). Fish yields of coral reefs of Sumilon Island, central Philippines. National Research Council of the Philippines Research Bulletin, 36, 1–7Google Scholar
Alcala, A. C. (1988). Effects of protective management of marine reserves on fish abundances and fish yields in the Philippines. Ambio, 17, 194–9Google Scholar
Alcala, A. C. (1998). Community-based coastal resource management in the Philippines: a case study. Ocean and Coastal Management, 38, 179–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alcala, A. C. and Russ., G. R. (1990). A direct test of the effects of protective management on abundance and yield of tropical marine resources. Journal du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 49, 40–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alcala, A. C. and Russ., G. R. (2000). Role of socio-economic factors in coral reef protection and management. Proceedings 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 29–32Google Scholar
Alcala, A. C. and Russ., G. R. (2001). Local partnership for coastal and marine resource management: the case of Selinog Island. Tropical Coasts, 8(2), 4–9Google Scholar
Alcala, A. C. and Russ., G. R. (2002). Status of Philippine coral reef fisheries. Asian Fisheries Science, 15, 177–92Google Scholar
Alcala, A. C., Russ, G. R., Maypa, A. P. and Calumpong., H. P. (2005). A long-term, spatially replicated, experimental test of the effect of marine reserves on local fish yields. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62, 98–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aliño, P. M., Miclat, E. F. B., Nañola, C. L. Jr, Roa-Quiaoit, H. A. and Campos, R. T. (eds.) (2002). Atlas of Philippine Coral Reefs. Quezon City, Philippines: Goodwill Trading Co.Google Scholar
Aswani, S. and Hamilton, R. (2004). The value of many small vs. few large marine protected areas in the Western Solomon Islands. SPC Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin, 16, 3–14Google Scholar
Bunce, L., Gustavson, K., Williams, J. and Miller, M. (1999). The human side of reef management: a case study analysis of the socioeconomic framework of Montego Bay Marine Park. Coral Reefs, 18, 369–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cadiz, P. L. and Calumpong, H. P. (2000). Analysis of revenues from ecotourism in Apo Island, Negros Oriental, Philippines. Proceedings 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 771–4Google Scholar
Calumpong, H. P., Estacion, J. S., Lepiten, M. V. and Acedo, C. E. (1997). Status of the Coastal Resources of the Negros Learning Site. Manila, Philippines: Silliman University Marine Laboratory and the Center of Excellence in Coastal Resources ManagementGoogle Scholar
Campos, W. L., BeldiaII, P. D. and Aliño, P. M. (eds.) (2002). Workshop Proceedings of the AFMA Marine Fishery Reserves Program: Foundation of a National Fish Sanctuary Strategy. Miag-ao, Iloilo: UP in the VisayasGoogle Scholar
Christie, P. (2000). Learning from the case of the San Salvador Island (Philippines) Marine Protected Area. Proceedings 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 801–5Google Scholar
Christie, P. (2004). Marine protected areas as biological successes and social failures in Southeast Asia. In Aquatic Protected Areas as Management Tools, ed. Shipley, J. B., pp. 155–64. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries SocietyGoogle Scholar
Chua, T. E. (2004). Integrated coastal management as framework for management of coral reefs and other coastal ecosystems. Proceedings 2nd International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium, 24–7 March 2003. Philippines DENR, Manila
Guzman, A. B. (2004). Exporting economic benefits from marine reserves: a case study of the coastal fishery of Danao Bay, northern Mindanao, Philippines. Proceedings 2nd International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium, 24–7 March 2003, pp. 475–82Google Scholar
Deguit, E. T. and Marales, M. B. (2002). The Gilutungan Marine Sanctuary: benefits gained from proper management, p. 45–52. In Campos, W. L. and Beldia, P. D. II (eds). Workshop Proceedings of the AFMA Marine Fishery Reserves Program on the formulation of a National Fish Sanctuary Strategy. Miag-ao, Iloilo: UP in the VisayasGoogle Scholar
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2004). Proceedings 2nd International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium, 24–7 March 2003, Manila, 578 pp
Devantier, L., Alcala, A. C. and Wilkinson, C. (2004). The Sulu-Sulawesi Sea: environmental and socioeconomic status, future prognosis and ameliorative policy options. Ambio, 33, 693–702CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dollar, N. (2002). Triton Island fish sanctuary. In Workshop Proceedings of the AFMA Marine Fishery Reserves Program on the formulation of a National Fish Sanctuary Strategy, eds. Campos, W. L. and Beldia, P. D. II, pp. 140–45. Miag-ao, Iloilo: UP in the VisayasGoogle Scholar
Estacion, J. S. and Calumpong, H. P. (eds.) (2002). Sogod Bay Post-Resource and Social Assessment Monitoring, FRMP Information Paper. Quezon City, Philippines: Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Department of AgricultureGoogle Scholar
Ferrer, E. M., Polotan-de la Cruz, L. and Agoncillo-Domingo, M. (eds.) (1996). Seeds of Hope: A Collection of Case Studies on Community-Based Coastal Resources Management in the Philippines. Quezon City, Philippines: College of Social Work and Community DevelopmentGoogle Scholar
Foundation for the Philippine Environment (2004). Sustaining Biodiversity Conservation Initiatives, Site-Focused Projects 2003 Report. Quezon City, Philippines: FPE
Gell, F. R. and Roberts, C. M. (2002). The Fishery Effects of Marine Reserves and Fishery Closures. Washington, DC: Worldwide Fund for NatureGoogle Scholar
Gomez, E. D., Alcala, A. C. and San Diego, A. C. (1981). Status of Philippine coral reefs, 1981. Proceedings 4th International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 275–82Google Scholar
Gomez, E. D., Alino, P. M., Yap, H. T. and Licuanan, W. R. I. (1994). A review of the status of Philippine reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 29, 62–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, S. J., White, A. T., Flores, J. O., Carreon, M. F. III and Sia, A. E. (2003). Philippine Fisheries in Crisis: A Framework for Management. Cebu City, Philippines: Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesGoogle Scholar
Halpern, B. S. (2003). The impact of marine reserves: do reserves work and does reserve size matter?Ecological Applications, 13, S117–S137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, D. E., Funicelli, N. A. and Bohnsack, J. A. (1999). Effectiveness of an existing estuarine no-take fish sanctuary within the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 19, 436–512.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, A. S., Mikkola, H. and Brummett, R. (2004). Feasibility of fisheries co-management in Africa. World Fish Center Quarterly, 27, 60–4Google Scholar
King, M. and Faasili, U. (1998). Village fisheries management and community-owned marine protected areas in Samoa. World Fish Center Quarterly, April–June, 34–8Google Scholar
McClanahan, T. R. and Mangi, S. (2000). Spillover of exploitable fishes from a marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery. Ecological Applications, 10, 1792–805CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mejia, M. N., Ledesma, M. and Dygico, M. (2002). An update on conservation efforts in Tubbataha National Marine Park and World Heritage Site in Palawan, Philippines. In Workshop Proceedings of the AFMA Marine Fishery Reserves Program on the Formulation of a National Fish Sanctuary Strategy, eds. Campos, W. L. and Beldia, P. D. II, pp. 77–84. Miag-ao, Iloilo: UP in the VisayasGoogle Scholar
Mosqueira, I., Côté, I. M., Jennings, S. and Reynolds, J. D. (2000). Conservation benefits of marine reserves for fish populations. Animal Conservation, 3, 321–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oracion, E. G. (2003). The dynamics of stakeholder participation in marine protected area development: a case study in Batangas, Philippines. Silliman Journal, 44, 95–137Google Scholar
Pajaro, M., Olano, F., San Juan, B. and Nozawa, C. M. (1999). Inventory of marine protected areas in the Philippines. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines, eds. Uychiaoco, A. J., Schoppe, S., Aliño, P. and Hermes, R.,. Quezon City, Philippines: Coral Reef Information Network of the PhilippinesGoogle Scholar
Philreefs (Coral Reef Information Network of the Philippines) (2003). Philippine Coral Reefs through Time: Workshop Proceedings. Quezon City, Philippines: Coral Reef Information Network of the Philippines (Philreefs), University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute
Pollnac, R. B., Thiele, M. T., Eisma, R. V.et al. (2003). Factors influencing the sustainability of integrated coastal management projects in the Philippines. Silliman Journal, 44, 37–74Google Scholar
Pomeroy, R. S. (ed.) (1994). Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 45
Primavera, Y. H. (2002). The coral reef fisheries of Malalison Island, west central Philippines two years after fish sanctuary protection. UPV Journal of Natural Sciences, 1/2, 120–32Google Scholar
Raymundo, L. J. H. (2004). Reef check in Apo Island Marine Reserve: a six-year report. Unpublished report submitted to Reef Check International
Roberts, C. M. and Hawkins, J. P. (2000). Fully Protected Marine Reserves: A Guide. Washington, DC: Worldwide Fund for NatureGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C. M., Bohnsack, J. A., Gell, F., Hawkins, J. P. and Goodridge, R. (2001). Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries. Science, 294, 1920–3Google ScholarPubMed
Ross, M. A., White, A. T., Sitoy, A. C. and Menguito, T. (2000). Experience from improving management of an ‘urban’ marine protected area: Gilutongan Marine Sanctuary, Philippines. Proceedings 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 641–6Google Scholar
Ruddle, K. and Johannes, R. E. (1985). The Traditional Knowledge and Management of Coastal Systems in Asia and the Pacific. Paris: UNESCOGoogle Scholar
Russ, G. R. and Alcala, A. C. (1996). Do marine reserves export adult fish biomass? Evidence from Apo Island, central Philippines. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 132, 1–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russ, G. R. and Alcala, A. C. (2003). Marine reserves: rates and patterns of recovery and decline of predatory fish, 1983–2000. Ecological Applications, 13, 1553–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russ, G. R., Alcala, A. C. and Maypa, A. P. (2003). Spillover from marine reserves: the case of Naso vlamingii at Apo Island, Philippines. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 264, 15–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russ, G. R., Alcala, A. C., Maypa, A. P., Calumpong, H. P. and White, A. T. (2004). Marine reserve benefits local fisheries. Ecological Applications, 14, 597–606CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russ, G. R., Stockwell, B. and Alcala, A. C. (2005). Inferring versus measuring rates of recovery in no-take marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 292, 1–12CrossRef
Smith, M. P. L., Bell, J. D., Pitt, K. A., Thomas, P. and Ramohia., P. (2000). The Anarvon Islands Marine Conservation Area: lessons in monitoring and management. Proceedings 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 621–5Google Scholar
Stockwell, B. (2004). Section 3: Fish Standing Stock. In Bohol Marine Triangle Project (BMTP): Biodiversity Inventory, Assessment and Monitoring, ed. Calumpong, H. P.. Quezon City, Philippines: Foundation for the Philippine EnvironmentGoogle Scholar
UP-MSI, ABC, ARCBC, DENR, ASEAN. (2002). Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia. Los Baños, Philippines: ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Department of Environment and National Resources
Walls, K. (1998). Leigh Marine Reserve, New Zealand. Parks. World Commission on Protected Area of the IUCN, 8 (2), 5–10Google Scholar
Webb, E. L., Maliao, R. J. and Siar, S. V. (2004). Using local user perceptions to evaluate outcomes of protected area management in the Sagay Marine Reserve, Philippines. Environmental Conservation, 31, 138–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, A. T. and Green, S. (2004). Successful marine protected areas require broad support: the Philippine case. In Proceedings 2nd International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium, 24–27 March 2003, pp. 267–77
White, A. T., Salamanca, A. and Courtney, C. A. (2002). Experience with Marine Protected Area planning and management in the Philippines. Coastal Management, 30, 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, C. (ed.). (2004). Status of the Coral Reefs of the World: 2004. Townsville, QLD:. Australian Institute of Marine Science.Google Scholar
Williams, M. J. (1994). Foreword. In Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences, ed. Pomeroy, R. S.. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 45Google Scholar
Woodley, J. D. and Sary, Z. (2000). Development of a locally managed fisheries reserve at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 627–33Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×