Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T22:30:46.742Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 15 - Gynecological Attention to the Prostate

from Section B - Practicing Transgynecology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2022

By
Garry Pigot
Edited by
Mick van Trotsenburg ,
Rixt A. C. Luikenaar  and
Maria Cristina Meriggiola
Mick van Trotsenburg
Affiliation:
Sigmund Freud PrivatUniversität, Wien
Rixt A. C. Luikenaar
Affiliation:
Rebirth Health Center, Utah
Maria Cristina Meriggiola
Affiliation:
Università di Bologna
Get access

Summary

The prostate is an accessory gland and together with the seminal vesicles, bulbourethral and urethral glands, the testis and epididymis, produces seminal fluid or semen. It is the size of a walnut and is situated below the bladder and in front of the rectum and produces prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The development and function of the prostate are hormone dependent. Pathological changes occur as men age and these can lead to medical interventions. In general, the only indication to remove the prostate is in case of localized prostate cancer. In transgender women therefore the prostate remains in situ unless there is prostate cancer. Cross-sex hormonal (CSH) therapy lower androgen levels and by this BPH and prostate cancer rarely occur in transgender women on CSH. This chapter discusses the prostate in trans female persons and basic care principles.

Type
Chapter
Information
Context, Principles and Practice of TransGynecology
Managing Transgender Patients in ObGyn Practice
 , pp. 114 - 118
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Lee, CH, Akin-Olugbade, O, Kirschenbaum, A. Overview of prostate anatomy, histology, and pathology. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011;40(3):565–575, viii–ix.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ittmann, M. Anatomy and histology of the human and murine prostate. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018;8(5):a030346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNeal, JE. Anatomy of the prostate and morphogenesis of BPH. Prog Clin Biol Res 1984;145:27–53.Google Scholar
Villers, A, Steg, A, Boccon-Gibod, L. Anatomy of the prostate: review of the different models. Eur Urol 1991;20(4):261–268.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, FD, Camacho, A, Bordes, SJ, et al. Female ejaculation: an update on anatomy, history, and controversies. Clin Anat 2021;34(1):103–107.Google Scholar
Aaron, L, Franco, OE, Hayward, SW. Review of prostate anatomy and embryology and the etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am 2016;43(3):279–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vuichoud, C, Loughlin, KR. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: epidemiology, economics and evaluation. Can J Urol 2015;22 (Suppl 1):1–6.Google Scholar
Devlin, CM, Simms, MS, Maitland, NJ. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: what do we know? BJU Int 2021;127(4):389–399.Google Scholar
Huggins, C, Hodges, CV. Studies on prostatic cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. CA Cancer J Clin 1972;22(4):232–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgentaler, A, Traish, AM. Shifting the paradigm of testosterone and prostate cancer: the saturation model and the limits of androgen-dependent growth. Eur Urol 2009;55(2):310–320.Google Scholar
Khera, M, Crawford, D, Morales, A, Salonia, A, Morgentaler, A. A new era of testosterone and prostate cancer: from physiology to clinical implications. Eur Urol 2014;65(1):115–123.Google Scholar
Schatten, H. Brief overview of prostate cancer statistics, grading, diagnosis and treatment strategies. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018;1095:1–14.Google Scholar
Swerdloff, RS, Dudley, RE, Page, ST, Wang, C, Salameh, WA. Dihydrotestosterone: biochemistry, physiology, and clinical implications of elevated blood levels. Endocr Rev 2017;38(3):220–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neyman, A, Fuqua, JS, Eugster, EA. Bicalutamide as an androgen blocker with secondary effect of promoting feminization in male-to-female transgender adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2019;64(4):544–546.Google Scholar
Defreyne, J, Nota, N, Pereira, C, et al. Transient elevated serum prolactin in trans women is caused by cyproterone acetate treatment. LGBT Health 2017;4(5):328–336.Google Scholar
Weill, A, Nguyen, P, Labidi, M, et al. Use of high dose cyproterone acetate and risk of intracranial meningioma in women: cohort study. Br Med J 2021;372:n37.Google Scholar
T’Sjoen, G, Arcelus, J, Gooren, L, Klink, DT, Tangpricha, V. Endocrinology of transgender medicine. Endocr Rev 2019;40(1):97–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonkhoff, H. Estrogen receptor signaling in prostate cancer: implications for carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Prostate 2018;78(1):2–10.Google Scholar
King, KJ, Nicholson, HD, Assinder, SJ. Effect of increasing ratio of estrogen: androgen on proliferation of normal human prostate stromal and epithelial cells, and the malignant cell line LNCaP. Prostate 2006;66(1):105–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Nie, I, de Blok, CJM, van der Sluis, TM, et al. Prostate cancer incidence under androgen deprivation: nationwide cohort study in trans women receiving hormone treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105(9):e3293–e3299.Google Scholar
Trum, HW, Hoebeke, P, Gooren, LJ. Sex reassignment of transsexual people from a gynecologist’s and urologist’s perspective. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015;94(6):563–567.Google Scholar
Gooren, L, Morgentaler, A. Prostate cancer incidence in orchidectomised male-to-female transsexual persons treated with oestrogens. Andrologia 2014;46(10):1156–1160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingham, MD, Lee, RJ, MacDermed, D, Olumi, AF. Prostate cancer in transgender women. Urol Oncol 2018;36(12):518–525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deebel, NA, Morin, JP, Autorino, R, et al. Prostate cancer in transgender women: incidence, etiopathogenesis, and management challenges. Urology 2017;110:166–171.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×