Index

Tamir Moustafa

doi:10.1017/9781108539296.012

Index

Abdul Aziz Ab Rahim, 148

Abdul Aziz Mohamad, 73, 99

Abdul Ghafar bin Baba, 61–62

Abdul Hadi Awang, 102

Abdul Hamid Mohamad, 45–46, 55–56, 65, 140, 144

Abdul Kadir Sulaiman, 70–71

Abdul Kahar bin Ahmad, 143

Abdul Kahar bin Ahmad v. Kerajaan Negeri Selangor (2008), 143

Abdullah Badawi, 98–99, 101, 104

Abdullah Zaik Abd Rahman, 122

Abdul Rahim Sinwan, 150, 151

ABIM. See Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement (ABIM)

Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid, 25–26

Adenan Satem, 84

Administration of Muslim Law Enactments, 38–39. See also specific State

Adrianus Petrus Hertogh v. Amina Binte Mohamed (1951), 59

Afghanistan, Islamic law in, 1, 162

Agrama, Hussein, 14, 47

Ahmad Fairuz, 74, 106

Ahmad Ibrahim School of Law, 144

Ahmed, Shahab, 16–17, 40

Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim, 59–61, 72–73

Alauddin Mohd Sheriff, 74, 106

Algeria, Islamic law in, 162

Aliens Ordinance (1933), 51

Allah, Liberty and Love (Manji), 145

Allah, use of name, 147–148

Alliance (coalition government), 52–53, 55, 95, 140–141, 157

All Women’s Action Society, 94, 96, 97–98, 151

Amina Binte Mohamed v. HE Consul-General for Netherlands (1950), 59

Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 37

Anglo-Muslim law. See also specific Act

Administration of Muslim Law Enactments, 38–39 (See also specific State)

British colonialism and, 37–38

codification of, 36–39

during independence period, 38–39

liberalism versus, 17

Secular/religious binary and, 23

shariah courts and, 5

state monopoly on, 31–32, 41–47, 135

substantive provisions, 57

use of term, 5

Anwar Ibrahim, 68

Apostasy, 66–67, 74

Arifin Zakaria, 73, 99

Article 3. See “Religion of the Federation” clause

Article 121 (1A)

“Religion of the Federation” clause, relation to, 141–145

shariah courts versus civil courts, 58, 61, 62, 64, 80, 89–90

Article 11 Coalition, 97–98, 102–104, 122

Asad, Talal, 14, 15, 28

Asri Muda, 40

Authoritarianism

Anglo-Muslim law and, 17

legal institutions and, 3–4

Azmi Mohamad Azam, 81–84

Azmi Mohamad Azam v. Director of Jabatan Agama Islam Sarawak (2016), 81–84

Bahrain, Islamic law in, 162

Balan, Nantha, 151–

Balbir bin Abdullah Iwn. Mahadzir bin Mohd Nor (2006), 76

Bangladesh, Islamic law in, 162

Barisan Nasional (BN), 84, 110, 112, 157

Bashi, Vilna, 50

Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, 105, 106

Berita Harian, 9, 27, 93, 102–103, 113, 114

Berjaya Books Sdn Bhd v. Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (2013), 146

Blurred boundaries, 20–21

“Body snatching” cases, 64–68, 99–101, 143

Bon Tai, Edmund, 77, 136–137

Borders Bookstore, 145–146

Boto’ Binto Taha v. Jaafar Bin Muhamed (1985), 58–59, 61

Bright boundaries, 20–21

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 104–105

British colonialism

immigration to Malaysia under, 49–50

Islamic law and, 37–38

race, treatment of, 50–51

British High Commission, 109

Brunei Darussalam, Islamic law in, 162

Buddhism, 7–8

Burials, 64–68

Case law. See also specific case

overview, 11, 63–64

burials, 64–68

child custody, 58–59, 84–89

conversion, 19–20, 68–84 (See also Conversion)

division of marital property, 58–59

name changes, 71–72

as “technical accounts,” 26

Catalyst for judicialization of religion, legal system as, 2–4, 13–14, 20–24, 122–123, 157

Catholic Lawyers Society, 96

Central Bank of Malaysia, 145

Chang Ah Mee, 84–85

Chang Ah Mee v. Islamic Religious Affairs Department (2003), 84–85

Che Omar bin Che Soh v. Public Prosecutor (1988), 138–141

Child Act (2001), 89

Child custody, 58–59, 84–89

China, immigration to Malaysia from, 49–51

Chinese-Malaysians

citizenship of, 53

demographics of, 7–8

immigration of, 49–51

MCA (See Malayan Chinese Association (MCA))

public opinion and, 110

2008 elections and, 110–112

Chinese newspapers, 113

Christianity, 7–8

Chua Jui Meng, 61

Citizenship

of Chinese, 53

equal citizenship versus race-based privileges, 53–54

of Indians, 53

oath of, 54

Codification of Islamic law, 36–39

Colonialism

immigration to Malaysia under, 49–50

Islamic law and, 37–38

race, treatment of, 50–51

Communications Commission, 135–136

Community versus individual rights, 72–73, 92

Comoros, Islamic law in, 162

Comparative background, 10

Concerned Lawyers for Justice, 151

Conference of Rulers, 115

Constitution

overview, 11, 49

Article 3 (See “Religion of the Federation” clause)

Article 8 (equality), 42, 55–56

Article 11 (freedom of religion), 19–20, 56–57, 70, 71–72, 77, 79, 82, 142, 147–148

Article 12 (4) (religion of minors), 84–86, 115

Article 121 (1A) (See Article 121 (1A))

Article 153 (quotas for Malays), 54

Article 160 (2) (definition of Malay), 51, 54

Article 160B (authoritative text), 39, 86

Bahasa Malaysia version, 86, 114

burials and, 64–65

child custody under, 84–86

conversion under, 69, 70–71, 115

equal citizenship versus race-based privileges, 53–54

family law under, 63

freedom of religion under, 19–20, 71–73, 74, 77, 82–83

individual versus community rights, 91–92

Islamic Family Law Act versus, 42

“Islamic state” debate and, 95, 130

media coverage, 97

Ninth Schedule, 57, 82, 95

race, treatment of, 51, 53–54, 74–75

“Religion of the Federation” clause (See “Religion of the Federation” clause)

sermons on, 119–122

shariah courts versus civil courts under, 58, 61, 62, 64, 80, 89–90

special interests of communities, 54

as undermining Islam, 125–126

Constitutional Theocracy (Hirschl), 2

Conversion

Azmi Mohamad Azam v. Director of Jabatan Agama Islam Sarawak (2016), 80

case law, 19–20, 68–84

child custody and, 84–89

under Constitution, 69, 70–71, 115

legal pluralism and, 19–20

Lina Joy v. Islamic Religious Council (2004), 19–20, 71–75

Penang Religious Council v. Siti Fatimah Tan Abdullah (2009), 78–79

Priyathaseny v. Perak Department of Islamic Religious Affairs (2003), 80

race and, 74–75, 81–82

secular/religious binary and, 18–19

in shariah courts, 75–76

Zaina Abidin bin Hamid v. Kerajaan Malaysia (2009), 76–78

Council of Religion and Malay Custom, 38–39

Courts. See Legal system

Cover, Robert, 31

Dakwah, 4–5, 41, 91

Dalam Perkara Permohonan Perisytiharan Status Agama Si Mati Mohammad Adbullah @ Moorthy a/l Maniam, 100

Dalip Kaur v. Pegawi Polis Daerah (1992), 65–68

Das, Cyrus, 150

Data collection, 8–10

Dawson, Benjamin, 71–72, 150

Death penalty, 138

Democratic Action Party (DAP), 61, 100–101, 112, 115

Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM), 41, 46, 117–122

Department of Syriah Judiciary (JKSM), 144

Deviant sects, 132

Dewan Pemuda Masjid Malaysia v. SIS Forum (2011), 135

Dirks, Nicholas B., 16

Dispute transformation, 21, 22

Distorting the Law (Haltom and McCann), 27

Diversity in religion in Malaysia, 7–8

Division of marital property, 58–59

Djibouti, Islamic law in, 162

Drug trafficking, 138

Dupret, Baudouin, 33

Dzulkifli Ahmad, 92

The Economist, 104–105

Edelman, Murray, 28, 91

Egypt

Constitution, 25, 156–157

family law, reform efforts, 133–134

fiqh in, 156

Islamic law in, 1, 2, 162

“Religion of the Federation” clause compared, 156–157

Supreme Constitutional Court, 156

Elections, 2008, 110–112

Expansion of grievances, 22–23

Ezra Zaid, 145, 146

Fahri Azzat, 77, 137, 150–151

Faiza Tamby Chik, 72–73, 86, 141–142, 148–150

Family law. See also specific case

child custody, 58–59, 84–89

under Constitution, 63

division of marital property, 58–59

legal pluralism and, 18–20

reform efforts, 133–134

secular/religious binary and, 16

Fatimah Fong Abdullah, 116

Fatwas (legal opinions)

communication contrary to, 44

in Dalip Kaur case, 67

defined, 31, 34

diversity of, 34

force of law, 31

Islamic Legal Consultative Committee and, 43–44

in popular legal consciousness, 131–132

shari’a versus, 35

Sisters in Islam, against, 135–136

Federal Constitution. See Constitution

Federal Mosque Resolution, 104

Federal Religious Council, 41

Federal Territories

Administration of Islamic Law Act (1993), 43–45, 46, 70–71, 76, 88, 135

Islamic Family Law Act (1984), 41–43, 129

Islamic Religious Affairs Council, 70–72, 100, 141, 151

Islamic Religious Affairs Department (JAWI), 145–147

Shariah Civil Procedure Act (1998), 45

Shariah Criminal Offences Act (1997), 44, 68, 130, 135, 145

Shariah Criminal Procedure Act (1997), 45

Federation of Malaya Agreement (1948), 52, 53–54, 57

Fiqh

in Egypt, 156

Islamic Family Law Act and, 129

shari’a versus, 34–36, 39, 48, 134–135

siyasa versus, 36

state monopoly of religious law and, 32

Fire Arms (Increased Penalties) Act (1971), 138–139

Fitzpatrick, Peter, 23

Focus on Malaysia, 7–8

Fong Mee Hui, 116

Freedom of religion. See also specific case

under Constitution, 19–20, 71–73, 74, 77, 82–83

conversion (See Conversion)

individual versus community rights, 72–73, 92

jurisdiction and, 73–74

name changes and, 71–72

restrictions on, 31

Galanter, Marc, 3, 24–25, 92

Gamson, William A., 22

Gandhi, Indira, 89, 111–112

Germany, Christian Democratic Union, 98

Goidel, Kirby, 30

Gomez, Laura, 50

Government Involvement in Religion Index, 7, 31

Grundnorm (basic norm), 23–24, 138, 145

Guardian, 104–105

Guardianship of Infants Act (1961), 86

Haji Sulaiman Abdullah, 141

HAKAM. See National Human Rights Society (HAKAM)

Hallaq, Wael, 32–33, 35–36

Haltom, William, 27

Hanafi school, 34

Hanbali school, 34

Hanipah Farikullah, 135–136

Harakah, 9, 27, 105–106, 113, 114

Haris Ibrahim, 87, 136

Harmonization, 144–145

Hashim Yeop Sani, 67–68

Herald, 147

Hertogh, Maria, 59

Hinduism, 7–8

Hindu Rights Action Force, 108–110

Hindu Sangam, 96

Hirschl, Ran, 2

Hishamudin Mohd Yunus, 151

Historical background

overview, 11, 31–33

British colonialism, Islamic law under, 37–38

immigration to Malaysia, 49–50

independence period, Islamic law during, 38–39

race, treatment of, 50–51

“Religion of the Federation” clause, 54–57

Hj Raimi bin Abdullah v. Siti Hasnah Vangarama bt Abdullah (2014), 117

Hobsbawm, Eric, 39

Hooker, Michael Barry, 38

Human Rights Watch, 151

Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman, 14

Hussin, Iza, 38

Ibrahim Ali, 111

IDEAS (Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs), 131

Ideological mobilization, legal system as avenue for, 24–26

IIUM. See International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM)

Ijtihad, 34, 35

Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (Isma), 122

Ikhtilaf, 34

IKIM. See Institute of Islamic Understanding (IKIM)

Immigration to Malaysia, 49–51

Independence period, Islamic law during, 38–39

India

immigration to Malaysia from, 49–51

“shared adjudication model” in, 19

Indian-Malaysians

citizenship of, 53

demographics of, 7–8

Hindu Rights Action Front, 108–110

immigration of, 49–51

MIC (See Malayan Indian Congress (MIC))

public opinion and, 112–114

2008 elections and, 110–112

Indira Gandhi v. Pathamanathan a/l Krishnan (aka Muhammad Ridzuan Abdullah) (2016), 26–27, 88–89, 111–114, 126–127

Individual versus community rights, 72–73, 92

Indonesia, immigration to Malaysia from, 50

Informal accommodation, unavailability of, 106–108

Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs (IDEAS), 131

Institute of Islamic Understanding (IKIM), 41, 46–47, 135

Interfaith Commission, 98–99, 103

Internal Security Act, 61

International Commission of Jurists, 151

International Herald Tribune, 104–105

International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM), 41, 43, 144

Iran

family law, reform efforts, 133–134

Islamic law in, 162

Iraq, Islamic law in, 1, 162

Isa Abd. Ralip, 114

Islamic law

overview, 1

British colonialism and, 37–38

codification of, 36–39 (See also Anglo-Muslim law)

deviant sects and, 132

fatwas (See Fatwas)

fiqh (See Fiqh)

ijtihad, 34, 35

ikhtilaf, 34

during independence period, 38–39

interpretation in, 33–36

kafir dzimmi, 120

kafir harbi, 120

liberalism versus, 2, 28–29, 128–129, 130–131

madhhab, 34, 35

modern state versus, 32–33

mujtahid, 34

object of law versus essence of law, 39–40

in other countries, 1, 2, 3, 162

pluralism in, 33–36

public policy and, 132

schools of jurisprudence in, 34

semantics, importance of, 39–41

sermons, 46, 117–123, 135

shari’a (See Shari’a)

siyasa, 36

state monopoly on, 31–32, 41–47, 135

taqlid, 35

uniformity of, 131–132

usul al-fiqh, 33, 34, 38, 43, 135

Islamic Legislative Consultative Committee, 43–44

Islamic Missionary Foundation, 41

Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS), 40, 92, 95, 102, 106, 113–114, 132, 135, 155

Islamic Religious Council, 43–44, 64–65

Islamic Renaissance Front, 133

“Islamic state” debate, 95, 130

Islam in Liberalism (Massad), 28

Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan v. Berjaya Books Sdn Bhd (2015), 146

Jackson, Sherman, 31

Ja’fari school, 34

JAKIM. See Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM)

Jamaah Islah Malaysia (JIM), 92, 94, 104, 113–114

JKSM (Department of Syriah Judiciary), 144

Johor

family law in, 37

Islamic Religious Council, 151

Joint Action Group (JAG) for Gender Equality, 137

Jordan, Islamic law in, 162

Josiah, Ivy, 102

Joy, Lina, 71–75, 101, 102, 104, 128

Judicialization of religion

overview, 63–64, 155–157

as conflict between Islamic law and liberalism, 2

defined, 2

legal studies and, 4

legal system as catalyst for, 2–4, 13–14, 20–24, 122–123, 157

media and, 93–94, 112–114

political studies and, 3–4

“radiating effects,” 2–4, 24–26

Kafir dzimmi, 120

Kafir harbi, 120

Kaliammal Sinnasamy v. Federal Territories Islamic Religious Affairs Council (2005), 128

Kamariah binti Ali v. Kelantan State Government (2002), 88

Kanesalingam, Shanmuga, 77, 80, 87, 136, 137, 150–151

Kaur, Dalip, 65, 68

Kedah

Administration of Islamic Law Enactment, 65

Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1962), 39, 65–66, 67–68, 69

family law in, 37

Fatwa Committee, 65–68

Islamic Affairs Department, 69

Kelantan

family law in, 37

PAS in, 95

Kelsen, Hans, 24

Khoo Tak Jin, 84

Koh, Philip, 150

Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 98

Koya, Latheefa, 76

Kuala Lumpur. See Federal Territories

Kulasegaran, M., 112, 115

Kuwait, Islamic law in, 162

Latifah bte Mat Zin v. Rosmawati bte Sharibun (2007), 143

Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act (1976), 5, 40, 77, 84, 86, 88, 96–97, 98, 115

Lawyers Defending Islam (Peguam Pembela Islam), 103–104, 114

Lee Swee Seng, 89

Legal pluralism, 18–20

Legal system. See also specific case

advantages of litigation, 24

as catalyst for judicialization of religion, 2–4, 13–14, 20–24, 122–123, 157

dispute settlement in, 13

ideological mobilization, as avenue for, 24–26

secular/religious binary, shaping, 15

strength of in Malaysia, 8

Liberalism

overview, 1–2

Anglo-Muslim law versus, 17

as enabler of Muslim legal mobilization, 152–154

Islamic law versus, 2, 28–29, 128–129, 130–131

mobilization of liberal NGOs, 97–102

Libya, Islamic law in, 1, 162

Lim Kit Siang, 112

Lina Joy v. Islamic Religious Council (2004, 2005), 19–20, 71–75, 91–92, 99, 104–106, 126, 130, 141–142, 148

Long Seh Lih, 136–137

LoyarBurok, 137

Madhhab (schools of jurisprudence), 34, 35

Mahathir Mohammad, 41, 60–61, 62, 95, 142

Makkal Osai, 9, 27, 112–113

Malacca, Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1959), 39

Malanjum, Richard, 74, 76, 106

Malay Administrative Service, 51

Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), 52, 55, 61, 110–111

Malayan Communist Party, 52

Malayan Indian Congress (MIC), 52, 55, 110–111, 112

Malayan Law Journal, 93

Malayan Law Journal Unreporteds, 93

Malayan Union Plan, 52

Malay Civil Service, 51

Malay College, 51

Malay Reservations Act (1913), 50–51, 54, 55

Malaysia. See specific topic

Malaysiakini, 93–94, 97, 99

Malaysia Nanban, 9, 27, 112–113

Malaysian Bar Council, 73, 97–99, 102, 136–137, 151

Malaysian Centre for Constitutionalism and Human Rights (MCCHR), 136–137, 150–151

Malaysian Civil Liberties Society, 97–98

Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Taoism (MCCBCHST), 73, 77, 94, 96–98, 99–100

Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement (ABIM), 40, 73, 92, 94, 98, 104, 113–114, 132

Maldives, Islamic law in, 162

Malik Imtiaz Sarwar, 96, 102

Maliki school, 34

Mamdani, Mahmood, 15–16

Maniam, Moorthy, 99–101, 102, 104, 108, 128

Manji, Irshad, 145

Marina Mahathir, 135

Marriage

under Islamic Family Law Act, 42

secular/religious binary and, 18–20

Marriage and Divorce Act. See Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act (1976)

Masooai, Revathi, 106–108

Massad, Joseph, 28

Mather, Lynn, 21, 22

Maududi, Syed Abul A’la, 139

Mauritania, Islamic law in, 162

MCA. See Malayan Chinese Association (MCA)

McCann, Michael, 25, 27

MCCBCHST. See Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Taoism (MCCBCHST)

MCCHR. See Malaysian Centre for Constitutionalism and Human Rights (MCCHR)

Md Hakim Lee, 70–71

Md Hakim Lee v. Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (1998), 70–71

The Meaning and End of Religion (Smith), 14

Media

Constitution, media coverage of, 97

judicialization of religion and, 93–94, 112–114

role in popular legal consciousness, 26–27

Menteri Dalam Negeri v. Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur (2013), 147–150

Merdeka Centre for Survey Opinion Research, 111, 125, 131

Merry, Sally Engle, 26

Methodology of study, 8–10, 124–125

MIC. See Malayan Indian Congress (MIC)

Ministry of Home Affairs, 147–148

Ministry of Women and Family Development, 96–97, 98

Mogarajah, Jeyaganesh, 86–87, 96

Mohamad Haniff Khatri Abdulla, 87, 107, 143, 148, 151

Mohamed Nazri, 115

Mohamed Yusoff, 68

Mohammad Imam, 72–73, 141–142, 148

Mohd Alias Ibrahim v. RHB Bank Bhd (2011), 145

Mohd Azmi Abdul Hamid, 103

Mohd Syafiq Abdullah @ Tiong Choo Ting v. Director of Jabatan Agama Islam Sawarak (2015), 117

Morocco

family law, reform efforts, 133–134

Islamic law in, 162

Muhamad Juzaili Mohd Khamis v. State Government of Negeri Sembilan (2015), 150–151

Muhammad (Prophet), 33–34

Muhammadan Marriage Ordinance (1880), 37

Muhammad Ridzuan Abdullah, 88–89, 111–112

Mujtahid, 34

Multimedia Commission, 135–136

Muslim Lawyers Association, 73

Muslim NGOs, mobilization of, 102–104, 152–154

Muslim Organizations for the Defense of Islam (Pertubuhan-Pertubuhan Pembela Islam), 6, 104, 106, 113–114, 119, 122

Muslim Professionals Forum, 104, 122

Muslim Women and the Challenge of Islamic Extremism (Othman), 135

MyConstitution Campaign, 136–137

Myriam v. Mohamed Ariff (1971), 58–59, 61

The Mythology of Modern Law (Fitzpatrick), 23

Nafsiah v. Abdul Majid (1969), 58, 61

Najib Abdul Razak, 84, 111, 113–114, 122

Name changes, 71–72

Narrowing of grievances, 21, 22–23

Nasir Bin Disa, 144

National Council for Malaysian Islamic Affairs, 41

National Human Rights Society (HAKAM), 73, 97–98

National Registration Department (NRD), 71, 73–74, 75, 81, 84, 107, 151–

Nedunchelian Uthiradam v. Nurshafiqah Mah Singai Annals (2005), 85–86

Negeri Sembilan

Administration of Muslim Law Enactment, 39

Chief Religious Enforcement Officer, 151

Chief Shariah Prosecutor, 151

Islamic Affairs Department, 151

Religious Council, 151

Shariah Criminal Enactment, 150

Nekoo, Ravi, 76, 96

New Straits Times, 93

New York Times, 104–105

Ng Wan Chan, 64

Ng Wan Chan v. Majlis Ugama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (1991), 64–65

Norani Othman, 135

Oath of citizenship, 54

Office of Islamic Affairs, 41

Office of the Mufti, 43–44

Oman, Islamic law in, 162

“1Malaysia,” 111

Operation Lalang, 61, 93–94

Ottoman Empire

Islamic law in, 16, 36

Mejelle, 37

Pahang, Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1956), 39

Paiva, Aston, 150–151

Pakatan Rakyat, 110, 157

Pakistan, Islamic law in, 1, 2, 162

PAS. See Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS)

Peletz, Michael G., 36, 42

Pembela, 6, 104, 106, 113–114, 119, 122

Penal Code, 68

Penang

Administration of Islamic Law Enactment, 78–79

Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1959), 39, 67

Islamic Religious Council, 78, 151

Penang Religious Council v. Siti Fatimah Tan Abdullah (2009), 78–79

Perak

Administration of Islamic Law Enactment, 79–80

Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1965), 39

Department of Islamic Religious Affairs, 79, 80

family law in, 37

Islamic Religious Council, 151

Shariah Criminal Enactment (1992), 79–80

Perkasa, 111

Perlis, Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1964), 39

Persatuan Aliran Kesedaran Negara v. Minister of Home Affairs (1988), 114

Pertubuhan Kebajikan Islam Malaysia (PERKIM), 98

Pew Government Restrictions on Religion Index, 7

Pluralism

codification and, 36–39

in Islamic law, 33–36

Police Watch, 108

Popular legal consciousness

overview, 12, 124

civil courts in, 128

Constitution as undermining Islam, 125–126

deviant sects, Islamic law and, 132

economic issues and, 127–128

fatwas in, 131–132

fiqh versus shari’a in, 134–135

importance of court cases, 128

Islamic law versus liberalism in, 128–129, 130–131

media, role of, 26–27

methodology of study, 8–10, 124–125

minority rights paradigm, 127

Muslims, 125–127, 131–132

non-Muslims, 127–128

nonuniformity among Muslims, 126–127

public policy, Islamic law and, 132

salience of court cases, 128

secular/religious binary in, 128–129, 130–131

shared assumptions, 128–131

shariah courts as faithful expression of Islam, 126, 129–130

uniformity of Islamic law and, 131–132

Printing Presses and Publications Act (1984), 93–94

Priyathaseny v. Perak Department of Islamic Religious Affairs (2003), 79–80

Public opinion. See also Popular legal consciousness

overview, 11–12, 91–92

informal accommodation, unavailability of, 106–108

international dimension of, 104–106

liberal NGOs, mobilization of, 97–102

media and, 93–94, 112–114

Muslim NGOs, mobilization of, 102–104, 152–154

sermons and, 117–123

2008 elections and, 110–112

Qatar, Islamic law in, 162

Qur’an, 33–34, 128–129, 156

Race

British colonialism, treatment under, 50–51

Constitution, treatment under, 51, 53–54, 74–75

conversion and, 74–75, 81–82

race-based parties, 52–53

use of term, 50

“Radiating effects,” 2–4, 24–26

Raja Abdullah, 37

Rajasingam, Subashini, 87–88

Rashidah bt Mohamad Myodin, 75–76

Rebit, Roneey, 81–84

Regulation of religion in Malaysia, 7

Reid Commission, 55, 140

“Religion of the Federation” clause

overview, 12, 138, 155

Article 121 (1A), relation to, 141–145

Borders Bookstore case, 147–150

Catholic Herald case, 146–147

Che Omar bin Che Soh v. Public Prosecutor (1988), 138–141

Egypt compared, 156–157

harmonization and, 144–145

historical background, 54–57

liberal litigation as enabler of Islamist legal mobilization, 152–154

in other countries, 162

other countries compared, 55–56

text of clause, 1, 138

transgender rights case, 150–151

ZI Publications Sdn Bhd v. Kerajaan Negeri Selangor (2016), 146–147

Religious freedom. See Freedom of religion

“Rights talk,” 21

“Rights-versus-rites” binary. See Secular/religious binary

Roberts v. Ummi Kalthom (2966), 58, 61

Roff, William R., 37–38

Rule of Law Index, 8

Sabah

Administration of Islamic Law Enactment, 84–85

Department of Islamic Religious Affairs, 84–85

Sadat, Anwar, 25

Sajó, András, 13

Salleh Abas, 139–141

Sarawak

Barisan Nasional (BN) in, 84

Islamic Affairs Department, 81

Sathiyaseelan, Shamala, 86–87, 96, 102, 128

Saudi Arabia, Islamic law in, 162

Saya Anak Bangsa Malaysia (SABM), 136

Schonthal, Benjamin, 3, 21

Secular/religious binary, 47–48

overview, 4–6, 155–157

colonial origins of, 15–16

as constructed categories, 14–18, 23

family law and, 16

fiqh and, 48

Islamic law versus liberalism, 28–29

legal system shaping, 15

political context of, 23–24

in popular legal consciousness, 128–129, 130–131

resistance to, 30, 133–134, 158

shari’a and, 48

shariah courts and, 31–32

women and, 16, 133–134

Selangor

Administration of Islamic Law Enactment (1989), 77

Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1952), 38–39, 41–42

Department of Islamic Affairs, 145

Fatwa Committee, 135–136

Islamic Affairs Department (JAIS), 98, 116, 117–118

Shariah Criminal Offences Enactment (1995), 31, 145, 146

Sermons, 46, 117–123, 135

Shabudin Yahaya, 102

Shachar, Ayelet, 158

Shafi’i school, 34

Shamala Sathiyaseelan v. Jeyaganesh Mogarajah (2004), 5–6, 86–87, 96–97, 126, 128, 144, 148–150

“Shared adjudication model,” 19

Shari’a

fatwas versus, 35

fiqh versus, 34–36, 39, 48, 134–135

use of term, 39

Shariah Advisory Council, 145

Shariah courts

civil courts versus, 5, 31–32, 58–62, 64, 89–90

conversion in, 75–76

hierarchy of, 45

as imagined expressions of Islam, 126, 129–130

unreviewability in civil courts, 58–62, 64, 80, 89–90

women, challenges facing, 135

Shariah Judicial Department, 98

Shariah Lawyers Association of Malaysia, 73, 98, 104, 113–114, 151

Shia Islam, 132

Sin Chew, 9, 27

Sin Chew Jit Poh, 93–94

Singh, Gurdev, 65, 66–67

Singh, Karpal, 64–65, 107

Singh, Soon, 68–70

Sinnasamy, Kaliammal, 99–101, 108

SIS Forum v. Dato’ Seri Syed Hamid Bin Syed Jaafar Albar (Menteri Dalam Negri) (2010), 135

Sisters in Islam, 94, 96, 97–98, 122, 124, 133–137, 151

Siti Fatimah Tan Abdullah, 78–79, 101, 106–108

Sivanesan, A., 112

Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, 14

Somalia, Islamic law in, 1, 162

Soon Singh v. Malaysian Islamic Welfare Organization of Kedah (1994, 1999), 68–70, 93

Sreenevasan, Ambiga, 102

Sri Lanka

Buddhist law in, 3

constitutional law in, 21

Sri Ram, Gopal, 73

The Star, 93–94

State Government of Negeri Sembilan v. Muhamad Juzaili Mohd Khamis (2015), 150–151

“State-in-society” approach, 15

State monopoly on religious law, 31–32, 41–47, 135

Suara Rakyat Malaysia (SUARAM), 94, 97–98

Subashini Rajasingam v. Saravanan Thangathoray (2007), 87–88, 101, 128

Subramanian, Deepa, 116–117

Sudan, Islamic law in, 162

Sukma Darmawan, 68

Sukma Darmawan Sasmitaat Madja v. Ketua Pengarah Penjara Malaysia (1999), 68

Sullivan, Winnifred, 15, 22–23

Sultans, 52, 55, 57, 140

Sunni Islam, 34

Susie Teoh Bee Kue, 69–70

Syria, Islamic law in, 162

Tamil Nesan, 112

Tamil newspapers, 112–113

Tan Cheow Hong, 116

Tan Cheow Hong v. Fatimah Fong Abdullah @ Fong Mee Hui (2011), 116

Tan Seri Nazri Aziz, 114

Tan Sri Syed Nasir Ismail, 60

Tan Sung Mooi, 84

Tan Sung Mooi v. Too Miew Kim (1994), 84

Tan Yi Min, 116

Taoism, 7–8

Taqlid, 35

Teoh, Leonard, 150

Teoh Eng Huat v. Kadhi (1990), 69–70

Terengganu

Administration of Islamic Law Enactment (1996), 70

Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1955), 39

PAS in, 95

Thangathoray, Saravanan, 87–88

Thomas, William Isaac, 124

Tilly, Charles, 26

Time, 104–105

Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v. Menteri Dalam Negeri (2010), 119, 147–150

Too Miew Kim, 84

Transgender rights, 150–151

Treaty of Pangkor, 37, 55, 57

Tuan Haji Hamid Araby bin Haji Md. Salih, 62

Tunisia, Islamic law in, 1, 162

Tun Salleh Abas, 61

United Arab Emirates, Islamic law in, 162

United Kingdom, colonialism and

immigration to Malaysia under, 49–50

Islamic law and, 37–38

race, treatment of, 50–51

United Malays National Organization (UMNO), 40–41, 52, 54–55, 61, 62, 95, 102, 111, 115, 151

United Nations

Commission on Human Rights, 105

Human Rights Council, 105

United States

Affordable Care Act, 29

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores Inc. (2014), 29–30

Congressional Human Rights Caucus, 105

Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 29

rights-oriented discourse in, 29–30

State Department, 105

Usul al-fiqh, 33, 34, 38, 43, 135

Utusan Malaysia, 9, 27, 93, 103, 113, 114, 122

Vellu, Samy, 110

Viran a/l Nagapan v. Deepa Subramanian (2014, 2015, 2016), 116–117

Wall Street Journal, 104–105

Walton, Douglas, 40

Wan Afrah Binti Dato’ Paduka Wan Ibrahim, Dato’, 89

Washington Post, 104–105

What is Islam? (Ahmed), 16–17

Women. See also specific organization

legal challenges facing, 135–136

secular/religious binary and, 16, 133–134

shariah courts and, 135

strategies of, 134–135

Women Lawyers’ Association, 96

Women’s Aid Organization (WAO), 94, 96, 97–98, 151

Women’s Centre for Change, 94, 96

World Justice Project, 8

Yemen, Islamic law in, 162

Yngvesson, Barbara, 21, 22

Yusri Mohamad, 92

Zaid Kamaruddin, 92

Zaina Abidin bin Hamid @ S. Maniam v. Kerajaan Malaysia (2009), 76–78

Zainah Anwar, 133

Zainul Rijal Abu Bakar, 114, 150, 151

ZI Publications, 145–147

ZI Publications Sdn Bhd v. Kerajaan Negeri Selangor (2016), 146–147

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